Organizational knowledge transfer: creating new knowledge from old knowledge

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Moura ◽  
Álvaro Dias ◽  
Célia Quintas ◽  
Dilar Costa
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Personal Belief ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Business Competitiveness

The definition of knowledge supported by Nonakae Takeuchi (1995) considers that it is a human process that allows justifying personal belief about the truth. The individual is an integral part and is inseparable from knowledge. The authors also distinguish explicit knowledge, which can be expressed in words and numbers, and tacit knowledge, that is held by the individual in the form of know-how, and can be identified through their habits, behaviors, emotions, values and ideas.However, there is a wealth of professional knowledge in qualified people that are apart from active life voluntarily or involuntarily, through unemployment or retirement. This source of knowledge could be (re)transformed into new sources of competitiveness for organizations.In this context, this paper seeks to present the results of an exploratory study, orientated to identify knowledge transfer processes, from pensioners and long-term unemployed, to business professionals and companies, through the adaptation of mentoring programs. Five thematic areas of knowledge transfer were considered and selected as key areas of organizational competitiveness: Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Cooperation, Distribution, and Exportation.We consider this work relevant to the extent that the processes of change, caused by world crisis, tend to split fundamental knowledge that must be preserved. With the emergence of the knowledge society, we face problems, uncertainties and challenges arising not only from the financial crises and economic recessions, but also from the social transformations that we have seen in the processes of globalization, demographic change, technological revolution and the single currency, among others.The various transformations mentioned have produced paradoxical impacts, in particular job and knowledge management and the organization of work and working time. Such changes imply that researchers find new ways to a more holistic and human-centered organization.To realize our study we constructed a methodology of knowledge transfer, largely inspired by the work of Peet, Walsh, Rawak & Sober (2010).Our methodology comprised several steps: ( a) identify the knowledge, ( b ) access to persons owning knowledge, ( c ) integrating knowledge in projects, ( d ) combine ideas and initiatives, (e ) relaying knowledge, ( f ) enhance and apply knowledge.The experiential processes developed under this study give companies a large potential to be able to achieve their change objectives, incorporate new knowledge and increase their competitiveness. In this vein, we concluded that our methodology of knowledge transfer was effective as a mean for learning and to operationalize the knowledge held by mentors in strategic areas in the field of entrepreneurship, innovation and cooperation. We also concluded, by the duration of the project and through the measurement of the effects of knowledge transfer and its return in terms of effective improvement of business competitiveness, that it must be applied on a time scale projected in the medium and long term.

E-Collaborative Knowledge Construction

2011 ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Ertl
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Traditional Learning ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Age ◽  
Learning Scenarios ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Individual

Knowledge has become an important factor in the success of organizations. Several authors reflect this in their use of terms such as knowledge society (e.g., Nonaka, 1994) or knowledge age (e.g., Bereiter, 2002). The role of knowledge has changed fundamentally with the development of a knowledge society. Knowledge is still an indispensable resource for the individual as well as for an organization, but the emphasis lies on the creation of new knowledge (see Nonaka, 1994). This change also has consequences for the individual acquisition of knowledge and, in turn, for learning. In traditional learning scenarios, knowledge was seen as a commodity that could be transferred directly from one brain to another. This resulted in an interaction between teacher and learner, in which the teacher had an active role and presented parts of his knowledge to the learners, who passively received and memorized them (see Ertl, Winkler, & Mandl, 2007). However, studies have shown that whilst learning by such presentations of explicit knowledge enabled learners to reproduce it in tests, they failed to transfer it to new situations and often failed to apply it in the creation of new knowledge—the knowledge learners acquired remained inert (Renkl, Mandl, & Gruber, 1996).

Towards The New Episteme

2013 ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Król
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Professional Collaboration ◽  
Science Knowledge ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given

The usual horizon of knowledge science is limited to nominalism, empiricism, and naturalistic and evolutionary epistemologies. I propose to broaden this horizon by applying some other philosophical attitudes, such as a non-nominalistic philosophy of language. A basic methodology for the new episteme, including (non-nominalistic) typology and a definition of knowledge and of tacit knowledge, is proposed. Several types of knowledge and the corresponding tacit knowledge are discussed within a broadened philosophical context. There are many types of knowledge and tacit knowledge using different methods of sharing. The main problem with the effective sharing of tacit knowledge is sharing knowledge relevant to the given problem. The transfer, change and transformation of tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge are possible. An example of such a transition, which I call conceptualization, is described. Conceptualization exemplifies how new knowledge can be created with the use of tacit knowledge. A need also exists for a professional collaboration between knowledge science, knowledge management and philosophy.

