Coronavirus - Past and Present

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1574-1579
Author(s):  
Alfiya Qamar
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Healthcare Practitioner ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
New Novel ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a new mutant strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) which is an ongoing global health pandemic. However, you'll have first become conversant in the term coronavirus during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2002. Here we summarize important distinguishing characteristics concerning both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2. SARS-Cov2, which is caused by the new novel coronavirus, has been highlighting the news lately. The virus that causes SARS is entitled as SARS-CoV, while the virus that causes COVID-19 is entitled as SARS-CoV-2. SARS was declared a global pandemic in late 2002 in China, when a healthcare practitioner got infected with a virus and unknowingly travelled to Hong Kong, with rapid spread to other nearby countries by international travelling of people. But due to many other factors, SARS was restrained in around 30 countries with an estimated mortality rate of 10% by the end of the pandemic in mid-2003. The focal point of this current novel coronavirus outbreak is within Wuhan city of China. Animal host act as a reservoir for novel coronavirus and it can infect human by crossing this barrier. Hence, a seafood wholesale market in the city was thought to be one among the places from where the transmission of COVID-19 initiated. As we go further in this article, we will come across the differences in genomic structure, pathogenicity, clinical features and lab investigations among SARS-CoV2 and SARS-CoV.

scholarly journals A Review of Updates on Vaccines and Treatment Options for Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Naiha Tahir ◽  
Ayema Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Zain ◽  
Mubashir Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Enveloped Virus ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The City

The novel Coronavirus knew as Covid 19 or SARS-CoV-2, is a newly discovered virus responsible for the huge global pandemic infecting the human race at a deadly pace. This is an RNA enveloped virus that targets the human respiratory system severely while damaging other major systems. Covid 19 pandemic is similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) endemic and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but this one is spreading at a fire-speed. The outbreak was known as pneumonia in the beginning; however, it became a threat later on, owing to its high contagion rate. The origin of this virus was sought to be from the seafood wholesale market, very popular in the city of Wuhan. This review has been put together to overview the disease, its etiology, clinical features and treatment methods. The focal point of this review is to highlight the current management of this disease.

scholarly journals A new model for COVID-19 control and its implementation in the city of Honghu, China: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
He-ran Wang ◽  
Meng-chun Gong ◽  
Jing-Yuan Sun ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
Yi Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Medical Teams ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Abstract Background Novel coronavirus pneumonia has been the most serious worldwide public health emergency since being identified in December 2019. The rapid spread of the pandemic and the strong human to human infection rate of COVID-19 poses a great prevention challenge. There has been an explosion in the number of confirmed cases in several cities near Wuhan, including the highest in Honghu, Jinzhou. Owing to the limited admission capacity and medical resources, increasing numbers of suspected cases of COVID-19 infection were difficult to confirm or treat. Case presentation Following the arrival of the Guangdong medical aid team on 11 February, 2020, COVID-19 care in Honghu saw changes after a series of solutions were implemented based on the ‘Four-Early’ and ‘Four-centralization’ management measures. The ‘Four-Early’ measures are: early detection, early reporting, early quarantine, and early treatment for meeting an urgent need like the COVID-19 pandemic. ‘Four-centralization’ refers to the way in which recruited medical teams can make full use of medical resources to give patients the best treatment. These solutions successfully increased the recovery rate and reduced mortality among patients with COVID-19 in Honghu. Conclusions This management strategy is called the ‘Honghu Model’ which can be generalized to enable the prevention and management of COVID-19 worldwide.

scholarly journals Wellness Constraints Among International University Students Transitioning Through Covid 19

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 3444-3456
Author(s):  
Mr J Dorasamy, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
International University ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (Who) In March 2020 Declared Covid 19 A Pandemic, Due To The  Global And Rapid Spread Of A Novel Coronavirus (Who, 2020). The Covid 19 Pandemic Being Highly Infectious And Unpredictable, Has  Disrupted  Social, Economic, Environmental And Political Spheres Of Life. Globally, People Have Ventured Into A “Lockdown World”, Increasing Uncertainty About Their Future Amidst The Covid 19 Pandemic. As A Result Of The Pandemic, Social Alteration Has Taken The Form Of Social Distancing, Self-Isolation And Self-Quarantine.  Many Were Unprepared For The Shift From The “Normal”, Propelling  Undue  Stress Under The New Normal Way Of Doing Things During The Current Global Pandemic Crisis. This Has Been Accompanied By Social, Emotional And Mental Effects, As The Ongoing And Fluid Nature Of The Pandemic Has Created Uncertainty For Many People. The Covid 19 Pandemic, As A Multidimensional Stressor Affecting Wellbeing, Has Affected Individuals, Families, Educational, Occupational, And Broader Societal Systems.  

scholarly journals An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. A. Mahdy ◽  
Waleed Younis ◽  
Zamzam Ewaida
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Short Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Animal Infection ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

