scholarly journals Assessment of the Ecological and Geographical Condition of the Basin System Lakes Strilske (Hydrological Monument of Nature)

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Basin System

Topicality. The available information on specific lakes of nature protection fund (NPF) objects, primarily of local significance, is limited to brief information on morphometric and hydrological characteristics, information on the rare component of aquatic organisms and the species diversity of the adjacent catchment areas. This state of affairs does not benefit the development of protected areas and encourages ecological and geographical searches of lakes or lake-basin systems, which are part of the NPF. Purpose is to assess the ecological and geographical condition of the lake basin system Strelske (hydrological monument of nature) for cadastral needs of NPF objects of Polissya region of Ukraine. Methods of regional constructive-geographical limnology, landscape-limnological analysis, soil-geochemical profiling of lake catchments, GIS-cartographic modeling. Results of the study are presented in the form of a cartographic model of the spatial-typological structure of the lands of the lake catchment. Shooting and substantiation of its geoecological condition, bathymetric map of the lake and morphological-morphometric and hydrological calculations of the LBS. The hydrochemical parameters of the lake were analyzed according to the block of indicators of salt composition, tropho-saprobiological characteristics and substances of toxic action. The lithological composition and capacity of the bottom sediments of the lake are estimated, the graphs of radial migration of chemical elements and compounds at one of the probing points are constructed and the qualitative composition of the lake sapropel is substantiated. Using GIS technologies, a landscape map of the natural-aqual complex of the lake was built. Shooting and landscape-metometric assessment of its morphological structure. Conclusions. The basin system has in the past undergone anthropogenic transformations as a result of reclamation nature management, which has limited the share of surface runoff into the lake. The lake water exceeded the MPC by 1.7 times the chemical oxygen demand, 1.6 times the biological oxygen demand and 2 times the total iron consumption. The lake basin is 65.7% filled with bottom sediments, which are represented mainly by organo-iron sapropel. The littoral aqua facies of the lake suffer the greatest anthropogenic load, which is connected with the recreational activities of the seasonally functioning recreation center.

scholarly journals The basin-landscape approach to the protection and condition optimization of the lakes of the national parks

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Landscape Approach ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Condition Optimization ◽  
Basin System

The essence of the basin-landscape approach to the protection of the lakes of the national parks as an actual direction of research, which is formed at the junction of nature protection landscaping, hydrology and geoecology has been substantiated. The research algorithm, peculiarities of analysis and assessment of the status of the lake-basin system (LBS) have been found out, the factors that worsen the geo-ecological state in the lake and basin subsystems have been revealed, optimization measures in the objects of the nature reserve fund located within the natural reserve have been substantiated. The purpose of the study is to determine the parameters of the structure of lake-basin landscapes (on the example of Zasvitske lake, Nobel National Natural Park, Ukraine), liminary and landscape-metric indicators of the geo-ecological status of the LBS and the factors influencing it as an information and analytical basis for ensuring the protection and management of the LBS located in nature conservation area. The materials of the study were the long-term field landscape-limnological and geo-ecological studies of the authors within the Polesia region of Ukraine and, in particular, the LBS of the Nobel National Nature Park. The research methodology was based on complex physical-geographical methods, hydrological profiling and creation of bathymetric models of reservoirs, hydrochemical diagnostics of water masses of the lakes, geochemical analyses of bottom sediments, landscape mapping using GIS-technologies. The results of geo-ecological (landscape-ecological) researches of the lake-basin system of Zasvitske lake have been presented, in particular, original profiles and bathymetric model of the reservoir, landscape maps of the aqual complex and the lake catchment, limno- and landscape characteristics of the LBS have been shown. Considering the level of anthropogenic transformations of the LBS and the presence of a high proportion of ecologically-stabilizing lands (forests, reservoirs of natural origin), the level of sustainability of the LBS is estimated as high. An assessment of the hydrological characteristics of the reservoir and hydrochemical characteristics allows to attribute this lake to an oligotrophic type. The results of a comprehensive analysis of the geo-ecological parameters of the state of Zasvitske lake and its landscape-limnological functioning indicate the expediency of recreational specialization of nature management in the Nobel National Park, that includes this lake. Scientific novelty. The application of proposed landscape-basin approach and the algorithm of the LBS study increase the possibilities of functional zoning of national parks with high index of lakes, as well as solving the problems of nature protection and optimization of nature management. Practical importance. The created electronic landscape maps and the base of limnometric parameters can be used as reference documents for the certification and cadastral evaluation of the transboundary protected areas of Ramsar type, geo-ecological monitoring and an integrated management of lakes by the basin approach in conditions of intense climate change.