Towards The New Episteme

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Król
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Professional Collaboration ◽  
Science Knowledge ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given

The usual horizon of knowledge science is limited to nominalism, empiricism, and naturalistic and evolutionary epistemologies. I propose to broaden this horizon by applying some other philosophical attitudes, such as a non-nominalistic philosophy of language. A basic methodology for the new episteme, including (nonnominalistic) typology and a definition of knowledge and of tacit knowledge, is proposed. Several types of knowledge and the corresponding tacit knowledge are discussed within a broadened philosophical context. There are many types of knowledge and tacit knowledge using different methods of sharing. The main problem with the effective sharing of tacit knowledge is sharing knowledge relevant to the given problem. The transfer, change and transformation of tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge are possible. An example of such a transition, which I call conceptualization, is described. Conceptualization exemplifies how new knowledge can be created with the use of tacit knowledge. A need also exists for a professional collaboration between knowledge science, knowledge management and philosophy.

scholarly journals Knowledge sharing, knowledge transfer and SMEs: evolution, antecedents, outcomes and directions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitabh Anand ◽  
Birgit Muskat ◽  
Andrew Creed ◽  
Ambika Zutshi ◽  
Anikó Csepregi
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Organizational Memory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Hr Managers

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to systematically synthesize the extant literature of knowledge sharing (KS) and knowledge transfer (KT) in the small and medium enterprise (SME) context and to contribute with predictions of emerging themes.Design/methodology/approachApplied is a systematic literature review using three bibliometric techniques: (1) textual analysis for keywords and abstracts to identify the research hotspots, (2) co-citation analysis of references to identify the evolution of KS and KT in SME and (3) bibliographic coupling analysis of documents to synthesize antecedents and outcomes.FindingsA conceptual map emerges from the review to reveal the antecedents of KS and KT at the individual, group and organizational levels. The analysis shows the strategic importance of KS and KT for the SME context. Specific findings include: (1) KS and KT are involved in enhancing SMEs strategic focus for human resources, including organizational learning, customer relations, creativity, higher profit and positive effects on operational processes and decision-making. (2) Innovation, trust and performance are identified as central human factors linked to KS and KT in SMEs. (3) Human resource (HR) management research could contribute to KS and KT in the SME domain by exploring KS- and KT-based practices, linking the emergence of innovation and innovative behaviors to these practices, leading to a better understanding of strategies that enable the long-term storage and retrieval of tacit and explicit knowledge as organizational memory in the SME context.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the first to systematically review KS and KT in SMEs and propose a concept map. The research adds value to the growing literature of KS and KT and exposes the need for more specific activities to support SME managers, as well as HR managers, who need to facilitate KS and KT in SMEs.

scholarly journals COMMUNICATIVE PARADIGM IN REFLECTIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Ayta Sakun
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Education Economics ◽  
Dominant Feature ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Modern Era

The dominant feature of today is the “knowledge society” – a worldview and scientific concept, updated by social, cultural and philosophical discourses in the process of a thorough rethinking of the theory of “information society”. Gaining increasing popularity in connection with the problematization of the cognitive dimensions of education, economics and technology, this concept gains a modern definition: it is a society whose development is based on internal polyphony and the individual abilities of each of its representatives. Thus, in modern society, not only “information”, but also “knowledge” plays a special role. The separation and differentiation of these two concepts are of fundamental importance. The modern era (having reached the definition of the "era of knowledge") brings a new understanding of "knowledge".

scholarly journals Long-Term Humoral Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 after Natural Infection and Subsequent Vaccination According to WHO International Binding Antibody Units (BAU/mL)

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2336
Author(s):  
Natalia Ruetalo ◽  
Bertram Flehmig ◽  
Michael Schindler ◽  
Lutz Pridzun ◽  
Angelika Haage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Reference Preparation ◽  
Binding Antibody ◽  
One Year ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The new WHO reference standard allows for the definition of serum antibodies against various SARS-CoV-2 antigens in terms of binding antibody units (BAU/mL) and thus to compare the results of different ELISA systems. In this study, the concentration of antibodies (ABs) against both the S- and the N-protein of SARS-CoV-2 as well as serum neutralization activity were evaluated in three patients after a mild course of COVID-19. Serum samples were collected frequently during a period of over one year. Furthermore, in two individuals, the effects of an additional vaccination with a mRNA vaccine containing the S1-RBD sequence on these antibodies were examined. After natural infection, the antibodies (IgA, IgG) against the S1-protein remained elevated above the established cut-off to positivity (S-IgA 60 BAU/mL and S-IgG 50 BAU/mL, respectively) for over a year in all patients, while this was not the case for ABs against the N-protein (cut-off N-IgG 40 BAU/mL, N-IgA 256 BAU/mL). Sera from all patients retained the ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 for more than a year. Vaccination resulted in a rapid boost of antibodies to S1-protein but, as expected, not to the N-protein. Most likely, the wide use of the WHO reference preparation will be very useful in determining the individual immune status of patients after an infection with SARS-CoV-2 or after vaccination.

