Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres on the physical properties of low-fat ice cream

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a food additive that plays an important role in the structure-forming of most food. The current extraction of CMC from wood has created competition with the wood industries. To ensure the sustainability of CMC, the search for alternatives to wood is critical. A study on the extraction of CMC from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) stalk fibres (SCMC) was successfully carried out previously by the authors. In this study, the potential application of SCMC on low-fat ice cream properties was investigated. Liquid ice cream mix with SCMC had a higher viscosity (129.4 cP) when compared to the control sample (25.5 cP). However, the viscosity of liquid ice cream mix produced using SCMC was slightly lower than the one produced using the commercial CMC (360 cP). The overrun of the SCMC low-fat ice cream was slightly lower (35.2%) than the one produced using commercial CMC (41.5%). The resistance of SCMC and commercial CMC low-fat ice creams towards melting were about the same (60.28% and 58.75% respectively). The commercial CMC produced slightly harder (38.19 N) ice cream than the one with SCMC (28.88 N). Thus, the low-fat ice cream produced using SCMC is comparable with the low-fat ice cream produced using commercial CMC. This indicates the reliability of the extracted CMC from OPEFB stalk fibres to be applied in food, and thus creates a complete solution for the utilization of palm oil mill by-product to produce a value-added product.

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Preparation of Whey-Based Banana Beverage and its Quality Evaluation

Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/hijost.v5i01.42140 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (01) ◽

pp. 60-66

Author(s):

Kunjal Shrestha ◽

Abhishek Dahal

Keyword(s):

Sensory Analysis ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Storage Time ◽

Value Added ◽

Body Color ◽

Overall Acceptability ◽

A Value ◽

Banana Juice ◽

Nutritional Qualities ◽

The One

A value-added functional beverage was formulated utilizing unprocessed whey with excellent nutritional qualities and bland flavors; along with banana juice and the required amount of sugar. Five different formulations were prepared with varying proportions of whey, banana juice, and sugar. Sensory analysis was carried out for all five formulations and based on statistical analysis the one which showed the highest value for body, color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability was selected for further analysis (85% liquid whey and 15% banana juice). The shelf-life of the final product was observed for 30 days at room temperature (25±5°C) and refrigerated temperature (7±1ºC). A significant variation in body, color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability were observed by varying the composition of whey and banana juice (p<0.05). The beverage was pasteurized at 82.5°C for 20 min and stored at normal (25±5°C) and refrigerated (7±1°C) for 30 days. The effects of storage time and temperature on physicochemical (TSS, pH, acidity) and microbial (TPC, yeast & mold count) properties were evaluated. Out of five formulations, the one selected via sensory analysis had TSS of 12.4°Bx, total solids 14.21%, 0.302% acidity, pH 5.72, 5.087% reducing sugar, 0.53% protein, 0.56% ash, 0.87% crude fiber, 184.43mg potassium (mg/100gm) and 0.912mg vitamin C in 100 ml. The prepared beverage was stored for 30 days under refrigerated and normal conditions, and changes in TSS, pH and acidity were observed: 12.413.3%, 5.72-5.214, 0.32-0.43%, and 12.4-13.8%, 5.72-4.64, 0.32-0.68% respectively. Overall analysis showed that the beverage prepared with 85% liquid whey and 15% banana juice could be stored for 30 days under refrigerated conditions without the addition of preservatives.

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Techno-Economic Analysis for Bioethanol Plant with Multi Lignocellulosic Feedstocks

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development ◽

10.14710/ijred.9.3.319-328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 319-328

Author(s):

Penjit Srinophakun ◽

Anusith Thanapimmetha ◽

Thongchai Rohitatisha Srinophakun ◽

Pramuk Parakulsuksatid ◽

Chularat Sakdaronnarong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Cost Estimation ◽

Production Cost ◽

Net Present Value ◽

Ethanol Yield ◽

Continuous Production ◽

Value Added ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Production Plant ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch

Oil palm empty fruit bunch and trunk are classified as primary lignocellulosic residues from the palm oil industry. They are considered to be promising feedstocks for bioconversion into value-added products such as bioethanol. However,using these lignocellulosic materials to produce bioethanol remains a significant challenge for small and medium enterprises. Hence, techno-economic and sensitivity analyses of bioethanol plant simultaneously treating these materials were performed in this study. The information based on preliminary experimental data in batch operations wasemployed to develop a simulation of an industrial-scale semi-continuous production process. Calculations of mass balance, equipment sizes, and production cost estimation of the production plant of various capacities ranging from 10,000 L/day to 35,000 L/day were summarized. The result based on 20 years of operation indicated that the net present value of theplant of lower capacities was negative. However,thisvalue became positive when the plant operated with a higher capacity, 35,000 L/day.The highest ethanol yield, 294.84 LEtOH/tonfeedstock, was produced when the planttreated only an empty fruit bunch generating 8.94% internal rate of return and US$0.54 production cost per unit.Moreover, the higher oil palm trunk ratio in the feedstock, the lower ethanol yield contributing to the higher production cost per unit.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel from Biomass Waste of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Calcium Chloride as Crosslinking Agent

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13234056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 4056

Author(s):

Nur Fattima’ Al-Zahara’ Tuan Mohamood ◽

Abdul Hakam Abdul Halim ◽

Norhazlin Zainuddin

Keyword(s):

Calcium Chloride ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

Crosslinking Agent ◽

Industrial Effluent ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Ft Ir

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is modified cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biomass waste that has been prepared through etherification using sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. In this research, CMC hydrogel was prepared using calcium chloride (CaCl2) as the chemical crosslinker. Throughout the optimization process, four important parameters were studied, which were: (1) CMC concentration, (2) CaCl2 concentration, (3) reaction time, and (4) reaction temperature. From the results, the best gel content obtained was 28.11% at 20% (w/v) of CMC with 1% (w/v) of CaCl2 in 24 h reaction at room temperature. Meanwhile, the degree of swelling for CMC hydrogel was 47.34 g/g. All samples were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and FESEM to study and compare modification on the OPEFB cellulose. The FT-IR spectrum of CMC hydrogel showed a shift of COO− peaks at 1585 cm−1 and 1413 cm−1, indicating the substitution of Ca2+ into the CMC molecular chains. The XRD diffractogram of CMC hydrogel showed no observation of sharp peaks, which signified an amorphous hydrogel phase. The CrI value also proved the decrement of the crystalline nature of CMC hydrogel. TGA–DTG thermograms showed that the Tmax of CMC hydrogel at 293.33 °C is slightly better in thermal stability compared to CMC. Meanwhile, the FESEM micrograph of CMC hydrogel showed interconnected pores indicating the crosslinkages in CMC hydrogel. CMC hydrogel was successfully synthesized using CaCl2 as a crosslinking agent, and its swelling ability can be used in various applications such as drug delivery systems, industrial effluent, food additives, heavy metal removal, and many more.

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Pemanfaatan Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bioaktivator Untuk Pengomposan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit

Agrifarm : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian ◽

10.24903/ajip.v8i1.525 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Zainudin Zainudin ◽

Abdul Rofik

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Organic C ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

A Value

Palm oil is an export commodity of the plantation sector which began to develop rapidly in East Kalimantan with an area until 2017 reaching 1,192,342 Ha consisting of 284,523 Ha as plasma / smallholder plants, 14,402 Ha owned by SOEs as the core and 893,417 Ha owned by Large Private Plantation.Empty bunches (Tankos) are solid waste that is produced by palm oil mills in the process of managing palm fruit bunches into crude palm oil (CPO). In each processing 1 ton of fruit bunches will produce Tankos as much as 21-23%. Oil palm empty fruit bunches that are not managed properly will become waste that does not provide benefits. Compost technology using a local microorganism starter (MOL) can be used to produce quality organic fertilizer considering the process involves decomposing bacteria of organic ingredients. Compost technology from tankos waste is very possible to be developed, both at the level of farmers and private oil palm companies. This study aim to determine the potential of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as an bioactivator for composting oil palm empty fruit bunches, and to determine the chemical quality of oil palm empty fruit bunch compost with MOL bioactivator liquid waste as organic fertilizer. Through this research, it is expected that the palm oil mill's liquid waste can be utilized as a bioactivator for compost production and can be applied to the production of oil palm empty fruit bunch compost.This research was conducted for one year. The stages of the research are as follows: 1. Chemical analysis of POME waste, 2. Making LM POME, 3. Chemical analysis of LM POME, and 4. Making EFB Compost, and Chemical Analysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch compost. Compost making using randomized block design (RBD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications include: P0 = 0 ml / liter of water, P1 = 100 ml / liter of water, P2 = 300 ml / liter of water, P3 = 600 ml / liter of water, P4 = 900 ml / liter of water.The analysis showed that there was an increase in the chemical properties of POME after becoming an LM POME activator. Increased chemical properties such as phosphorus from 0.01 to 0.02, potassium from 0.19 to 0.27, and organic carbon from 0.90 to 1.30, but some chemical properties such as pH decreased from 7.20 to 3, 37 and nitrogen decreased from 0.37 to 0.05. The EFB compost analysis results showed that the highest pH was p2 with a value of 8.23, the highest organic C at p4 treatment with a value of 57.65, the highest total N at p3 with a value of 1.80, P2O5 the highest total at p3 with a value of 0.64, and the highest total K2O at p4 with a value of 2.68.