scholarly journals Landscape-geographical model of ecological passport of basin system of Ozertse lake (Volyn Polissia)

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Landscape Models ◽  
Aquatic Complex ◽  
Basin System

Purpose. To substantiate the features of the landscape-geographic model of the ecological passport of the lake basin for the needs of preserved and recreational nature management. The article is focused on the acute need in development of ecological passports of local environmentally protected sites for formation of a regional inventory of nature reserve fund. The concept of a natural aquatic complex (NAC) of the lake, a lake-basin system (LBS) served as a methodological basis of the proposed work. The research is based on the methods of field instrumental landscape-limnological searches with the use of laboratory diagnostics of soil samples of the catchment and bottom sediments of the lake, and the landscape-based analysis of the LBS. The results of the study are presented in the form of landscape models of NAC of Ozertse lake and the natural territorial complexes (NTC) of the catchment. Landscape complexes of the rank of a tract and aquatic facies are allocated in the OBS of Ozertse lake. The geochemical features of the bottom sediments of the water body on the example of one of the points of sounding, hydrological and morphologic-morphometric parameters of NAC of the lake and its catchment, and the landscape-metric characteristics of the integrated lake-basin system are analysed. Conclusions. The developed landscape-geographic model of the lake basin system will be a base for the ecological passport of Ozertse lake. Ecological passports of such type are needed for ecological, tourist-recreational, water management and land reclamation institutions and establishments, as well as for the newly formed united territorial communities.

Destruction of microplastics in the natural environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kovalevski ◽  
Mikhail Zobkov
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Specific Density ◽  
Local Oxidation ◽  
Energy Dispersive Microanalysis ◽  
Local Destruction ◽  
The Individual

<p>Morphological structure and chemical composition of environmental microplastics (MPs) extracted from water and bottom sediments of Lake Onego were studied. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify MPs polymer types and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive microanalysis was used to study the morphology and trace elements composition of inclusions on their surface. The features of the destruction of MPs, as well as the presence of various chemical elements on their surface including heavy metals, were investigated. Four main mechanisms of MPs microdestruction have been identified: (1) Local destruction of monophasic MPs caused by local oxidation and cleavage of thin flakes and fragments with the formation of nanoscale plastics. (2) The destruction of multiphase microplastics predominantly determined by the selective destruction of one of the phases of the composite, for example, the ligament scission between the individual components of the plastic with their separation. (3) Microbiological destruction of MPs under the influence of diatoms by fixing spores of diatoms on defects of MPs with their subsequent growth, deflection, and separation of nanoscale polymer particles. (4) Mineralogical destruction of MPs associated with the sorption of chemical elements and crystallization of nanocrystals, which under appropriate conditions begin to grow and break-up the MPs accelerating the process of its destruction. The last mechanism have not yet been reported. These mechanisms initiate nanoplastics formation, which increases particles mobility in the aquatic environment and their threat to water organisms. At the same time, the fouling with diatoms (with a silica shell) and the sorption of heavy elements increase the bulk specific density of MPs and contribute to its accumulation in bottom sediments.</p><p>The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant number 19-17-00035.</p>

scholarly journals Is unstable reliable? Oxygen conditions in the ecological status assessment of lakes

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Hanna Soszka ◽  
Agnieszka Pasztaleniec ◽  
Agnieszka Kolada
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Stratified Lakes ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Ecological Status Assessment ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
Good Ecological Status

