Risk factors and features of COVID-19 course in pregnant women: a comparative analysis of epidemic outbreaks in 2020 and 2021

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-427
Author(s):  
Tatiana E. Belokrinitskaya ◽  
Nataly I. Frolova ◽  
Kristina A. Kolmakova ◽  
Evgeniya A. Shametova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Aim. To compare risk factors, features of COVID-19 course and outcomes in pregnant women during epidemic increase in incidence in 2020 and 2021. Materials and methods. The study included 163 pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within May December 2020 (1st2nd waves of the epidemic) and 158 pregnant women who had new coronavirus infection within May August 2021 (3rd wave of the epidemic). Patients in all groups were comparable in age (1835 years), social status, parity, body mass index, and had no known risk factors for COVID-19. Results. Iron deficiency anemia, smoking, belonging to the Buryat ethnic group were recognized as persistent risk factors for COVID-19 in pregnant women. Over the 1st year of the pandemic, in pregnant women, the following clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus infection were commonly seen: anosmia (87.7%), somnolence (68.7%), shortness of breath even with a mild lung damage (68.1%). In the 3rd wave of the 2nd year of the pandemic, the leading signs and symptoms were cough (70.3% vs 38.7%, p0.001), runny nose (46.2% vs 3.7%, p0001), sore throat (367% vs 37%, p0.001); an increase in body temperature above 38C (19.6% vs 7,4%, p=0.006), pneumonia detected by computed tomography (61.4% vs 21.4%; p0.001). There was a significant increase in the incidence of severe lung lesions (with computed tomography 34: 17.7% vs 4.9%; p0.001) and admissions to intensive care units (11.4% vs 6.4%; p= 0041). There was a need for invasive mechanical ventilation (1.89% vs 0%; p=0.118). There was 1 death (0.63% vs 0%; p= 0.492), which was associated with the fulminant course of COVID-19. Conclusion. Persistent COVID-19 confounders in pregnant women who have no known risk factors in the third trimester of gestation are iron deficiency anemia, smoking, and belonging to the Buryat ethnic group. The clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection has changed and became more unfavorable: symptoms of acute respiratory disease (cough, runny nose, sore throat) began to prevail, the rate and severity of pneumonia and rate of mortality increased.

COVID-19 in pregnant and non-pregnant women of early reproductive age

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana E. Belokrinitskaya ◽  
Nataly I. Frolova ◽  
Konstantin G. Shapovalov ◽  
Kristina A. Kolmakova ◽  
Ludmila I. Anohova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third

Aim. To identify confounding factors, features of the clinical course and outcomes of COVID-19 in pregnant and non-pregnant patients of early reproductive age who have no known risk factors and premorbid background. Materials and methods. The study included 163 pregnant women in the third trimester of gestation, 100 non-pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 100 pregnant women who did not get sick. Patients of all groups were comparable in age (1835 years), social status, parity, body mass index, had no known risk factors for COVID-19; those who got sick were treated simultaneously. Results. Statistically significant associations were revealed between COVID-19 infection in the pregnant and iron deficiency anemia, vegetovascular dystonia, belonging to the Buryat ethnicity, and smoking. Pregnant women with COVID-19 were more likely to have no symptoms (23.3% vs 5%; p0.001) or had a mild course of the disease (58.9% vs 24%; p0.001). In non-pregnant patients, the course of infection was more often moderate (61% vs 14.7%; p0.001) or severe (10% vs 3.1%; p=0.038). Clinical manifestations of new coronavirus infection (NCV) in pregnant women were dominated by anosmia (87.7% vs 40%; p0.001), drowsiness (68.7% vs 17%; p0.001), dyspnea, even with a mild lung lesion (68.1% vs 19%; p0.001), headache (41.7% vs 24%; p=0.006), arthralgia (29.4% vs 16%; p=0.021), while fever above 38 C (7.4% vs 28%; p0.001) and cough (38.7% vs 61%; p0.001) were much less common. With computed tomography, pneumonia in pregnant women was diagnosed several times less often (21.4% vs 87.4%; p0.001). In the non-pregnant group, there was one death (1% vs 0%; p=0.201) associated with late hospitalization for severe NCI with grade 4 pulmonary involvement as shown on computed tomography. Conclusion. Confounders of COVID-19 in pregnant women who have no known risk factors in the third trimester of gestation are iron deficiency anemia, vegetovascular dystonia, belonging to the Buryat subpopulation, and smoking. In pregnant women, the main clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with the exception of loss of smell, were nonspecific and characteristic of the physiological course of late gestation: drowsiness, dyspnea, joint pain. The predominance of mild or asymptomatic forms of infection, the lower incidence of pneumonia, and the absence of deaths in pregnant women suggests a more favorable course of COVID-19 NCI.

