Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of jackfruit peel and in vitro antiradical test

Free radical is any molecular species that have unpaired free electrons in their outer orbital shell that make radicals highly reactive, resulting in pathogenesis conditions such as cellular injury, premature aging, cancer, hepatic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. One source of natural antioxidant is jackfruit. The purpose of this research was to determine the phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts and fractions of jackfruit peel and their potential as antioxidants. Jackfruit peel powder was extracted from maceration. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Meanwhile, flavonoid content was determined using the aluminium chloride complex colorimetric method. Measurements of antioxidant activity were conducted using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The ethyl acetate fraction had high phenolic and flavonoid contents, which were 49.667±1.508 g GAE/100 g of sample and 70.199±0.374 g of quercertin equivalent/100 g. The ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 4.539±0.201 µg/ mL and correlation value (R2 ) of 0.5881 for phenols and R2 of 0.7241 for flavonoids. Ethyl acetate fraction of jackfruit peel is very potential to be developed as a natural antioxidant and functional food.

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Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Müll. Arg. pulp: a potential natural antioxidant

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.3(6).165 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 713-719

Author(s):

L. Permatasari ◽

S. Riyanto ◽

A. Rohman

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Free Radical ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Natural Antioxidant ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Dry Extract ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Müll. Arg. is a fruit widely grown in Indonesia locally known as ‘kepundung’. Some of genus Baccaurea has potential to be developed as a natural antioxidant. However, the antioxidant activity of B. racemosa pulp has not been published. This study is aimed to (i) explore the antioxidant activity, (ii) measure the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and (iii) investigate the correlation of antioxidant activity of extract and fractions of B. racemosa pulp with their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Fresh B. racemosa pulp was macerated with methanol to obtained methanolic extract. The methanolic extract was partitioned using n-hexane followed dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. This study revealed that ethyl acetate fraction has the highest antioxidant activity with the scavenging activity of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-Azinobis(3-etylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) with values IC50 127.155±4.311ug/mL and 108.155±6.455 mM trolox equivalent/100 mg dry extract respectively. However, the highest antioxidant activity using β-carotene bleaching (BCB) assay is the methanolic extract with value 36.898±13.240%. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction has the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) with values 42.975±1.978 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract (mg GAE g-1 dry extract) and 122.813±1.604 mg rutin equivalent/g dry extract (mg RE g-1 dry extract) respectively. TPC and TFC of B. racemosa pulp have a significant correlation with ABTS free radical scavenging activity. In this current study, it was discovered that ethyl acetate fraction of B. racemosa pulp can be developed to be a natural antioxidant.

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In vitro antioxidant activity test and determination of phenolic and flavonoid content of Moringa oleifera pulp and seeds

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(4).033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 59-65

Author(s):

Ruslin ◽

M.H. Sahumena ◽

R. Andriani ◽

M. Mamangkara ◽

Mistriyani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

Moringa oleifera is a plant that is empirically widely used as a medicine to treat hyperglycemia, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, gastric ulcer, skin disease, fever, fatigue, hysteria, thrush, bladder, and bronchitis. Moringa oleifera contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity and levels of phenolic and flavonoids in the extracts and fractions of moringa pulp and seeds. The pulp and seeds of Moringa were extracted using the maceration method and fractionated using the liquid-liquid extraction method. Antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Meanwhile, the flavonoid content was determined using the AlCl3 colorimetric method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The ethyl acetate fraction of moringa pulp and seeds had the strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 5.97 µg/mL and 5.08 µg/mL, respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction also has high phenolic and flavonoid content in the pulp and seeds of moringa with a phenolic content of 43.956 mg GAE/g sample for pulp and 9.429 mg GAE/g sample for moringa seeds. The flavonoid content of 94.257 mg QE/g sample for pulp and 93.719 mg QE/g sample, with the highest correlation between phenolic compounds and flavonoids on antioxidant activity, was obtained in moringa pulp with the highest correlation (R2 = 0.6514) for phenolic and R 2 = 0.7531) for flavonoids. In conclusion, the ethyl acetate fraction of moringa pulp and seeds can be further developed as an antioxidant and functional food.

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HPLC-UV profile of Genista ulicina Spach. (Fabaceae) extracts and in vitro antioxidant activity

International Journal of Phytomedicine ◽

10.5138/09750185.1863 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 398 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kaoutar Chebbah ◽

Eric Marchioni ◽

Djamel Sarri ◽

Ahmed Menad ◽

Ratiba Mekkiou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Aluminium Chloride ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Uv Detector ◽