Abstract The Water Framework Directive introduces the requirement for ecological status assessment based primarily on aquatic organisms and supporting physico-chemical elements, including oxygen conditions. The criteria for assessing oxygen conditions applied in routine lake monitoring in Poland are based on the mean hypolimnetic saturation with oxygen at the peak of summer stagnation in stratified lakes, and on the oxygen content at the bottom in the summer in polimictic lakes. The currently used oxygen criteria usually cause dismay, particularly if biological elements indicate at least good ecological status and the oxygen conditions are the only reason for lowering status class. The aim of the article is to present the scale of variability of oxygen conditions in selected lakes within the last two decades and to analyse the limitations and conditions of applying this indicator in routine monitoring, assessment and classification of Polish lakes. Data from the years 1999–2015 on oxygen and thermal conditions in a set of nine benchmark lakes in Poland were examined and the reasons for changeability in water oxygenation from year to year were discussed. Alternative oxygen indicators were considered as well as oxygen standards based on fish protection requirements that have been adopted in some European countries. It was suggested that when assessing lake ecological status, data on the oxygen conditions from a number of years must be taken into consideration, e.g., for the analysis of trends in lake trophy changes or for documenting the effects of remedial actions in lake catchment areas in long time frames.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF HEAVY METALS DISTRIBUTION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE RIVERS OF UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
N. G. Lyuta
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Geochemical Background ◽  
Metallogenic Province ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Background Content

The chemical composition of bottom sediments is an important indicator of the ecological state of both water systems and watershed areas, since contaminated bottom sediments are a potential source of secondary pollution of aquatic systems. The analysis of recent publications shows that great attention has been paid to the chemical composition of bottom sediments, however, as a rule, these studies are of a local nature, that is, they cover very small areas. This often raises the issue of criteria for assessing the ecological and geochemical status of bottom sediments, since a small number of samples does not allow correctly determining the local geochemical background. In addition, generally accepted norms, for example, the maximum allowable concentrations, do not exist for bottom sediments. In these conditions, data on regional geochemical backgrounds of pollutants are needed. The need for the implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Ukraine, which requires the introduction of water management basin-based, necessitates the determination of the geochemical characteristics of bottom sediments within the river basin territories. To study the distribution of heavy metals and determine their regional backgrounds in the bottom sediments, a database of environmental and geochemical information was used in the GIS, one of the blocks of which is information on the content of chemical elements and compounds in the bottom sediments of watercourses and water bodies of Ukraine, and the electronic map of river basins of Ukraine. Based on the analysis in the GIS of information on the chemical composition of the bottom sediments of the rivers of Ukraine (about 8,1 thousand samples), regional geochemical background of lead, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel and cobalt have been determined. The main regularities of distribution of chemical elements in bottom sediments in the territory of Ukraine are established. For the chemical elements in question, a gradual increase in their content in soils from north to south, that is, from the river basins of the Polissya zone to the basins of the Steppe landscape-climatic zone, is consistent with the geochemical features of the soil cover of the catchment areas. The increased background content of chemical elements in bottom sediments often spatially coincides with the spread of soil differences in the catchment areas, which also have a high content of these elements. The maximum background content of most heavy metals in bottom sediments is naturally clearly recorded within the Carpathian-Crimean metallogenic province. Thus, despite the long and intensive technogenic impact on the surface water bodies of Ukraine, it is necessary to note the priority of natural factors in the formation of the chemical composition of bottom sediments, at least for the heavy metals considered above.

scholarly journals The Peculiarities of Geoecological State of the Lake-Basin System of Ozerianske Lake (Volyn Polesia)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Lateral Migration ◽  
Basin System

Purpose. To reveal the peculiarities of geo-ecological status of the lake-basin system (LBS) of Ozerianske lake for the needs of a balanced nature management. Methods.The research is based on methods of field instrumental landscape-geochemical searches using modern geoinformation technologies and laboratory-analytical diagnostics of soil, water and lake sediments. Results. The current state of economic development of the catchment of Ozerianske lake has been clarified. The results of the research of the hydrochemical composition of lake water have been presented. The results of the experiments with the determination of the content and features of radial, lateral migration of mobile forms of biogenic elements (N, P2O5, K2O) and heavy metals (Co, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn) on a landscape soil geochemical microcatena within the catchment area of a lake have been analyzed. A slight excess of MPC in the content of Mn and Cd in the soils of the microcatena has been fixed. The feature of lateral migration of biogenic elements is the increase of their concentration from the eluvial to the superequal facies of the geochemical microcatena, and the radial feature is the decrease of their content with the depth of the soil profile. Moving forms of heavy metals (Co, Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn) are characterized by radial migration - increasing their content with the depth of the soil profile in the horizon (20-40 cm), and further towards the parent rock, their concentration mainly decreases. Conclusions. It was established that the catchment area of Ozerianske lake refers to the anthropogenic-natural (IV) type and has unsatisfying geo-ecological status. In order to improve the geo-ecological status of the catchment area, it is advisable to gradually increase the area of ecostabilizing lands (meadows, forests, forage areas); to control the application of mineral fertilizers and pesticide use, and to prohibit the plowing of land by a 50-100-meter coastal protective strip around the lake.

