Detection and Identification of Sediment Layer to Discover the Marine Mineral Resources Potential in Aruah Islands

<p>Aruah Islands is located on an international shipping line adjacent to Malaysia. The important aspect in borderline management is the maritime resource potential, one of which is sea minerals. In order to dig the information about marine mineral resources in Aruah Islands, a high-resolution seismic reflection with low frequency was applied, which capable to detect the depth and identify the sedimentary layers clearly and accurately. The depth of water and sediment layers were detected using an echosounder, reason Navi sound type 210 with a tow fish 100 kHz and shallow seismic boomer with a single channel type and wave energy 200 Joules. Gravity core and grab sampler were used to collect the sediment sample. There were three stages on seismic interpretation: sequence analysis, facies analysis, and reflection character identification. Furthermore, sediments containing coarse sand-sized minerals were observed using a microscope. The measurement result of Aruah Islands water depth was ranging from 0-80 m, the deepest part is on the Northern of Batu Mandi island which was 80 m depth. Seismic profiles indicated that the upper layer of tertiary sedimentary as the youngest rocks. Based on sediment thickness, the thickest area was found on the Western (approx. 50 m) and the Northern (approx. 32 m). In line with the island’s Southern part condition, which was plain or shallow sea exposure, the Southeastern island sediment thickness ranged only about 10-18 m. Generally, based on the analyzed sediment sample, quartz was the main mineral found, which was 60-80% of the composition. Other minerals were zircon, tin, hematite, magnetite, limonite, biotite, and dolomite.</p>

Ethnoecology of Banjarese in Managing the Snakehead Fish in Barito River Basin and Tributaries

<p class="Abstract"><strong>Abstract. </strong>Historically, Banjarese is living in lowland around the Barito riverbank, in the southern part of Borneo Island, from about around the 12th century. The first part of Banjarese history is a legend, but about the last three hundred years, there are data about Banjarese as a civilization with a kingdom involved in western colonialism history in Indonesia, as the pepper producer in the 17th century. They have settled almost in all Barito river tributaries and its basin and have been a part of the Barito freshwater wetland community, together with other Kalimantan ethnics such as Dayak hinterland or Malay in the coastal. This research aims to elucidate how far Banjarese is involved in managing wetlands, especially in managing Snakehead's population, enjoying its benefit and sustainability. We observe the fishers' activity on the field and village along Barito river and its basin and tributaries, visit their villages and interview them, and collect data from forum group discussion. About 60 participative respondents involve in our research. They are pleased to answer our question, explain how to cat the fish, and accompany us to evaluate Beje, ditches, or little ponds positioned lower than the land surface for placed sustainable fishes in a long dry season. The result shows that Banjarese are traditionally managing the population of Snakehead and as a symbol of prosperity and conserve them for sustainability.</p>

Analysis of Avicennia Sp. Plants Herbivory and Associated Insects in Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration

Herbivory is<strong> </strong>a<strong> </strong>natural mechanisms for adjustment of tree growth, form, survivorship, and reproductive output of forest ecology including in mangrove ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to compare herbivory and insect diversity in various growth stages of <em>Avicennia</em> Sp. related with restoration of mangrove ecosystem. The research was carried out four months (July-October 2020) in Pagatan Besar mangrove ecosystem in Tanah Laut District, South Kalimantan Province. The results showed that marginal pattern is the most leaf attack case, both in every plant growth stages (39-68%) and canopy (53-58%)<strong> </strong>of <em>Avicennia </em>Sp. The highest average of leaf damage was found in lower canopy (3.06%), and the growth stage of seedling (3.62%). Herbivory most often found at lower canopy (3.17%) and seedling life stages (3.76%) of <em>Avicennia </em>Sp. It was found about 13 species of insects in all growth stages of Avicennia Sp. with the highest Biodiversity Index found in seedling (0.753). Insects function on all life stages of <em>Avicennia</em> Sp. was dominated by predator.

Response on Uptake of Nutrients and on Grain Yield from Rice Husk Biochar Application on Oryza sativa L. Grown in a Low Yielding Granary Area of Tanjung Karang, Selangor, Malaysia

Rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) production plays a major role in enhancing food security in Malaysia. Lower rice yield and improper soil management practices have raised serious concerns about rice cultivation in Malaysia. The objective of this study was to examine the short-term effects of rice husk biochar (RHB) application on rice yields production on low yielding area for two crop cycles. RHB was applied at the rates of 0, 5, 10, and 20 Mg ha^-1. Rice husk biochar was applied one week before rice seeds, of variety MR 263, were directly seeded. Results of the study showed that RHB significantly increased grain yield by 44% and 46% in first and second crop cycles, respectively, as compared to the control treatment. Likewise, RHB amended plots showed significant improvement of rice yield components, viz. productive tiller, panicle length, and weight per panicle, than those of the control plots in the first and second crop cycles. Furthermore, RHB significantly increased nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake by 17%, 18%, 29%, respectively, in the first crop cycle, and 26%, 23%, 110%, respectively, in the second crop cycle. RHB application also significantly improved soil available P, exchangeable K and exchangeable Mg in the two crop cycles. Another interesting finding was that the use of RHB reduced soil total carbon loss by 4% to 12% compared with 19% by the control treatment. These findings suggest that RHB can potentially be used as a soil amendment to increase rice yield production, enhance soil nutrient availability and nutrient uptake, as well as reduce carbon losses especially during drought period.

Model Assessment on Cooling Effect of Mangrove and Proboscis Monkey Conservation Area in Tarakan City

<p><em>A conservation area for mangrove forests and proboscis monkeys locates within a dense urban centre in Tarakan city. Its surrounding area has rapidly transformed into condensing urban artificial structures with minimal vegetation cover. The study aims to determine the cooling effect of the conservation area toward its surrounding. The study applies model assessment, which comprises ENVI-MET for simulation of air temperature distribution, and Rayman for PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) calculation to investigate the level of heat stress. The result shows that the mangrove cover has a cooling effect effectively after midnight to 11:00 the subsequent day. Specifically, for the surrounding area, it is confined within an 8-hour window (from 0:00 to 8:00). Within this window, inside the mangrove area, ENVI-MET generates significantly lower air temperature, when compared to its surrounding. The mangrove presence correlates to reducing air temperature up to 1.8</em><em>°</em><em> C. The cooling effect also extends to its surrounding with a limited radius (approximately 10 m). However, PMV calculation implies that there is no significant improvement in thermal comfort as a result of the mangrove presence. The results may not adequately reflect the reality in the field. Further research to calibrate PMV measurement that involves human monitoring is required to validate the findings.</em></p>

Exploration of Swampland Plants in South Kalimantan and the Toxicity Test Against Armyworms (Spodoptera sp.)

This research aims explored swampland plants in South Kalimantan which have potential as a botanical pesticides and compared the levels of toxicity between the swampland plants extracts against armyworms (<em>Spodoptera</em> sp). The exploration of plants that have the potential as botanical pesticides was carried out in the swamps of South Kalimantan, while the toxicity test was carried out in the Basic Laboratory of the Kalimantan Islamic University of Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari Banjarmasin. The research was carried out by exploring plants that have the potential as botanical pesticides carried out by collecting samples of swampland plants in South Kalimantan which are commonly used by rural communities as materials for controlling insects such as mosquitoes and plant pests, plants used for traditional medicine, plants used for kill animals for example to find fish. The plants found identified to species level, at least to the family level, then a toxicity test were carried out to determine the LC₅₀ by probit analysis. The results of this research showed that there are 3 plant spesies of plant that have the potential as botanical pesticide, namely karamunting (<em>Melastoma malabathricum</em>); gelinggang (<em>Cassia alata</em>); and galam (<em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em>). The basis for the selection of South Kalimantan swampland plants is plants that are commonly used by the community as an ingredient for controlling insects such as mosquitoes and plant pests. The highest levels of toxicity between the extracts of all swampland plants in South Kalimantan to armyworms (<em>Spodoptera</em> sp) were galam (<em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em>) with 429.04 g/l of LC₅₀; then karamunting (<em>Melastoma malabathricum</em>) with 447.995 g/l LC_50,while the lowest toxicity was gelinggang (<em>Cassia alata</em>) with 498.301 g/l LC₅₀.<br /><p class="Default"> </p><p>Key words: Probit analysis, LC₅₀, toxicity, exploration, swampland</p>

Development of Control Drainage Operation Model and Utilization Planning of Post-Fire Peatlands

The research aimed to determine the monthly operational groundwater control and land use patterns in fire prevention efforts on peatlands. The research method was carried out using a detailed survey scale method in the representative sample area of 20-30 ha. Observations in the field included measuring the physical properties of soils and observing hydrological components. Group discussions with the community were conducted to explore information on the causes of fires, compilation of plans for operational activities in the field, and land use models. The research results showed that in the soil depth of 0-20 cm the level of peat maturity classified as Sapric (mature), at a depth of 20-50 cm is classified as hemic and at a depth of 50-100 cm belongs to fibric (immature). The effects of blocking canal construction were very significant in raising the water level in the channel and groundwater table. However, due to the low rainfall until December 2019, the groundwater level was not yet able to raise to the point of arrangement 40 cm. Till the end of December 2019, the groundwater level was at 70 cm, however there has been an increase in groundwater level of 30 cm since the beginning of December 2019. In the rainfall conditions &lt; 2500 mm/year, blocking canal operations with a retention system have to begin in April. Agroforestry is the best model and <em>Albizia chinensis</em> (Osbeck) Merr. (sengon) in combination with pineapple plants are the best land use pattern. In addition, some short-term proposals are to provide infrastructure for firefighting, the construction of a road embankment, normalization of main rivers and canals, providing boring wells, making security control posts, training, monitoring, and providing some incentives for farmers to clear land and firefighting teams at the village level.