A novel coronavirus has been reported as the causative pathogen of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan city, China in December 2019. Due to the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, it has been announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Hospitalized patients in Wuhan were associated with the Huanan seafood wholesale market where live animals, such as poultry, bats, snakes, frogs, rabbits, marmots, and hedgehogs are sold in that market which suggests a possible zoonotic infection. It was suggested that bat is the natural host of SARS-CoV-2, but the intermediate host is still unclear. It is essential to identify the potential intermediate host to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Pangolin is a highly suspected candidate as an intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, and lions. More recently SARS-CoV-2 infection affected minks severely and zoonotic transfer with a variant SARS-CoV-2 strain evidenced in Denmark, Netherlands, USA, and Spain suggesting animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission within mink farms. Furthermore, experimental studies documented the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2, such as mice, golden hamsters, cats, ferrets, non-human primates, and treeshrews. It is also essential to know the possibility of infection for other animal species. This short review aims to provide an overview on the relation between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and animals.

scholarly journals Viral and host factors related to the clinic outcome of the SARS-CoV-2 infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaonan Zhang ◽  
Yun Tan ◽  
Yun Ling ◽  
Gang Lu ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Factors ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Differential Exposure ◽  
Critical Patients ◽  
Global Initiative ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
High Level

Abstract At least three months have been passed since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory disease, COVID-19 in Wuhan city, China in December 2019, caused by the infection of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2.1,2. Due to its rapid spread throughout China and abroad, knowledge sharing for both its epidemiology and clinic manifestations is urgently need. Here we analyzed the clinical, molecular and immunological data from 326 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Shanghai. Genomic sequences assembled from 112 quality samples together with uploaded sequences in Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) showed a stable evolution and suggested two major lineages with differential exposure history during the earliest outbreak in Wuhan. Nevertheless, they exhibited similar virulence and clinical outcomes. Lymphocytopenia, especially the reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts upon admission, was predictive of disease progression. High level of IL-6 and IL-8 during treatment was observed in severe and critical patients and correlated with decreased lymphocyte count. The determinants of disease severity seemed to stem mostly from host factors such age, lymphocytopenia and its associated cytokine storm whereas viral genetic variation did not significantly affect the outcomes. This comprehensive analysis on the molecular, immunological and clinical data provides a panorama of the key determinants related to the disease outcomes which should be helpful for improving the current combat against this extremely aggressive pandemic.Authors Xiaonan Zhang, Yun Tan, Yun Ling, Gang Lu, Feng Liu, and Zhigang Yi contributed equally to this work.

scholarly journals The effects of the clinical symptoms pneumonia-confirmation strategy of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjin Wang ◽  
Pei Wang ◽  
Shudao Zhang ◽  
Hao Pan
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Start Date ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Motivated by the quick control in Wuhan, China, and the rapid spread in other countries of COVID-19, we investigate the questions that what is the turning point in Wuhan by quantifying the variety of basic reproductive number after the lockdown city. The answer may help the world to control the COVID-19 epidemic. A modified SEIR model is used to study the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan city. Our model is calibrated by the hospitalized cases. The modeling result gives out that the means of basic reproductive numbers are 1.5517 (95% CI 1.1716-4.4283) for the period from Jan 25 to Feb 11, 2020, and 0.4738(95% CI 0.0997-0.8370) for the period from Feb 12 to Mar 10. The transmission rate fell after Feb 12, 2020 as a result of China’s COVID-19 strategy of keeping society distance and the medical support from all China, but principally because of the clinical symptoms to be used for the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) confirmation in Wuhan since Feb 12, 2020. Clinical diagnosis can quicken up NCP-confirmation such that the COVID-19 patients can be isolated without delay. So the clinical symptoms pneumonia-confirmation is the turning point of the COVID-19 battle of Wuhan. The measure of clinical symptoms pneumonia-confirmation in Wuhan has delayed the growth and reduced size of the COVID-19 epidemic, decreased the peak number of the hospitalized cases by 96% in Wuhan. Our modeling also indicates that the earliest start date of COVID-19 in Wuhan may be Nov 2, 2019.

scholarly journals Facemask shortage and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: Reflection on public health measures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huailiang Wu ◽  
Jian Huang ◽  
Casper J. P. Zhang ◽  
Zonglin He ◽  
Wai-Kit Ming
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Effective Public Health

