scholarly journals Role of various signalling mechanism in pathogenesis and therapeutics of obesity

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 3398-3408
Author(s):  
Yash Prashar ◽  
Nilesh J Patel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Obesity Therapy ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Insight Into

This paper is a summary of appetite pathogenesis, therapy, and various mechanisms involved in obesity. Pathogenesis related to obesity deals with energy expenditure physiology and energy intake. The pathogenesis of obesity also contributes to energy regulation. Obesity usually happens when the consumption of energy is more than energy expenditure. It also includes relative research of monogenetic triggers contributing to deficiency of nutrition consumption and depression in key legislation. Obesity therapy involves the finding of hormones, neuropeptides, receptors, and transcription factors that involve the growth and regulation of eating behaviour, metabolic rate, and adipocyte. This paper also deals with various pathways which have a huge scientific basis in research in obesity. This review also focusses on the relation the pathways share by bringing them under one preview to understand their importance in the research area of obesity. It also includes comparative research and study work, which included the role and importance of various mediators like PYY, Ghrelin, Leptin, Adiponectin, along with inflammatory mediators like TNF Alpha and Interleukins. An insight into the role of oxidative stress highlighting its role and importance in obesity is also reviewed. Obesity therapy overview as well as newer strategies are also discussed. It also includes the methodology of exploration and obesity treatment in a novel way. Overall the review is a blend that incorporates major problems along with the latest treatment strategies to understand the demonic nature of this disease.

Atrial Electrophysiology and Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S5-S11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Nattel
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Atrial Tachycardia ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Atrial Electrophysiology ◽  
Arrhythmia Mechanisms ◽  
Fibrillatory Conduction ◽  
Insight Into

Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice, and its management remains challenging. A solid understanding of the scientific basis for atrial fibrillation therapy requires insight into the mechanisms underlying the arrhythmia, about which an enormous amount has been learned over the past 10 years. The basic information presently available about atrial fibrillation mechanisms is reviewed. The particular properties of normal atrial electrophysiology are discussed, including salient ionic determinants of the atrial action potential and key anatomic features. Reviewed are three crucial arrhythmia mechanisms long held to be involved in atrial fibrillation: 1) rapid ectopic activity, 2) single-circuit reentry with fibrillatory conduction, and 3) multiple-circuit reentry. The determinants of each and the evidence for their involvement in clinical and/or experimental atrial fibrillation are noted. The physiological consequences, various contributing mechanisms, and clinical implications of the role of atrial-tachycardia remodeling are analyzed. Atrial-tachycardia remodeling links the potential mechanisms of atrial fibrillation, since atrial fibrillation beginning by any mechanism is likely to cause tachycardia-remodeling and thus promote the maintenance of atrial fibrillation by multiple-circuit reentry. Atrial structural remodeling is discussed as a paradigm of atrial fibrillation in which the classic features required for reentry (reduced refractory period and reentrant wavelength) may be lacking. Finally, the importance of recent insights into potential genetic determinants of atrial fibrillation is reviewed. The classic understanding of atrial fibrillation pathophysiology saw the different possible mechanisms as being alternative and opposing hypotheses. We now consider the multiple potential mechanisms as contributing to the pathophysiology of the arrhythmia to a different extent in different clinical settings and interacting with each other in a dynamic way at various stages of the natural history in many patients. It is hoped that this improved mechanistic understanding will lead to the development of improved therapeutic options.

scholarly journals Dysregulation of RNA editing may help explain pathogenicity mechanisms of congenital Zika syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Piontkivska ◽  
Noel-Marie Plonski ◽  
Michael M Miyamoto ◽  
Marta L Wayne
Keyword(s):  
Rna Editing ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Genomic Profile ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Congenital Zika Syndrome