The Effect of Biochar, Lime, and Compost on The Properties of Acid Sulphate Soil

<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Making acid sulphate soils as paddy fields is a wise choice because it can prevent the soil from oxidizing which occurs in acidification of the soil. The use of biochar as an amendment to the land has long been known since the discovery of terra preta since 1870 in the Amazon Basin as the Amazon dark earth. Because biochar soil amendments are rich in C-organics, have a buffering capacity and can increase soil acidity, are able to absorb heavy metals, and are able to retain water and nutrients for soil organisms. Meanwhile, lime has also been known as an acid sulphate soil amendment in Rome 2000 years ago to balance the acidity in agricultural land. This has been practiced for centuries until now. Though compost or organic soil can be traced more than 2000 years ago. Soil organic matter (SOM) is formed from the remains of animals and plants. It contains C and many nutrients such as N, P, and K. Based on the description above, the author wants to combine the three ingredients in the review, especially in relation to acid sulphate soils.</span></span></p>

The Cultivation of Melon on Swamp Floating Bed in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

<p>Cultivating of melon particularly in Central Kalimantan has been widely undertaken by farmers, however, the yields have not been able to meet the melon needs of Central Kalimantan's community. One of the breakthroughs in overcoming the problem is by growing melons on swamp floating beds, namely ambul technology. Ambul is growing media from decomposed floating aquatic plants, constructed with bamboo or wooden as a frame, that is let floating on waters. The ambul based on the consideration that the community lacks access to land for most of the year, which reduces opportunities for growing crops. The research design used was Split Plot Design with three kinds of aquatic plants as the main factor namely <em>Eichornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, Eleocharis palustris</em>, and two melon varieties as subplot factors specifically Action 434 and Amanta. The results showed that the Amanta variety grown on <em>S. molesta</em> media produced the highest value of crop length on 1, 2, 3 weeks after planting (WAP). <em>S. molesta</em> was the best planting media for enhancing flowering by 11.43 days after planting (DAP) and weight of fruit (3.18 kg per plant. The variety of Amanta also had the highest value of root dry weight of 1.33 g per plant and fruit weight of 2.08 kg per plant.</p>

The Potential Use of Wild Swamp Vegetables Through an Ethnobothanical Survey

<p>Swamp areas provide basic needs for local communities living in wetland areas, especially in the Banjar regency, South Kalimantan. Indigenous people called Banjarese or the Banjar are consuming wild swamp vegetables and processing them into traditional food combined with rice. The potential use of swamp plants for vegetables by Banjarese was investigated through an ethnobotanical study. The vegetables were obtained from three selected lowland swamps located in three villages of Banjar regency namely Panjambuan, Sungai Batang and Sungai Tuan Ilir. Wild swamp vegetables were identified using a semi structured questionnaire technique and the 72 key respondents were selected by a purposive sampling based on their interaction with swamps. Then they were classified into gender, and 4 groups based on their ages to determine knowledge level (Mg) in utilizing wild swamp vegetables. After that, their level knowledge was tested based on gender and ages using Kruskal Wallis test. Mann Whitney U-test was applied to distinguish the difference of knowledge level from ages and sex. The findings observed were six wild swamp vegetables used by Banjarese such as water spinach <em>Ipomoea aquatica</em>, genjer <em>Limnocharis flava</em>, hairy water lily <em>Nymphaea pubescens</em>, water mimosa <em>Neptunia oleracea</em>, taro <em>Colocasia esculenta</em> and swamp fern <em>Stenochlaena palustris</em>. All parts of the plants were used except for the roots. Leaves were preferably cookedwith 44,5% in comparison toother parts of plants like stem, flower, tendril and corm. Water spinach was frequently consumed by Banjarese compared to other plants. The knowledge level of local people was 67,84 categorized as a middle level and an elderly more than 60 years old had the highest knowledge level in using swamp plants compared to other groups. Moreover, women had better knowledge rather than men to utilize wild swamp plants for food.</p>