scholarly journals Recruitment of a coral reef fish: roles of settlement, habitat, and postsettlement losses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shima
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Larval Settlement ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
Local Patterns ◽  
Thalassoma Hardwicke ◽  
Multifactorial Causation

Multiple processes typically influence patterns of abundance. Despite this widely accepted view, many studies continue to approach ecological questions from a single-factor, or, at most, a two-factor perspective. Here, I evaluate the consequences of considering, separately and jointly, the effects of three factors (larval settlement, reef resources, and postsettlement losses) on spatial patterns of abundance of a marine reef fish, the six bar wrasse (Thalassoma hardwicke). Using correlational methods commonly employed in single-factor studies, I show that local patterns of abundance of juvenile wrasse could be attributed entirely to either (1) patterns of abundance of settlement habitat, or (2) patterns of larval settlement. This result occurred because habitat and presumed larval delivery covaried in space. I manipulated abundance of settlement habitat in a field experiment to uncouple this covariation and found subsequent settlement to be simultaneously influenced by both factors. However, joint effects of habitat and settlement failed to account for patterns of abundance of juvenile wrasse without also considering a third factor - postsettlement losses - which were density-dependent and substantially modified patterns of settlement. These results illustrate (1) how multifactorial explanations may be falsely refuted when incomplete sets of multiple factors are considered, and (2) how single-factor explanations may misrepresent underlying multifactorial causation of ecological patterns. Uncovering the interactive role of multiple factors in determining ecological patterns of interest requires a shift from single-factor approaches to more pluralistic perspectives.

scholarly journals Recruitment of a coral reef fish: roles of settlement, habitat, and postsettlement losses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shima
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Larval Settlement ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
Local Patterns ◽  
Thalassoma Hardwicke ◽  
Multifactorial Causation

Multiple processes typically influence patterns of abundance. Despite this widely accepted view, many studies continue to approach ecological questions from a single-factor, or, at most, a two-factor perspective. Here, I evaluate the consequences of considering, separately and jointly, the effects of three factors (larval settlement, reef resources, and postsettlement losses) on spatial patterns of abundance of a marine reef fish, the six bar wrasse (Thalassoma hardwicke). Using correlational methods commonly employed in single-factor studies, I show that local patterns of abundance of juvenile wrasse could be attributed entirely to either (1) patterns of abundance of settlement habitat, or (2) patterns of larval settlement. This result occurred because habitat and presumed larval delivery covaried in space. I manipulated abundance of settlement habitat in a field experiment to uncouple this covariation and found subsequent settlement to be simultaneously influenced by both factors. However, joint effects of habitat and settlement failed to account for patterns of abundance of juvenile wrasse without also considering a third factor - postsettlement losses - which were density-dependent and substantially modified patterns of settlement. These results illustrate (1) how multifactorial explanations may be falsely refuted when incomplete sets of multiple factors are considered, and (2) how single-factor explanations may misrepresent underlying multifactorial causation of ecological patterns. Uncovering the interactive role of multiple factors in determining ecological patterns of interest requires a shift from single-factor approaches to more pluralistic perspectives.

scholarly journals Born at the right time? A conceptual framework linking reproduction, development, and settlement in reef fish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shima ◽  
EG Noonburg ◽  
SE Swearer ◽  
SH Alonzo ◽  
CW Osenberg
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Larval Settlement ◽  
Lunar Cycle ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Ecological Society ◽  
Thalassoma Hardwicke ◽  
The Right

© 2017 by the Ecological Society of America Parents are expected to make decisions about reproductive timing and investment that maximize their own fitness, even if this does not maximize the fitness of each individual offspring. When offspring survival is uncertain, selection typically favors iteroparity, which means that offspring born at some times can be disadvantaged, while others get lucky. The eventual fate of offspring may be further modified by their own decisions. Are fates of offspring set by birthdates (i.e., determined by parents), or can offspring improve upon the cards they've been dealt? If so, do we see adaptive plasticity in the developmental timing of offspring? We evaluate these questions for a coral reef fish (the sixbar wrasse, Thalassoma hardwicke) that is characterized by extreme iteroparity and flexible larval development. Specifically, we monitored larval settlement to 192 small reefs over 11 lunar months and found that most fish settled during new moons of a lunar cycle (consistent with preferential settlement on dark nights). Settlement was significantly lower than expected by chance during the full moon and last quarter of the lunar cycle (consistent with avoidance of bright nights). Survival after settlement was greatest for fish that settled during times of decreasing lunar illumination (from last quarter to new moon). Fish that settled on the last quarter of the lunar cycle were ~10% larger than fish that settled during other periods, suggesting larvae delay settlement to avoid the full moon. These results are consistent with a numerical model that predicts plasticity in larval development time that enables avoidance of settlement during bright periods. Collectively, our results suggest that fish with inauspicious birthdates may alter their developmental trajectories to settle at better times. We speculate that such interactions between parent and offspring strategies may reinforce the evolution of extreme iteroparity and drive population dynamics, by increasing the survival of offspring born at the “wrong” time by allowing them to avoid the riskiest times of settlement.