Etoac Extract ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid ◽

Β Carotene

To perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phenolic and flavonoid contents and evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) extracts of the aerial parts of Genista ulicina Spach. from Algeria. The qualitative analysis of plant extracts was carried out by RP-HPLC using UV detector, whereas the quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid contents was completed according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and aluminium chloride colorimetric method respectively. To evaluate the extract's antioxidant activity, Two in vitro antioxidant tests were employed: DPPH and β-carotene bleaching assay. The HPLC/DAD chromatogram showed several peaks indicating the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids and isoflavonoids in both extracts. The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 62.56 and 50.45 mgGAE/g extract, while the total flavonoids content varied between 53.1 and 48.4 mgQE/g extract for EtOAC and n-BuOH respectively. EtOAc extract showed a maximum inhibition value (78.15%) at 150µg/mL using DPPH test and highest antioxidative power (82.42%) using β-carotene bleaching assay comparing with standards. The HPLC-UV analysis showed the richeness of both extracts in phenolic and flavonoid contents. The EtOAc extract exhibited good antioxidant activities comparing to the n-BuOH extract. Thus Genista ulicina could be indicated as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

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SYZYGIUM CUMINI (L.) SKEELS LEAF EXTRACT FRACTIONS AS ARGINASE INHIBITORS AND THE EFFECTS OF TANNINS ON THEIR ACTIVITY

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.ff059 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 268-270

Author(s):

ARI ARIEFAH HIDAYATI ◽

BERNA ELYA ◽

RANI SAURIASARI

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Syzygium Cumini ◽

Methanol Fraction ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

Objective: Arginase inhibition could be a potential therapeutic approach for endothelial dysfunction. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels leaves containphenolic acids and flavonoids, which have been predicted to exhibit arginase inhibitory activity. Moreover, these leaves contain tannins, which canform complexes with enzymes and lead to false-positive results during biological testing. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the arginaseinhibitory activity of S. cumini leaf extract and fractions as well as to elucidate the effects of tannins on this activity.Methods: S. cumini leaves were fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. A colorimetric method was employed to evaluate arginaseinhibitory activity. Tannin elimination was performed through the gelatin precipitation method. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the fractionswere calculated using the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively.Results: Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions showed arginase inhibitory activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 46.96 and15.35 μg/mL, respectively. The methanol fraction was positive for tannins. After tannin elimination, this fraction exhibited less potent arginaseinhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 53.03 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than the methanolfraction.Conclusion: Tannins affected the arginase inhibitory activity of the methanol fraction of S. cumini leaves; however, the ethyl acetate fraction did notcontain tannins and could inhibit arginase activity.

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In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Cedrus brevifolia Bark

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900412 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elena Cretu ◽

Juha-Pekka Salminen ◽

Maarit Karonen ◽

Anca Miron ◽

Christiana Charalambous ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Antioxidant Effects

A raw extract and four extractive fractions were obtained from Cedrus brevifolia (Cyprus cedar) bark. They were all studied regarding the phenolic content and profile using spectrophotometry and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. The antioxidant activity was investigated using in vitro assays: DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging and reducing power assays. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest total phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents; a taxifolin-O-hexoside, catechin, epicatechin and procyanidin oligomers (three dimers, two trimers) were identified in this fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to possess the highest DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging effects (EC50=13.9 ± 0.3 and 2.3 ± 0.0 μg/mL, respectively) and reducing capacity (EC50=9.1 ±0.1 μg/mL). Antioxidant effects were highly correlated with total phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents (r=0.89-0.99). These results suggest that Cedrus brevifolia bark is a new source of antioxidants.

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Antioxidant activity of Clematis brachiata Thunb. leaf

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v53i3.38264 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 185-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M Mostafa ◽

S Ahmed ◽

AJ Afolayan

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Aluminium Chloride ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Good Source ◽

Diammonium Salt ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of different extracts of the Clematis brachiata Thunb leaves were determined. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using spectroscopic methods against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS). Folin Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolics and Aluminium Chloride Colorimetric method was used to determine the flavonoids contents in these extracts. The results showed that the methanol extract of the leaf exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with the value of 180.45 ±2.4 μg mL-1 in DPPH and 60 ±0.80 μg mL-1 in ABTS assay among the extracts. The methanol extract contains more phenolic compounds (178±2.20 mg/g as galic acid equivalent per g dry matter) and the acetone extract contains more flavonoids (135.11±1.20 mg/g as quercitin equivalent per g dry matter) among the extracts. This study provides the evidence that the leaves of the Clematis brachiata Thunb could be a good source of natural antioxidant.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(3), 185-192, 2018

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Antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss.) Stapf

Herba Polonica ◽

10.1515/hepo-2017-0012 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 42-47

Author(s):

Maryam Sadoughinia ◽

Jinous Asgarpanah

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽

Aluminium Chloride ◽

Biological Research ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Extract ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

Summary Introduction: Chrysopogon aucheri is a species native to the South of Iran. It is used for the treatment of some oxidative-based disorders. Objective: Due to lack of biological research on C. aucheri, we were prompted to investigate the antioxidant activities of leaf total extract and different sub-fractions for the first time. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined in the leaves as the interaction between these components and the antioxidant activity. Methods: The antioxidant effects of total extract and sub-fractions were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Results: Total extract of C. aucheri leaves was found to possess desirable antioxidant activity in vitro in comparison with standard antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in the methanol sub-fraction. Results showed weak and moderate correlations with phenolics and flavonoids, respectively, and therefore other metabolites of C. aucheri leaves might be responsible for antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The results suggested that C. aucheri leaves possess desirable antioxidant activity when compared with BHT and support the ethnomedicinal claims of the use of the leaves in the management of some oxidative-based diseases.