Some Physicochemical Parameters of Wastewater from an Oil Industry at Point of Discharge in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
O. A. F Wokoma ◽  
◽  
O. S Edori ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
World Health ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Water Association ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Rivers State

Wastewater samples were collected from an oil industry at the point of discharge for a period of two years, from January 2018 – December 2019. The wastewater samples were analyzed for different physicochemical parameters such as temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), conductivity, pH, alkalinity, salinity, total hydrocarbon content (THC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to examine their conformity to fulfill requirements as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO), Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) and Drinking Water Association (DWA). The results indicated that all the parameters in the discharged wastewater were within acceptable limits of the regulatory bodies. The field data showed that the investigated firm conformed to the law by carrying out proper procedures before discharging the effluents into the public drain and river. Therefore, the release of wastewater from the industry doesn't constitute a danger to the environment as well as aquatic organisms. Keywords: Physicochemical parameter, wastewater discharge, oil industry, environment, contaminants

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND SOME HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION ANALYSES ON THREE COMMON SPECIES OF FISH IN TUNGAN KAWO RESERVOIR KONTAGORA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
Mohammed Jr. Kinta ◽  
A. V. Ayanwale ◽  
U. N. Keke ◽  
Y. I. Auta ◽  
B. S. Adama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Fish Samples

Developing countries like Nigeria are faced with increased in generation of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes, with a large percentage moving. This study evaluates the physico-chemical and some heavy metals concentration in three common species of fish from Tungan Kawo reservoir Kontagora, Nigeria; using standard methods between (July 2018 – February 2019); at four different sampling stations of human activities on the water. Five heavy metals were evaluated (Lead, Copper, Manganese, Iron and Chromium) in the fish samples. Phosphate (0.4 – 2.5) mg/L, Nitrate (3.2 – 7.5) mg/L, Temperature (27 – 32.4) 0C, Dissolved Oxygen (2.4 – 5.2 mg/L), Conductivity (81 – 125 µS/cm), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (1.9 – 4.4 mg/L), Alkalinity (mg/L) and Total Dissolved Solids (117 – 198) ppm were within the standard for drinking water and survival of fish.  However, the pH (6.3 – 9.8) was above the standard for NIS and WHO drinking water but can support aquatic life. Iron (0.64 ± 0.072 mg/kg) was the most highly concentrated in Synodontis clarias while lead (0.01 ± 0.013 mg/kg) was the lowest in Oreochromis niloticus and Coptidon zillii (formerly Tilapia zillii. This current finding indicates that the water is safe for both aquatic life and domestic purpose but not suitable for direct human consumption without being properly treated. However, there is the need for regular monitoring of the heavy metals load in this water body and the aquatic organisms because of the long term effects

scholarly journals Physicochemistry and Heavy Metal Characteristics of Waste Products from Abattoir Activities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Azuonwu, Testimonies Chikanka ◽  
David N. Ogbonna ◽  
John Onwuteaka
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Faecal Matter ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wastewater Samples

The upsurge of abattoir operations as a result of the rise in demand for meat protein has led to a corresponding increase in waste generation. These wastes are often channelled into nearby streams with little or no treatment which exposes aquatic organisms to the resultant consequences of this waste deposition. This study was thus aimed at determining the physicochemical quality of some abattoir samples in Port Harcourt city. Soil, faecal matter, wastewater, waste blood and service water samples from the Iwofe, Rumuodomaya and Trans-Amadi abattoirs were collected within a  period of one year and the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), sulphate, chloride, temperature, nitrate, ammonia and heavy metals quantities including chromium, lead, zinc, cobalt, copper and cadmium were determined using standard techniques. The study recorded high BOD5 and COD values from the blood, faecal matter, soil and wastewater samples while service water samples had values within the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality limits. Seasonal variations in the physicochemical parameters of the samples collected both in the wet and dry seasons were observed. The pH values ranged from 6.2-8.5, BOD5 of blood, faecal matter soil and wastewater ranged from 2124-4349 mg/l while the COD ranged from 2715-8820 mg/l. In Rumuodomaya, the BOD5 and COD ranged from 2276-2727 mg/l and 2583-3245 mg/l respectively while samples from Trans-Amadi abattoir had values for BOD5 and COD ranging from 2253-4330 mg/l and 2931-4597 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate, chromium, cadmium, zinc, cobalt, lead and copper contents in the different locations varied statistically at α-0.05 while no significant difference was observed for pH, ammonia, temperature, COD, BOD5, sulphate and chloride contents at α=0.05. The BOD5 and COD of waste blood, wastewater, soil and faecal matter recorded values that were above permissible limits for service water and therefore raises concern for the aquatic life being threatened by these effluents as the amount of dissolved oxygen available for them will be reduced as a pollution of the immediate environment, if these generated wastes are not treated before disposal.    