scholarly journals Iron deficiency anemia and associated factors among pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital, in Sargodha District, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 2183-2187
Author(s):  
Sumbul Qamar ◽  
Saira Azhar ◽  
Saadoon Mazhar ◽  
Khush Bakht ◽  
Ghulam Murtaza
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Total Blood

Purpose: To evaluate iron deficiency anemia and other concomitant risk factors among pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital in Sargodha District of Pakistan. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study on pregnant women over a six-month period from December 2016, was conducted in the gynaecology and obstetrics department of the District Headquarters Hospital, Sargodha, Pakistan. All women with renal failure, heart disease and surgical history were excluded from the study, while all pregnant women visiting the out-patient department (OPD) were included in the investigation. Blood sampling and analysis were performed, following standard laboratory operating procedures to determine the haemoglobin (Hb) levels of the patients. Results: Fifty pregnant women were enrolled in this study. They had a mean age of 27.85 ± 4.99 years with a range of 20 – 46 years. Almost half, i.e., 26 (52 %), were aged 20 – 30 years; 18 (36 %) 31 – 40 years and six (12 %) > 40 years of age. Regarding occupational status, 45 (90 %) of the respondents were housewives. In total, 86 % of the women were anemic, while the remaining 14 % were non-anemic and had an Hb level slightly > 11 g/dL. Among the anemic women, 13 (26 %) had mild anemia, 33 (66 %) moderate anemia, and 4 (8 %) were severely anemic. Conclusion: Iron deficiency and anemia have major health impacts on pregnant women. Steps should be taken during ante-natal care to monitor Hb levels in pregnant women and apply appropriate remedy where necessary. Other biomarkers and related risk factors such as total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and total blood count (TBC) have previously been found to be linked to anemia