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IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF CANTHIUM COROMANDELICUM(BURM.F.) ALSTON.

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17221 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 214

Author(s):

R.shabi Ruskin

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Peroxide Radical ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid ◽

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to explore the antioxidant potential of various leaf extracts (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) of Canthium coromandelicum, which is considered traditionally as an important medicinal plant.Methods: Antioxidant properties of the extracts were assessed using 1, 1- diphenyl -2- picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays for ascorbic acid equivalents. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also investigated to determine their correlation with the antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts and expressed in Gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively.Results: The results showed that the content of total phenols and flavonoids was found to be high in ethyl acetate extract which was recorded as 61.02±1.30 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g) and 81.72±0.61 QE/g, respectively. Compared to other extracts, ethyl acetate leaf extract was found to possess high antioxidant activity at p<0.05 level, with high percentage of inhibition at 100 μg/ml concentration (82.70%) toward hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging with IC50 value 62.94 μg/ml. Statistically, two-tailed Pearson’s correlation showed strong positive correlations between hydrogenperoxide radical scavenging activity and total phenolic contents (TPC) (r=1.000) at p<0.05 level.Conclusion: The results obtained in this study clearly signifies that the ethyl acetate leaf extract of C. coromandelicum has high content of total phenols which are correlated to its antioxidant activity and thus has the potential to use as a source of natural antioxidants and can be explored as a therapeutic agent in free radical induced diseases.Keywords: Canthium coromandelicum, In-vitro antioxidant activity, Ethyl acetate extract, Pearson’s correlation, 1, 1- diphenyl -2- picrylhydrazyl, Hydrogen peroxide, Nitric oxide, Superoxide.

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Potential of corncobs (Zea mays) fraction as tyrosinase inhibitor and natural antioxidant in vitro

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 67-73

Author(s):

I.K. Dewi ◽

S. Pramono ◽

A. Rohman ◽

R. Matien

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Inhibition Test ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Tyrosinase Enzyme

Corncobs (Zea mays) are beneficial to human health as they contain tyrosinase inhibitors and natural antioxidants, but they are not used as they are considered as waste. This research evaluated the inhibition test towards tyrosinase enzyme and antioxidant activity of corncob fraction using in-vitro DPPH method and its correlation to phenolic and flavonoids. Corncob fraction was extracted using the maceration method applying 70% ethanol solvent. The ethanol extract of corncob was suspended by water and then partitioned with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aquadest to produce three fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aquadest fractions). These fractions were analyzed through the tyrosinase inhibition test, applying in vitro tyrosinase enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity using radical scavenging test DPPH (2 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Meanwhile, the total phenolic and flavonoids content tests were determined spectroscopically. The results showed ethyl acetate fraction had the highest tyrosinase activity with IC50 values of 185.76 µg/mL, followed by the aquadest fraction (IC50 676.44µg/ml) and the chloroform fraction (IC50 709.26 µg/mL). The antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging method exhibited that ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 of 25.79 µg/mL followed by the chloroform fraction (IC50 of 29.15 µg/mL) and the aquadest fraction (IC50 of 32.41 µg/mL). The total phenolic content of the corncob fraction ranged between 1.73 to 7.43% (w/w) gallic acid equivalents (GAE), while the entire flavonoid content ranged between 0.01 to 1.34% (w/ w) quercetin equivalent (QE). The tyrosinase activity and antioxidants of the corncob fractions correlated with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents.

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Antioxidant Activity and Assessment of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaf Extract and Fractions

Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria ◽

10.46602/jcsn.v45i5.529 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

Author(s):

A. Ighodaro ◽

O.K Ogbeide

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Total Antioxidant Status ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Free Radical Damage ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the development of many diseases. Indeed, the increase in total antioxidant status is imperative in the recuperation from these diseases. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaves were determined in this study. The powdered dried leaves of C. pulcherrima were screened for their effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract and fractions were estimated using established methods. Concentrations of the plant extracts required for 50% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50) were recorded as 3.20, 48.11, 33.12, 9.15, 27.26, 17.90, 272.18 and 55.51μg/ml for Ascorbic acid, 100% n-hexane, 50% n-hexane: 50% ethyl acetate, 100% ethyl acetate, 50% ethyl acetate:50% methanol, 100% methanol, 90% methanol:10% water fractions and crude extract, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest for 100% ethyl acetate fraction. The leaf extract and fractions of C. pulcherrima exhibited notable radical scavenging activity and therefore corroborate its use as a natural plant antioxidant by preventing free radical damage.

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