scholarly journals Born at the right time? A conceptual framework linking reproduction, development, and settlement in reef fish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shima ◽  
EG Noonburg ◽  
SE Swearer ◽  
SH Alonzo ◽  
CW Osenberg
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Larval Settlement ◽  
Lunar Cycle ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Ecological Society ◽  
Thalassoma Hardwicke ◽  
The Right

© 2017 by the Ecological Society of America Parents are expected to make decisions about reproductive timing and investment that maximize their own fitness, even if this does not maximize the fitness of each individual offspring. When offspring survival is uncertain, selection typically favors iteroparity, which means that offspring born at some times can be disadvantaged, while others get lucky. The eventual fate of offspring may be further modified by their own decisions. Are fates of offspring set by birthdates (i.e., determined by parents), or can offspring improve upon the cards they've been dealt? If so, do we see adaptive plasticity in the developmental timing of offspring? We evaluate these questions for a coral reef fish (the sixbar wrasse, Thalassoma hardwicke) that is characterized by extreme iteroparity and flexible larval development. Specifically, we monitored larval settlement to 192 small reefs over 11 lunar months and found that most fish settled during new moons of a lunar cycle (consistent with preferential settlement on dark nights). Settlement was significantly lower than expected by chance during the full moon and last quarter of the lunar cycle (consistent with avoidance of bright nights). Survival after settlement was greatest for fish that settled during times of decreasing lunar illumination (from last quarter to new moon). Fish that settled on the last quarter of the lunar cycle were ~10% larger than fish that settled during other periods, suggesting larvae delay settlement to avoid the full moon. These results are consistent with a numerical model that predicts plasticity in larval development time that enables avoidance of settlement during bright periods. Collectively, our results suggest that fish with inauspicious birthdates may alter their developmental trajectories to settle at better times. We speculate that such interactions between parent and offspring strategies may reinforce the evolution of extreme iteroparity and drive population dynamics, by increasing the survival of offspring born at the “wrong” time by allowing them to avoid the riskiest times of settlement.

scholarly journals METAANALYSIS OF RESEARCH STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECTS OF TELEVISED-VIOLENCE ON SOCIETY

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Erum Hafeez
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Media Violence ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
The Media ◽  
Television Plays ◽  
Research Studies

With the advent and popularity of Television by the end of 1950s and early 1960s, researchers focused the role and effects of this new medium on its growing audience. Himmelweit (1958) and Schramm (1961) are considered the pioneer researchers in the field. The volume of scientific studies regarding televised violence was largely increased following the landmark State Reports in US published between 1972 and 1982. These reports indicated that the proliferation of TV has exposed children to media violence at home. However, violence is rarely caused by a single factor, it rather involves multiple factors. Signorielli (2005) in her book Violence in the Media rightly commented that television plays a unique role of an entertaining storyteller but the increasing commercialization of TV is a serious matter of concern.1 The objective of this literature review is to provide a holistic overview of the landmark studies conducted on televised violence and its contribution to real life crimes and violence in society.

Exploring the Mechanism of Lingzhu San in Treating Febrile Seizures by Using Network Pharmacology

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Fei Zhang ◽  
Dong-Yan Guo ◽  
Yan-Jun Yang ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Seizures ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Potential Core ◽  
R Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanism

Objective: Lingzhu San (LZS) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription which can be effective in treating febrile seizures (FS) and has few researches on the mechanisms. In order to better guide the clinical use of LZS, we used the research ideas and methods of network pharmacology to find the potential core compounds, targets and pathways of LZS in the complex TCM system for the treatment of FS, and predict the mechanism. Materials and Methods: Databases such as BATMAN, TCMSP, TCMID, and SWISS TARGET are used to mine the active compounds and targets of LZS, and the target information of FS was obtained through GENECARDS and OMIM. Using Venny2.1.0 and Cytoscape software to locked the potential core compounds and targets of FS. The R language and ClusterProfiler software package were adopt to enrich and analyze the KEGG and GO pathways of the core targets and the biological processes and potential mechanisms of the core targets were revealed. Results: 187 active compounds and 2113 target proteins of LZS were collected. And 38 potential core compounds, 35 core targets and 775 metabolic and functional pathways were screened which involved in mediating FS. Finally, the role of the core compounds, targets and pivotal pathways of LZS regulated FS in the pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanism of FS was discussed and clarified. Conclusions: In this paper, the multi-compounds, multi-targets and multi-pathways mechanism of LZS in the treatment of FS was preliminarily revealed through the analysis of network pharmacology data, which is consistent with the principle of multi-compounds compatibility of TCM prescriptions and unified treatment of diseases from multiple angles, and it provides a new way for TCM to treat complex diseases caused by multiple factors.