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors for Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iron Depletion During Pregnancy: A Prospective Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Gomes da Costa ◽  
Sara Vargas ◽  
Nuno Clode ◽  
Luís M. Graça
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Depletion ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction: Anemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy are a worldwide concern and are more frequent among women of reproductive age, pregnant women, and young children. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and the risk factors for iron depletion during the first half of pregnancy, in a Portuguese population.Material and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary hospital and included pregnant women, until the 20th week of gestation. Data was collected regarding demographic and pregnancy features and hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations were determined. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify potential risk factors for iron deficiency.Results: Two hundred and one women were included, from which five (2.49%) presented anemia. Additionally, 77 (38.3%) exhibited iron deficiency and 22 (10.9%) revealed severe iron depletion. Maternal age was the only risk factor identified. The odds ratio (OR) was equal to 12.99 (95% CI 2.41 - 70.0) for women under twenty years of age and 2.09 (95% CI 1.05 - 4.14) for women older than thirty years of age.Discussion and Conclusion: The prevalence of maternal anemia in the first half of pregnancy was lower than in other studies. However, more than one-third of the women exhibited iron deficiency. With the exception of maternal age, no other risk factors were identified.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia in Chinese pregnant women (IRON WOMEN): a national cross-sectional survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Tan ◽  
Guolin He ◽  
Yana Qi ◽  
Hongmei Yang ◽  
Yiquan Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract Background: The current evidence about anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy remains elusive in China. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of anemia and IDA and their risk factors in Chinese pregnant women.Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey of pregnant women was conducted during their antenatal visits. Using a multi-stage sampling method, 24 hospitals from 16 provinces across China were selected. Structured questionnaires were administered to collect information from participants and to extract clinical data from electronic medical records. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk factors associated with anemia and IDA.Results: In total, 12,403 pregnant women were enrolled, including 1,018 (8.2%) at the first trimester, 3,487 (28.1%) at the second, and 7,898 (63.7%) at the third. Overall, 19.8% of women were diagnosed with anemia and 13.9% were diagnosed with IDA. The prevalence of anemia and IDA varied among regions and increased by gestational month, peaking at the eighth gestational month (24.0% for anemia and 17.8% for IDA). Pregnant women at advanced stage of gestation, non-local residents, multiple gestations, multiparity, pre-pregnancy underweight, and those experiencing severe nausea or vomiting during pregnancy, were associated with higher risks of anemia and IDA.Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia and IDA during pregnancy are similar to those from developed countries and vary across regions in China.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia in Chinese pregnant women (IRON WOMEN): a national cross-sectional survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Tan ◽  
Guolin He ◽  
Yana Qi ◽  
Hongmei Yang ◽  
Yiquan Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract Background: The current evidence about anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy remains elusive in China. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of anemia and IDA and their risk factors in Chinese pregnant women.Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey of pregnant women was conducted during their antenatal visits. Using a multi-stage sampling method, 24 hospitals from 16 provinces across China were selected. Structured questionnaires were administered to collect information from participants and to extract clinical data from electronic medical records. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk factors associated with anemia and IDA.Results: In total, 12,403 pregnant women were enrolled, including 1,018 (8.2%) at the first trimester, 3,487 (28.1%) at the second, and 7,898 (63.7%) at the third. Overall, 19.8% of women were diagnosed with anemia and 13.9% were diagnosed with IDA. The prevalence of anemia and IDA varied among regions and increased by gestational month, peaking at the eighth gestational month (24.0% for anemia and 17.8% for IDA). Pregnant women at advanced stage of gestation, non-local residents, multiple gestations, multiparity, pre-pregnancy underweight, and those experiencing severe nausea or vomiting during pregnancy, were associated with higher risks of anemia and IDA.Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia and IDA during pregnancy are similar to those from developed countries and vary across regions in China.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia in Chinese pregnant women (IRON WOMEN): a national cross-sectional survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Tan ◽  
Guolin He ◽  
Yana Qi ◽  
Hongmei Yang ◽  
Yiquan Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract Background: The current evidence about anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy remains elusive in China. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of anemia and IDA and their risk factors in Chinese pregnant women.Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey of pregnant women was conducted during their antenatal visits. Using a multi-stage sampling method, 24 hospitals from 16 provinces across China were selected. Structured questionnaires were administered to collect information from participants and to extract clinical data from electronic medical records. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk factors associated with anemia and IDA.Results: In total, 12,403 pregnant women were enrolled, including 1,018 (8.2%) at the first trimester, 3,487 (28.1%) at the second, and 7,898 (63.7%) at the third. Overall, 19.8% of women were diagnosed with anemia and 13.9% were diagnosed with IDA. The prevalence of anemia and IDA varied between regions and increased by gestational month, peaking at the eighth gestational month (24.0% for anemia and 17.8% for IDA). Pregnant women at advanced stage of gestation, non-local residents, multiple gestations, multiparity, pre-pregnancy underweight, and those experiencing severe nausea or vomiting during pregnancy, were associated with higher risks of anemia and IDA.Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia and IDA during pregnancy are similar to those from developed countries and vary across regions in China.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia in Chinese pregnant women (IRON WOMEN): a national cross-sectional survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Tan ◽  
Guolin He ◽  
Yana Qi ◽  
Hongmei Yang ◽  
Yiquan Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Severe Nausea ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract Background: The current evidence about anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy remains elusive in China. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of anemia and IDA and their risk factors in Chinese pregnant women. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey of pregnant women was conducted during their antenatal visits. Using a multi-stage sampling method, 24 hospitals from 16 provinces across China were selected. Structured questionnaires were administered to collect information from participants and to extract clinical data from electronic medical records. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk factors associated with anemia and IDA. Results: In total, 12,403 pregnant women were enrolled, including 1,018 (8.2%) at the first trimester, 3,487 (28.1%) at the second, and 7,898 (63.7%) at the third. Overall, 19.8% of women were diagnosed with anemia and 13.9% were diagnosed with IDA. The prevalence of anemia and IDA varied between regions and increased by gestational month, peaking at the eighth gestational month (24.0% for anemia and 17.8% for IDA). Pregnant women at advanced stage of gestation, non-local residents, multiple gestations, multiparity, pre-pregnancy underweight, and those experiencing severe nausea or vomiting during pregnancy, were associated with higher risks of anemia and IDA. Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia and IDA during pregnancy is high and varies across regions in China, particularly for women at their second and third trimesters. Interventions are needed to improve the condition during pregnancy. Keywords : anemia, iron deficiency anemia, prevalence, risk factors, cross-sectional survey