Many Zika virus (ZIKV) pathogenesis-related studies have focused primarily on virus-driven pathology and neurotoxicity, instead of considering the possibility of pathogenesis as an (unintended) consequence of host innate immunity: specifically, as the side-effect of an otherwise well-functioning machine. The hypothesis presented here suggests a new way of thinking about the role of host immune mechanisms in disease pathogenesis, focusing on dysregulation of post-transcriptional RNA editing as a candidate driver of a broad range of observed neurodevelopmental defects and neurodegenerative clinical symptoms in both infants and adults linked with ZIKV infections. We collect and synthesize existing evidence of ZIKV-mediated changes in expression of adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs), known links between abnormal RNA editing and pathogenesis, as well as ideas for potential translational applications, including genomic profile-based molecular diagnostic tools and/or treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Role of Autophagy in Treatment of Resistance Mechanisms in Glioblastoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1318
Author(s):  
Imran Khan ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Baig ◽  
Sadaf Mahfooz ◽  
Moniba Rahim ◽  
Busra Karacam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Insight Into

Autophagy is a process essential for cellular energy consumption, survival, and defense mechanisms. The role of autophagy in several types of human cancers has been explicitly explained; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of autophagy in glioblastoma remains ambiguous. Autophagy is thought to be a “double-edged sword”, and its effect on tumorigenesis varies with cell type. On the other hand, autophagy may play a significant role in the resistance mechanisms against various therapies. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms deriving the autophagy-mediated therapeutic resistance and designing improved treatment strategies for glioblastoma. In this review, we discuss autophagy mechanisms, specifically its pro-survival and growth-suppressing mechanisms in glioblastomas. In addition, we try to shed some light on the autophagy-mediated activation of the cellular mechanisms supporting radioresistance and chemoresistance in glioblastoma. This review also highlights autophagy’s involvement in glioma stem cell behavior, underlining its role as a potential molecular target for therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Thyroid Hormone Transporters

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Groeneweg ◽  
Ferdy S van Geest ◽  
Robin P Peeters ◽  
Heike Heuer ◽  
W Edward Visser
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Organic Anion ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporter ◽  
Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Mct8 Deficiency ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease.

scholarly journals Effects of Lignin-Based Hollow Nanoparticle Structure on the Loading and Release Behavior of Doxorubicin

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhou ◽  
Yanming Han ◽  
Gaiyun Li ◽  
Fuxiang Chu
Keyword(s):  
Research Area ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Release Behavior ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
Important Research Area ◽  
Nanoparticle Structure ◽  
The Stability

Because of their exceptional absorption capacity, biodegradability, and nontoxicity, nanomaterials fabricated from renewable natural resources have recently become an increasingly important research area. However, the mechanism of drug encapsulation by lignin nanoparticles and the role of nanoparticle structure on the stability and loading performance still remain unknown. Herein, lignin hollow nanoparticles (LHNPs) were prepared and applied as promising vehicles for the antineoplastic antibiotic drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The hydrogen bonding and π−π interactions contributed to the encapsulation of hydrophilic DOX by LHNPs with hydrophobic cavities. The encapsulation of DOX was enhanced by the pore volume and surface area. In addition, the nanoparticles contributed to the cellular uptake and the accumulation of the drug within HeLa cells. This work provides a scientific basis for future studies on the selective entrapment properties of hollow polymer nanoparticles derived from biomass material as vehicles for overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations.