Funerals as Paschal Remembrance and Incorporation into the Risen Christ

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-85
Author(s):  
Sr Bénédicte Mariolle
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church ◽  
With Memory

In our contemporary cultural context, the Christian references and the ritual cues no longer work as rites provided by an ecclesiastical institution in the way that they were still able to in the 1960s. The long-term memory which guaranteed the symbolic effectiveness of this rituality has evaporated. The author identifies three ways in which people’s relationship with memory has changed: it is no longer inscribed in time and space; this goes hand in hand with a form of “virtualization” of memory; but especially of its de-institutionalization, meaning that the norms guiding the ritual are no longer founded on an institutional basis linked to a collective memory, but rather on the individual subject and his or her unique character. This is a situation which poses a challenge to the Christian tradition of funerals, precisely because this is founded on a long ritual memory, which is incarnated, and is institutional. One solution to this problem has been to adapt to the expectations and aspirations of our contemporaries by relativizing traditional ritual forms. The author suggests the real question is rather to discern the specifically Christian features of ritualizing death within the long tradition of the Church and identify the elements of this deep Christian “memory” on which certain aspects of the liturgy depend for meaning. Losing this memory would endanger the proclamation of faith and Christian hope. An important source for this rereading is Augustine’s treatise De cura gerenda pro mortuis. It provides the key to interpreting this tradition, thereby enabling a definition of the characteristics of this Christian “memory” which is operative in funerals, and saying how this serves toward building Christian identity. This enables the author to outline the features of a specifically Christian ritualization of funerals for today and the implications for proclaiming a truly paschal faith.

The WaVE project as a record of religious and social transformations in northern Europe

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Bäckström
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Secular Culture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Close Family

This chapter explores the idea of secularisation or religious change and the increasing visibility of religion in northern Europe. In the 20th century, the links between welfare and religion were thought to be fading. Today, however, it is clear that this assumption was based on a definition of religion as something for ‘others’, for those deviating from a dominant secular culture. In the Nordic countries, culture is understood as broad, ‘cool’, or inclusive. It is based on the rule of law and is linked to modernisation and the emancipation of the individual rather than close family ties. This is also true of religion, which is similarly perceived. This provides the basis for a broad culture of trust to which minority as well as majority religions can adhere.

scholarly journals Het organiseren van exploitatieve en exploratieve innovatie binnen en tussen bedrijven

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dries Faems
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Level ◽  
Organizational Strategies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Individual Project ◽  
The Individual

Organizing explorative innovation within and between firms Organizing explorative innovation within and between firms To stay competitive in the long term, companies not only need to exploit their existing knowledge, they also need to explore new knowledge. At the same time, combining exploitative and explorative innovation is challenging because it triggers tensions at the individual, project and organizational level. In this paper, I provide an overview of the most important intra- and inter-organizational strategies to successfully combine exploitative and explorative innovation. First, I point out the importance of structural and contextual ambidexterity for organizing explorative innovation within firms. Subsequently, I discuss the possibilities for exploitative and explorative innovation between firms. Finally, I discuss the main implications of these insights for researchers, managers and policy makers.

scholarly journals To a question of definition of deformation of frosty heaving of soil of road designs by different methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Shorin ◽  
George Kaga ◽  
Anatoly Velsovsky
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Frost Heaving ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Term Field ◽  
Initial Characteristic

The article notes the relevance of the issues of ensuring frost resistance of structures, including road, in connection with the almost universal spread of the phenomenon of frost heaving in the territory of the Russian Federation. The question of known methods for determining the calculated characteristics of frost heaving of the soil, which is the initial characteristic of the calculation of structures for frost resistance, is considered. These methods include the standard method, the method VGU in two variants and the method ROSDORNII Institute. These methods are presented in the form of a flowchart with a detailed description of the individual blocks. The shortcomings of the normative method, which lead in some cases to unacceptable errors for engineering practice, are noted. The VGU method in the first embodiment is based only on the use of laboratory test data and plotting the intensity of frost heaving. In the second variant of the VGU method, the character of the intensity plot is taken on the basis of data from long-term field tests.

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