AbstractBackgroundA novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak due to SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in China in late-December 2019. Facemask wearing is considered as one of the most cost-effective and important measures to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but it became a social concern due to the recent global facemask shortage. China is the major facemask producer in the world, contributing to 50% of global production. However, even full productivity (20 million facemasks per day) does not seem to meet the need of a population of 1.4 billion in China.MethodsPolicy review using government websites and shortage analysis using mathematical modelling based on data obtained from the National Health Commission (NHC), the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the People’s Republic of China, and Wuhan Bureau of Statistics.FindingsSupplies of facemasks in the whole of China would have been sufficient for both healthcare workers and the general population if the COVID-19 outbreak only occurred in Wuhan city or Hubei province. However, if the outbreak occurred in the whole of China, facemask supplies in China could last for 5 days if under the existing public health measures and a shortage of 853 million facemasks is expected by 30 Apr 2020. Assuming a gradually decreased import volume, we estimated that dramatic increase in productivity (42.7 times of the usual level) is needed to mitigate the facemask crisis by the end of April.InterpretationIn light of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, a shortage of facemasks and other medical resources can considerably compromise the efficacy of public health measures. Effective public health measures should also consider the adequacy and affordability of medical resources. Global collaboration should be strengthened to prevent the development of a global pandemic from a regional epidemic via easing the medical resources crisis in the affected countries.Research in contextEvidence before this studyWe searched PubMed and Web of Science for articles in English, between 1 Jan 1980, and 1 Jan 2020, using the search terms 1) (infection OR infectious disease* OR outbreaks) AND (modelling); and 2) (mask* OR facemask* OR medical resource*) AND (infection OR infectious disease* OR outbreaks). Most relevant studies identified were performed to predict diseases spread and to determine the original infection source of previous epidemics like SARS and H7N9. However, few studies focused on the medical resources crisis during the outbreaks.Added value of this studyTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the facemask shortage during the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) outbreak in China. We have summarized in detail the management strategies implemented by the Chinese governments during the outbreaks. By considering three scenarios for the outbreak development, we simulated the facemasks availability from late-December 2019 to late-April 2020 and estimated the duration of sufficient facemask supplies. Our findings showed that if the COVID-19 outbreak occurred only in Wuhan city or Hubei province, facemask shortage would not appear with the existing public health measures. However, if the outbreak occurred in the whole of China, a shortage of facemask could be substantial assuming no alternative public health measures.Implications of all the available evidenceOur findings provide insight into the public health measures to confront medical resources crisis during infectious disease outbreaks. Effective public health measures should consider the adequacy and affordability of existing medical resources. Governments across the world should revisit their emergency plans for controlling infectious disease outbreaks by taking into account the supply of and demand for the medical resource. Global collaboration should be strengthened to prevent the development of a global pandemic from a regional epidemic via easing the medical resources crisis in the affected countries.

scholarly journals Global Pandemic Conditions and List of Possible Medications and Vaccines for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (Special-1) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mukim ◽  
Atul Kabra ◽  
Siwani Devi ◽  
Mohit Chaturvedi ◽  
Rakesh Patel
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Difficulty Breathing ◽  
Public Area ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified which caused severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with a disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus first originated in the city of Wuhan in China, causing symptoms such as pneumonic plague, which began in the Wuhan and then spread throughout the world with high transmission efficiency. Special precautions and care are needed such as leaving the public area, covering your mouth with a mask, not shaking hands, washing hands, and sanitation from time to time. Infection due to SARS-CoV-2 shows several symptoms, one of which is very often the patient shows difficulty breathing. Currently, COVID-19 has been declared a global pandemic and has almost attacked all countries in the world, including in India which has one of the largest human populations in the entire world. One of the challenges in handling COVID-19 is the unavailability of drugs or special vaccines to treat the disease, so clinical practitioners and academics are currently testing various drugs to see how they affect the COVID-19 patients. Some of the drugs tested provide effective mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2, such as chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, and vaccines under development. These drugs are still being tested and are now at the forefront to combat the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review article will discuss all kinds of ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including the transmission method, how to prevent it, as well as various drugs and vaccines currently used in handling COVID-19.

scholarly journals A Community Based Collaborative Research Model to Fight Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19). A Report on Nairobi, Kenya Covd19 Efforts

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Samson Chama ◽  
◽  
Enouce Ndeche ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Disease ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
World Health ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The first cases of COVID-19 pneumonia were identified in Wuhan City, China, in December 2019. In January 2020, a novel coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, was identified as the cause of this outbreak. The virus, and the human disease it causes, have evolved into a global pandemic. As of April 29, 2020, according to the World Health Organization, cases have been confirmed in 213 countries, areas, or territories, with 3,090,445 confirmed cases so far, and 217,769 confirmed deaths [1].

scholarly journals Emergency architecture. Modular construction of healthcare facilities as a response to pandemic outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 01013
Author(s):  
Marina Smolova ◽  
Daria Smolova
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Design Flexibility ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Emerging infectious diseases originating from wildlife species continue to demolish humankind leaving an imprint on human history. December 2019 has marked the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-2019) originated in China in the city of Wuhan. Drastic emergence and spread of infectious disease have shown to appear in highly densified areas causing rapid spread of epidemic through population movement, transmission routes, major activity nodes, proximity, and connectivity of urban spaces. An extreme number of cases rising throughout the world caused space unavailability in healthcare facilities to serve patients infected with Covid-2019, therefore urging for innovative emergency management response from construction and architecture industry. Prefabricated modular construction has been widely utilized around the globe assembling rapid response facilities after catastrophic events such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and forest fires. An increasing number of Covid-2019 cases demanded effective and compressed implementation of medical centres to provide expeditious and secure healthcare. The paper examines the potential of standardization of modular construction of hospitals as a response to current and potential pandemic outbreaks. The research provides fundamental planning requirements of isolation units and their design flexibility as a key to rapid emergency solution.

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