Nutrition and Aging: Changes in the Regulation of Energy Metabolism With Aging

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Roberts ◽  
Irwin Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Energy Imbalance ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Taste And Smell ◽  
Reduce Energy Intake ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Changes in energy regulation occur during normal aging and contribute to the common phenomenon of weight and fat losses late in life. This review synthesizes data on aging-related changes in energy intake and energy expenditure and on the regulation of energy intake and expenditure. The ability of older adults to accurately regulate energy intake is impaired, with a number of possible explanations including delayed rate of absorption of macronutrients secondary to reductions in taste and smell acuity and numerous hormonal and metabolic mediators of energy regulation that change with aging. There are also changes in patterns of dietary intake and a reduction in the variety of foods consumed in old age that are thought to further reduce energy intake. Additionally, all components of energy expenditure decrease with aging, in particular energy expenditure for physical activity and basal metabolic rate, and the ability of energy expenditure to increase or decrease to attenuate energy imbalance during overeating or undereating also decreases. Combined, these changes result in an increased susceptibility to energy imbalance (both positive and negative) in old age that is associated with deteriorations in health. Practical interventions for prevention of weight and fat fluctuations in old age are anticipated here based on emerging knowledge of the role of such factors as dietary variety, taste, and palatability in late-life energy regulation.

Where now for forest trace gas research?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Gauci
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Integrative Studies ◽  
Gas Cycling ◽  
Latitudinal Range ◽  
Insight Into

<p>Forests play an important role in the exchange of radiatively important trace gases with the atmosphere. The past decade has seen remarkable growth in interest in this research area with studies yielding ever-greater insight into both the importance of these exchanges and the fundamental processes of exchange in ecosystems that are vulnerable and highly responsive to agents of global change. I will provide an overview of previous studies that are now global in coverage, which have shown that in both temperate and tropical wetland and upland forests, tree stems constitute significant surfaces of exchange of both methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Considering studies spanning diverse forest biomes across the full latitudinal range of forest extent, leads to emergent questions that this new and developing pan-disciplinary coalition of researchers are increasingly well able to address. Given that forests are both sensitive and highly responsive to agents of global change at a range of scales, there is a need to further characterise the fundamental functioning of exchange processes in forests e.g. with respect to hydrology, climate and the biology of microbes and the trees and soils they inhabit. Such insight will help with planning the next generation of integrative studies, at scale, to enable the role of forests in trace gas cycling in a changing world to be characterised.</p>

scholarly journals Dysregulation of RNA editing may help explain pathogenicity mechanisms of congenital Zika syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Piontkivska ◽  
Noel-Marie Plonski ◽  
Michael M Miyamoto ◽  
Marta L Wayne
Keyword(s):  
Rna Editing ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Genomic Profile ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Congenital Zika Syndrome

Many Zika virus (ZIKV) pathogenesis-related studies have focused primarily on virus-driven pathology and neurotoxicity, instead of considering the possibility of pathogenesis as an (unintended) consequence of host innate immunity: specifically, as the side-effect of an otherwise well-functioning machine. The hypothesis presented here suggests a new way of thinking about the role of host immune mechanisms in disease pathogenesis, focusing on dysregulation of post-transcriptional RNA editing as a candidate driver of a broad range of observed neurodevelopmental defects and neurodegenerative clinical symptoms in both infants and adults linked with ZIKV infections. We collect and synthesize existing evidence of ZIKV-mediated changes in expression of adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs), known links between abnormal RNA editing and pathogenesis, as well as ideas for potential translational applications, including genomic profile-based molecular diagnostic tools and/or treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Hope or hype in the treatment of schizophrenia – what's the role of the physician?

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo A. Bressan ◽  
Geder E. M. Grohs ◽  
Gabriela Matos ◽  
Sukhi Shergill
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Instrumental Role

SummaryAccording to the experience of people with schizophrenia, their psychiatrists' attitude towards the outcome of their illness is lacking in hope, which directly affects mutual faith in treatment. Here we discuss the scientific basis of hope and show its instrumental role in optimising the best treatment strategies for schizophrenia.Declaration of interestR.A.B has received honoraria for educational input and non-financial support from Ache; honoraria for educational input from Lundbeck; grants, honoraria for educational input and non-financial support from Janssen; all outside the submitted work. G.E.M.G. has received honoraria for educational input and non-financial support from Janssen outside the submitted work. G.M. reports support from Janssen-Cilag, outside the submitted work, and is an employee at Janssen-Cilag. S.S. has received grants and honoraria for educational input from EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, AbbVie and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work.

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