PERANAN TRICHOKOMPOS DAN PUPUK KCL DALAM MENGENDALIKAN PENYAKIT LAYU FUSARIUM PADA TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH DI TANAH BERPASIR (The Role of Trichokompos and KCL Fertilizer to Control Fusarium Will Disease on Onion in Sandy Soil)

AgriPeat ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Admin Journal
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Disease ◽  
Randomized Block Design

ABSTRACTThe role of Trichocompost and KCl fertilizer to control Fusarium wilt disease on onion in sandy soil. Fusarium wilt on onion is an interesting disease it is can loss the onion yield. The purpose of research to study trichocompost and KCl fertilizer role to control Fusarium wilt disease on ann onion. The research design used a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 2 factors. The first factor is 4 levels trichocompost, it is: without trichocompost (T0), trichocompost 10 t.ha-1 dosage (T1), trichocompost 20 t.ha-1 dosage (T2), trichocompost 30 t.ha-1 dosage (T3). The second factor is 3 levels KCl fertilizer, it is: without KCl (K0), KCl 100 kg.ha-1 dosage (K1), KCl 200 kg.ha-1 dosage (K2). Result of this research showed the application of trichocompost 10 t.ha-1 dosage and KCl 100 kg.ha-1 dosage can inhibit Fusarium wilt incubation time, can inhibit the patogen development with effective value 89,23%, the single factor it is aplication trichocompost 10 t.ha-1 dosage and trichocompost 30 t.ha-1 dosage not significant to dried onion bulb weight per clump of onion plant.Key words: Trichocompost, KCl fertilizer, Fusarium wilt disease, onion, sandy soil.ABSTRAKPenyakit layu Fusarium merupakan salah satu penyakit penting dapat menurunkan produksi bawang merah hingga 50%. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui peranan trichokompos dan pupuk KCl dalam mengendalikan penyakit layu fusarium pada tanaman bawang merah. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok faktorial dua faktor perlakuan. Faktor pertama 4 taraf dosis trichokompos yaitu: tanpa trichokompos (T0), trichokompos dosis 10 t.ha-1 (T1), trichokompos dosis 20 t.ha-1 (T2), trichokompos dosis 30 t.ha-1 (T3). Faktor kedua 3 taraf dosis pupuk KCl yaitu: tanpa pupuk KCl (K0), pupuk KCl dosis 100 KCl kg.ha-1 (K1), pupuk KCl dosis 200 KCl kg.ha-1 (K2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian trichokompos 10 t.ha-1 dan pupuk KCl 100 kg.ha-1 dapat memperpanjang masa inkubasi penyakit, menekan serangan penyakit layu Fusarium dengan nilai efektivitas sangat baik (89,23%), perlakuan tunggal trichokompos dosis 10 t.ha-1 tidak berbeda nyata dengan dosis 30 t.ha-1 terhadap bobot umbi kering per rumpun tanaman bawang merah.Kata kunci: penyakit layu Fusarium, pupuk KCl, tanah berpasir, tanaman bawang merah, trichokompos.

scholarly journals An abundance of developmental anomalies and abnormalities in Pleistocene people

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (47) ◽  
pp. 11941-11946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Trinkaus
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Developmental Variants

Diverse developmental abnormalities and anomalous features are evident in the PleistoceneHomofossil record, varying from minor but rare dental, vertebral, and carpal variants to exceptional systemic disorders. There are currently 75 documented anomalies or abnormalities from 66 individuals, spanning the Pleistocene but primarily from the Late Pleistocene Middle and Upper Paleolithic with their more complete skeletal remains. The expected probabilities of finding these variants or developmental disorders vary from <5% to <0.0001%, based on either recent human incidences or relevant Pleistocene sample distributions. Given the modest sample sizes available for the skeletal or dental elements in question, especially if the samples are appropriately limited in time and geography, the cumulative multiplicative probability of finding these developmental changes is vanishingly small. These data raise questions regarding social survival abilities, differing mortuary treatments of the biologically unusual, the role of ubiquitous stress among these Pleistocene foragers, and their levels of consanguinity. No single factor sufficiently accounts for the elevated level of these developmental variants or the low probability of finding them in the available paleontological record.

The Role of Swimming in Reef Fish Ecology

2010 ◽  
pp. 374-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fulton Christopher
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fish Ecology

scholarly journals Role of multiple factors likely contributing to severity-mortality of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 105101
Author(s):  
Jasdeep Singh ◽  
Anwar Alam ◽  
Jasmine Samal ◽  
Markus Maeurer ◽  
Nasreen Z. Ehtesham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Factors

scholarly journals The role of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer biology and clinical management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuwen Zhang ◽  
Qinshi Wang ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Siyuan Zhou ◽  
Ping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Cancer Cell Proliferation ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Multiple Processes

AbstractExosomes play a vital role in cell–cell communication within the cancer microenvironment. Exosomal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators in cancer development and are involved in multiple processes, including cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, and immunomodulation. Changes in the levels of exosomal lncRNAs often appear with the occurrence and development of cancer. Therefore, exosomal lncRNAs can be used as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Exosomal lncRNAs can also indicate the treatment response of patients receiving chemotherapy. Moreover, exosomal lncRNAs are potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the role of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer biology as well as in clinical management. A more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the role of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer may help us better understand the mechanism of cancer development and clinically manage cancer patients.

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