scholarly journals Micronutrient Deficiencies, Over- and Undernutrition, and Their Contribution to Anemia in Azerbaijani Preschool Children and Non-Pregnant Women of Reproductive Age

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Wirth ◽  
Tamerlan Rajabov ◽  
Nicolai Petry ◽  
Bradley Woodruff ◽  
Nafisa Shafique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Folate And Vitamin B12

Data on the nutritional situation and prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in Azerbaijan are scarce, and knowledge about anemia risk factors is needed for national and regional policymakers. A nationally representative cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, over- and undernutrition, and to disentangle determinants of anemia in children and women in Azerbaijan. The survey generated estimates of micronutrient deficiency and growth indicators for children aged 0–59 months of age (6–59 months for blood biomarkers) and non-pregnant women 15–49 years of age. Questionnaire data, anthropometric measurements, and blood samples were collected to assess the prevalence of under- and over-nutrition, anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia, in both groups. In children only, vitamin A deficiency and zinc deficiency were also assessed. In women only, folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies and vitamin A insufficiency were assessed. In total, 3926 household interviews were successfully completed with a response rate of 80.6%. In the 1455 children, infant and young child feeding practices were relatively poor overall; the prevalence of wasting and stunting were 3.1% and 18.0%, respectively; and 14.1% of children were overweight or obese. The prevalence of anemia was 24.2% in 6–59 months old children, the prevalence of iron deficiency was 15.0% in this age group, and the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 6.5%. Vitamin A deficiency was found in 8.0% of children, and zinc deficiency was found in 10.7%. Data from 3089 non-pregnant women 15–49 years of age showed that while undernutrition was scarce, 53% were overweight or obese, with increasing prevalence with increasing age. Anemia affected 38.2% of the women, iron deficiency 34.1% and iron deficiency anemia 23.8%. Vitamin A insufficiency was found in 10.5% of women. Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency were somewhat more common, with prevalence rates of 35.0% and 19.7%, respectively. The main risk factors for anemia in children were recent lower respiratory infection, inflammation and iron deficiency. In women, the main risk factors for anemia were iron deficiency and vitamin A insufficiency. Anemia is a public health problem in Azerbaijani children and women, and additional efforts are needed to reduce anemia in both groups.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia in Chinese pregnant women (IRON WOMEN): a national cross-sectional survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Tan ◽  
Guolin He ◽  
Yana Qi ◽  
Hongmei Yang ◽  
Yiquan Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract Background The current evidence about anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy remains elusive in China. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of anemia and IDA and their risk factors in Chinese pregnant women. Methods A nationwide cross-sectional survey of pregnant women was conducted during their antenatal visits. Using a multi-stage sampling method, 24 hospitals from 16 provinces across China were selected. Structured questionnaires were administered to collect information from participants and to extract clinical data from electronic medical records. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk factors associated with anemia and IDA. Results In total, 12,403 pregnant women were enrolled, including 1018 (8.2%) at the first trimester, 3487 (28.1%) at the second, and 7898 (63.7%) at the third. Overall, 19.8% of women were diagnosed with anemia and 13.9% were diagnosed with IDA. The prevalence of anemia and IDA varied among regions and increased by gestational month, peaking at the eighth gestational month (24.0% for anemia and 17.8% for IDA). Pregnant women at advanced stage of gestation, non-local residents, multiple gestations, multiparity, pre-pregnancy underweight, and those experiencing severe nausea or vomiting during pregnancy, were associated with higher risks of anemia and IDA. Conclusions The prevalence of anemia and IDA during pregnancy are similar to those from developed countries and vary across regions in China.

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