STATE OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE VORONEZH RESERVOIR IN THE PLACES OF WATER DISCHARGE FROM THE TREATMENT FACILITIES OF THE CITY OF VORONEZH

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Наталия Викторовна Каверина
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Cyclic Process ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Quantitative Chemical Analysis ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
The City

Рассмотрена проблема загрязнения Воронежского водохранилища в пределах Воронежской городской агломерации, в местах сброса вод с очистных сооружений предприятий левого берега. В работе использованы результаты количественного химического анализа донных отложений, выполненных на базе эколого-аналитической лаборатории факультета географии, геоэкологии и туризма Воронежского госуниверситета, а также данные мониторинга, предоставленных Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере природопользования и Департаментом природных ресурсов и экологии Воронежской области. База данных включает результаты наблюдений с 2000 по 2021 год. По составу осадков прослежена история аккумуляции загрязнителей, выделены проблемные зоны водоема в каждом исследуемом периоде. Выполнен пространственно-временной анализ содержаний загрязняющих веществ, рассчитаны «кларки концентрации» тяжелых металлов, по которым для каждой точки наблюдения в порядке возрастания значения признака построен ранжированный ряд. На основании лабораторных исследований и результатов их статистической обработки с применением корреляционного анализа сделаны выводы о перспективах существования и развития Воронежского водохранилища. Проверены корреляционные связи между «кларками концентрации» и суммой выпавших осадков за календарный и за гидрологический год. По содержаниям сероводорода в различные годы, сделаны выводы о диапазоне колебания концентраций и формировании цикличного процесса. Выделена зона устойчивой деградации водоема. Ее формирование происходит выше и ниже сброса с городских очистных сооружений левого берега города. Результаты многолетних наблюдений за качеством донных отложений указывают на значительную техногенную нагрузку со стороны Воронежской городской агломерации. Недостаточная очистка воды, медленная скорость течения и турбулентность природной воды ускоряет процесс естественного эвтрофирования водоема. The author considers the problem of pollution of the Voronezh water reservoir within the Voronezh urban agglomeration, in places of discharge of water from the treatment facilities of enterprises of the left bank. The paper uses the results of quantitative chemical analysis of bottom sediments performed on the basis of the ecological and analytical laboratory of the Faculty of Geography, Geoecology and Tourism of Voronezh State University, as well as monitoring data provided by the Federal Service for Supervision of Nature Management and the Department of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Voronezh Region. The database includes the results of monitoring from 2000 till 2021. On the basis of the composition of precipitation the author detected the history of accumulation of pollutants; as well she identified problem areas of the water reservoir in every study period. The author performed a spatio-temporal analysis of the contents of pollutants, calculated the "concentration clarkes" of heavy metals, according to which she created an ordered series for each observation point in ascending order of the attribute value. Based on laboratory studies and results of their statistical processing using correlation analysis the author draws some conclusions concerning the prospects for the Voronezh water reservoir existence and development. The correlations between the "concentration clarkes" and the amount of precipitation for the calendar and hydrological year have been verified. Based on the hydrogen sulfide content in different years, the author concludes about the range of concentration fluctuations and the formation of a cyclic process. She identified the zone of stable degradation of the water reservoir. Its formation occurs above and below the discharge from the municipal sewage treatment plants of the left bank of the city. The results of long-term observations of the quality of bottom sediments indicate a significant anthropogenic load on the part of the Voronezh urban agglomeration. Insufficient water purification, slow flow velocity and turbulence of natural water accelerate the process of natural eutrophication of the water reservoir.

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