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The Value Chain Analysis to Support Industrial Cluster Development of Oil Palm-Cattle Integration in Pelalawan Regency

STI Policy and Management Journal ◽

10.14203/stipm.2018.111 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kristiana Kristiana ◽

Zulfika Satria Kusharsanto ◽

Ramos Hutapea

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Value Added ◽

Industrial Cluster ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Value Chain Analysis ◽

A Value ◽

Chain Analysis ◽

Integrated Program

As a region with the largest oil palm plantations in Indonesia, Pelalawan Regency is highly potential to develop a program of oil palm-cattle integration. Pelalawan has implemented the program legitimated by Regent Decree Number KPTS./524/Disnak/2012/472 regarding Zoning Regulation on the development of Oil Palm-Cattle Integration. The program of oil palm-cattle integration itself has been the basis for the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number 105 Year 2014 regarding the Integration of Oil Palm Plantation and Beef Cattle Farming. Moreover, the integration system of oil palm-cattle gives a lot of benefit to farmers, for example the utilization of manure as organic fertilizers could reduce farmer’s expenses for chemical fertilizers and the cattle can be an asset for them. Products made from the integrated program are solid manure, liquid organic fertilizer, fodder, biogas, and beef. To improve the competitiveness of those activities, we can analyze the value chain which includes product design, inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing, sales, services and supporting activities. By using a value chain analysis, this study aims to provide recommendations for strengthening programs which could be implemented to improve the value-added of the products. Keywords: oil palm-cattle integration, value chain, value-added, industrial cluster

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On the environment of low surface brightness galaxies at different scales

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ◽

10.1093/mnras/stz2847 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 490 (3) ◽

pp. 3772-3785

Author(s):

Luis Enrique Pérez-Montaño ◽

Bernardo Cervantes Sodi

Keyword(s):

Surface Brightness ◽

High Surface ◽

Control Sample ◽

Value Added ◽

Local Environment ◽

Spin Parameter ◽

Low Surface Brightness ◽

Galaxy Sample ◽

The One ◽

Lsb Galaxies

ABSTRACT We select a volume-limited sample of galaxies derived from the SDSS DR7 to study the environment of low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies at different scales, as well as several physical properties of the dark matter haloes where the LSB galaxies of the sample are embedded. To characterize the environment, we make use of a number of publicly available value-added galaxy catalogues. We find a slight preference for LSB galaxies to be found in filaments instead of clusters, with their mean distance to the nearest filament typically larger than for high surface brightness (HSB) galaxies. The fraction of isolated central LSB galaxies is higher than the same fraction for HSB ones, and the density of their local environment lower. The stellar-to-halo mass ratio using four different estimates is up to ∼20 per cent for HSB galaxies. LSB central galaxies present more recent assembly times when compared with their HSB counterparts. Regarding the λ spin parameter, using six different proxies for its estimation, we find that LSB galaxies present systematically larger values of λ than the HSB galaxy sample, and constructing a control sample with direct kinematic information drawn from ALFALFA, we confirm that the spin parameter of LSB galaxies is 1.6–2 times larger than the one estimated for their HSB counterparts.

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Adding Compost to Oil Palm Planting Holes can Increase the Diversity of Soil Fungi without Significantly Affecting the Gas Emissions on Wetlands

Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management ◽

10.20527/jwem.v7i1.190 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Hasrul Satria Nur ◽

Abdul Hadi ◽

Rindang Yuliani

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Soil Fungi ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Inorganic Fertilizer ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Chemical Fertilizers ◽

Inorganic Fertilizers ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

The One

The use of chemical fertilizers have been negative impact on environment, especially in increased the gas emissions and reduced the diversity of microbes, such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and soil fungi. As the one of the alternatively is used the combined compost. For instance, grass compost with the added of inorganic fertilizer (chemical), oil palm empty fruit bunches compost with the added of inorganic fertilizer, and the inorganic fertilizer without compost. The measuring of gas emissions was carried out on CH4, CO2 and N2O at several of the oil palm planting holes. Every sample gases were collected by the chambers installed with syringe. .Thus, the gas emissions were analyzed by chromatography gas type GHG 450 Shimadzu. Besides that, the diversity of soil fungi were also determined by the characterization and identification. The result of this research showed of reducting on CH4 that was appplied by the combined of oil palm empty fruit bunch compost with inorganic fertilizers i.e., 0.019 until-0.316 g CH4.m-2.h-1. The same patterns were also demonstrated by CO2 from the treament of oil palm empty fruit bunch with inorganic fertilizers, viz 755.246 untill-2.331 g CO2.m-2.h-1. Relating to N2O, it has undergone reduced by grass compost with inorganic fertilizers, viz-27.726 until-25.622 mg N2O.m-2.h-1 . Meanwhile, the genera of soil fungi that were found on the sites after applying combining compost, viz Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Gonatobotrys, Gonatorrhodiella, Oidiodendron, Penicillium, Rhynchosporium, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, and Trichocladium. Therefore, the use of compost with combining chemical fertilizers are potentially to apply into the oil palm field on wetlands.

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Upgrading of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch to Value-Added Products

Biomass and Bioenergy ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-07578-5_3 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 63-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mustakimah Mohamed ◽

Suzana Yusup ◽

Wahyudiono ◽

Siti Machmudah ◽

Motonobu Goto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Value Added ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Value Added Products

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The use of glucose-fructose syrups in ice cream without sucrose with the low contents of fat

Food processing industry ◽

10.52653/ppi.2021.5.5.017 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 71-74

Author(s):

Анна Валентиновна Ландиховская ◽

Антонина Анатольевна Творогова ◽

Наталия Владимировна Казакова

Keyword(s):

Glycemic Index ◽

Whey Proteins ◽

Control Sample ◽

Ice Cream ◽

High Dispersion ◽

Structural Elements ◽

Quality Indices ◽

Low Fat ◽

Added Sugar ◽

Low Glycemic Index

Целью проводимых исследований являлась разработка композиционного состава мороженого без сахарозы с низким содержанием жира, с низким гликемическим индексом за счет изменения углеводной части продукта, с сохранением показателей качества традиционного мороженого. Для достижения цели разработан композиционный состав мороженого с заменой сахарозы по сладости на глюкозно-фруктозный сироп (ГФС) и восполнением недостающих сухих веществ концентратами сывороточных белков или пищевыми волокнами. Это позволило снизить количество добавленного сахара на 10 %, калорийность мороженого с сывороточными белками на 12 % и с инулином на 15 %, гликемический индекс в 1,5 и 1,8 раза соответственно. Выполнено исследование показателей качества экспериментальных партий мороженого, в том числе с использованием современных реологических и микроструктурных методов. Установлено, что при замене сахарозы на ГФС криоскопическая температура смеси снижается на 0,83 °С. Доля кристаллов льда размером от 0 до 35 мкм в контрольном образце составляет 82 %, в образцах с ГФС 83 и 86 %, что свидетельствует о высокой дисперсности этих структурных элементов. В результате исследований разработан и экспериментально обоснован композиционный состав мороженого функциональной направленности с низким содержанием жира, без сахарозы, обогащенного белком или пищевым волокном, с низким гликемическим индексом. Developing a compositional content of low-fat ice cream without sucrose with the low glycemic index by changing the carbohydrate part of the product preserving quality indices of traditional ice cream was the aim of the study. The compositional content of ice cream with replacement of sucrose at sweetness with glucose-fructose syrup (GFS) had been developed to achieve this purpose. The replenishment of the missing dry substances was carried out by using a concentrate of whey proteins or food fibers. It allowed reducing the amount of added sugar by 10 %, the calorie content of ice cream with whey proteins by 12 % and with inulin by 15 %, as glycemic index decreased by 1.5 and 1.8 times respectively. The research of quality indices of the experimental lots of ice cream was carried out also with the help of modern rheological and microstructural methods. It was determined that by replacement of sucrose with GFS, the cryoscopic temperature of the mixture decreased by 0.83 °С. The proportion of ice crystals in size of 0 to 35 μm in the control sample was 82 %, in the samples with GFS 83 %, which shows a high dispersion of these structural elements. The compositional content of functional low-fat and sucrose-free ice cream enriched with protein or food fiber, with low glycemic index has been developed and experimentally substantiated as the result of study.

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