scholarly journals Identifying and Validating Prelinguistic Communicative Forms and Functions in Children with Developmental Disability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Michelle L. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Developmental Disability ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Communicative Acts ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Communication Impairment ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Children With Developmental Disabilities

<p>While children with developmental disabilities often fail to develop speech, many will nonetheless engage in a range of prelinguistic behaviours. Prelinguistic behaviours include actions such as eye gaze or eye pointing, pointing with a finger, facial expressions (e.g., smile, frown), and body movements (e.g., waving an arm, leg extension). The purpose of this research project was to evaluate procedures for (a) identifying prelinguistic forms in the repertoires of children with developmental disability, and (b) validating the communicative function, if any, of these existing prelinguistic behaviours. This was achieved through a three-phase study involving a total of 10 children with developmental disabilities and their parents. For Phase 1, the author interviewed each child’s parent(s) and teacher using a structured protocol; The Inventory of Potential Communicative Acts (IPCA; Sigafoos, Woodyatt, Keen et al., 2000). The IPCA has been used in numerous previous studies to identify prelinguistic behaviours that are interpreted as forms of communication. In Phase 2, the author used informant report to identify and replicate six situations: three in which each participant was reported to communicate a specific function and three in which he/she reportedly did not communicate. The author then compared the children’s responses during the clinical trials to the behaviours he/she was reported to use for the targeted function. In Phase 3, the parent replicated the structured trials used in Phase 2 to determine whether participant performance varied relative to communicative partner. Findings from this study provide evidence to support the validity of the IPCA as an interview protocol for identifying potential communicative acts in children with developmental disability and severe communication impairment. The comparisons made between the reported communicative behaviours used for each function revealed both similarities and differences across children. The results also provide evidence that children with severe communication impairment and developmental disability are using similar behaviours to communicate specific functions across different environments and with different communicative partners.</p>

scholarly journals Identifying and Validating Prelinguistic Communicative Forms and Functions in Children with Developmental Disability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Michelle L. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Developmental Disability ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Communicative Acts ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Communication Impairment ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Children With Developmental Disabilities

<p>While children with developmental disabilities often fail to develop speech, many will nonetheless engage in a range of prelinguistic behaviours. Prelinguistic behaviours include actions such as eye gaze or eye pointing, pointing with a finger, facial expressions (e.g., smile, frown), and body movements (e.g., waving an arm, leg extension). The purpose of this research project was to evaluate procedures for (a) identifying prelinguistic forms in the repertoires of children with developmental disability, and (b) validating the communicative function, if any, of these existing prelinguistic behaviours. This was achieved through a three-phase study involving a total of 10 children with developmental disabilities and their parents. For Phase 1, the author interviewed each child’s parent(s) and teacher using a structured protocol; The Inventory of Potential Communicative Acts (IPCA; Sigafoos, Woodyatt, Keen et al., 2000). The IPCA has been used in numerous previous studies to identify prelinguistic behaviours that are interpreted as forms of communication. In Phase 2, the author used informant report to identify and replicate six situations: three in which each participant was reported to communicate a specific function and three in which he/she reportedly did not communicate. The author then compared the children’s responses during the clinical trials to the behaviours he/she was reported to use for the targeted function. In Phase 3, the parent replicated the structured trials used in Phase 2 to determine whether participant performance varied relative to communicative partner. Findings from this study provide evidence to support the validity of the IPCA as an interview protocol for identifying potential communicative acts in children with developmental disability and severe communication impairment. The comparisons made between the reported communicative behaviours used for each function revealed both similarities and differences across children. The results also provide evidence that children with severe communication impairment and developmental disability are using similar behaviours to communicate specific functions across different environments and with different communicative partners.</p>

Endometrial Adenocarcinoma in SurePath™ Cervical Samples: Cytological Features Revisited

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalini Gupta ◽  
John Crossley ◽  
Nick Dudding ◽  
John H.F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Nuclear Chromatin ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Endometrial Cells ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology

Objective: The cytomorphological criteria of malignant endometrial lesions in cervical samples are less well described than those of cervical lesions. We wished to investigate if there were features in SurePath™ liquid-based cytology samples that would facilitate more accurate differentiation between benign and malignant endometrial cells. Study Design: This was a two-phase study, with a review of all SurePath™ samples reported as endometrial adenocarcinoma (n = 42) evaluating 12 cytological features in the first phase. In phase 2 (test set), all initial cases plus an additional 83 cases were reviewed using these 12 cytological features to predict the outcome. Results: Out of 12 cytological features evaluated in phase 1 (training set), nuclear chromatin pattern, apoptotic bodies and tingible body macrophages were found to be the most significant features determining malignant histological outcome. These 12 cytological features were re-evaluated in phase 2 (n = 125). Of 125 cases, 54 had a benign and 71 had a malignant or premalignant histological outcome, with a positive predictive value of 56.8%. Conclusion: Granular nuclear chromatin, tingible body macrophages and apoptosis in the background are the most significant factors in determining whether endometrial cells present in cervical samples represent malignancy or are benign. Using these features, relatively accurate predictions of endometrial pathology can be made.

Development and Testing of the Resourcefulness Scale for Older Adults

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaclene A. Zauszniewski ◽  
Chien-Yu Lai ◽  
Sukuma Tithiphontumrong
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Potential Usefulness ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Acceptable Internal Consistency

Resourcefulness is the ability to independently perform daily tasks (personal resourcefulness) and to seek help from others when unable to function independently (social resourcefulness). The 2 forms of resourcefulness are theoretically related, yet no current measure captures both simultaneously. This 2-phase study involved development and testing of a Resourcefulness Scale for elders from existing measures of personal and social resourcefulness. Data from 2 studies of 451 chronically ill elders were randomly split: the measure was developed in phase 1 and validated in phase 2. The new Resourcefulness Scale has acceptable internal consistency (α= .85). Two correlated subscales reflecting personal and social resourcefulness (r= .41) were confirmed. The Resourcefulness Scale has potential usefulness for older adults as well as younger and middle-aged adults.

scholarly journals An approach to identifying young children with developmental disabilities via primary care records

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Masefield ◽  
Stephanie L. Prady ◽  
Kate E. Pickett
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Developmental Disability ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Preschool Period ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Disability Prevalence ◽  
Children With Developmental Disabilities

Background: Preschool aged children with developmental disabilities frequently receive a diagnosis of an indicator of disability, such as developmental delay, some time before receiving a definitive diagnosis at school age, such as autism spectrum disorder. The absence of a definitive diagnosis potentially underestimates the need for support by families with young disabled children, also delaying the access of families to condition-specific information and support. Our aim was to develop a strategy to identify children with probable and potential developmental disabilities before the age of five in primary care records for a UK birth cohort, considering how the identification of only probable or potential developmental disability might influence prevalence estimates. Methods: As part of a study of the effects of caring for young children with developmental disabilities on mothers’ health and healthcare use, we developed a two-part strategy to identify: 1) children with conditions associated with significant disability and which can be diagnosed during the preschool period; and 2) children with diagnoses which could indicate potential disability, such as motor development disorder. The strategy, using Read codes, searched the electronic records of children in the Born in Bradford cohort with linked maternal and child sociodemographic information. The results were compared with national and Bradford prevalence estimates. Results: We identified 83 children with disability conditions and 394 with potential disability (44 children had a disability condition and an indicator of potential disability). Combined they produced a developmental disability prevalence of 490 per 10,000 which is above the UK estimate for developmental disabilities in children under five (468 per 10,000) and within the 419-505 per 10,000 prevalence estimated for Bradford (for children aged 0-18). Conclusions: When disability prevalence is estimated only using conditions diagnosed as developmental disabilities, most young children with developmental disabilities likely to be diagnosed at later ages will be missed.

scholarly journals Development and Feasibility of a Kinect-Based Constraint-Induced Therapy Program in the Home Setting for Children With Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Ling Chen ◽  
Szu-Yu Lin ◽  
Chun-Fu Yeh ◽  
Ren-Yu Chen ◽  
Hsien-Hui Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Training System ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Block Test

Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the leading cause of childhood-onset physical disability. Children with CP often have impaired upper limb (UL) function. Constraint-induced therapy (CIT) is one of the most effective UL interventions for children with unilateral CP. However, concerns about CIT for children have been repeatedly raised due to frustration caused by restraint of the child’s less-affected UL and lack of motivation for the intensive protocol. Virtual reality (VR), which can mitigate the disadvantages of CIT, potentially can be used as an alternative mediator for implementing CIT. Therefore, we developed a VR-based CIT program for children with CP using the Kinect system.Aims: The feasibility of the Kinect-based CIT program was evaluated for children with unilateral CP using a two-phase study design.Materials and Methods: In phase 1, ten children with unilateral CP were recruited. To confirm the achievement of the motor training goals, maximal UL joint angles were evaluated during gameplay. To evaluate children’s perceptions of the game, a questionnaire was used. In phase 2, eight children with unilateral CP were recruited and received an 8 weeks Kinect-based CIT intervention. Performance scores of the game and outcomes of the box and block test (BBT) were recorded weekly.Results: In phase 1, results supported that the design of the program was CIT-specific and was motivational for children with unilateral CP. In phase 2, game performance and the BBT scores began showing stable improvements in the fifth week of intervention.Conclusion: It suggested the Kinect-based CIT program was beneficial to the motor function of the affected UL for children with unilateral CP. According to the results of this feasibility study, larger and controlled effectiveness studies of the Kinect-based CIT program can be conducted to further improve its clinical utility.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02808195; Comparative effectiveness of a Kinect-based unilateral arm training system vs. CIT for children with CP

An Evidence-based Approach to Developing the Collaborative, Client-Centred Nutrition Education (3CNE) Framework and Practice Points

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Morley ◽  
Deborah MacLellan ◽  
Karol Traviss ◽  
Theresa Cividin
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Subsequent Phase ◽  
Phase Phase

Purpose: The purpose of this, the third phase of a 3-phase research project, was to develop guidelines for client-centred nutrition education (NE). Methods: A 3-phase study was conducted using a progressive development design, where each phase informed the subsequent phase. Phase 1 was a national online survey of dietitians’ perceptions of consumers’ NE needs and preferences; results informed the Phase 2 national online survey of consumers about their NE needs and preferences. Phase 3 involved national 2-part teleconference consultations with dietitians to discuss implications of the Phase 2 findings for NE practice. This paper is the report of Phase 3. Results: Discussion group participants were 22 dietitians from around Canada who had been in practice for an average of 14.5 years. Discussions resulted in the development of the Collaborative Client-Centred Nutrition Education (3CNE) conceptual framework and related Practice Points that explicate the complexity of NE practice. Conclusion: The 3CNE framework and Practice Points provide a means to inform precepting students and interns, and for use in planning for the professional development of practicing dietitians on providing client-centred NE.

scholarly journals Parental Differential Treatment in Families with a Child with a Developmental Disability

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Michele Truchon ◽  
Nina Howe
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Developmental Disability ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Parental Differential Treatment ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Children With Developmental Disabilities

Using distributive justice theory as a framework, the purpose of the present mixed methods study was to determine whether parental differential treatment was present and if so, to what degree, in families of children with a developmental disability. Moreover, if present, we examined to what extent parental differential treatment impacted family dynamics. One bilingual (i.e., French-English) family and eight French-speaking families, which were all middle-class families, participated. Mothers, fathers, and siblings who are typically developing were individually questioned during semi-structured interviews and completed the Sibling Inventory of Differential Experiences—Revised questionnaire. Children also completed the Perceived Fairness of Parental Differential Treatment measure. All quantitative data generated by the questionnaires were analyzed descriptively using the SPSS program, whereas interviews were coded using qualitative methods. Specifically, in vivo and axial-thematic coding of the interview data revealed that, according to both parents and children, the degree of parental differential treatment varied across families of children with developmental disabilities; yet, differential treatment was often justified and perceived as necessary by parents and children. These findings provided an overview of struggles and blissful moments that families of children with developmental disabilities may encounter on a daily basis. Implications for practitioners and policy are discussed.

scholarly journals Texting Older Sisters to Step: The TOSS Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela G. Bowen ◽  
Olivio J. Clay ◽  
Loretta T. Lee ◽  
Wesley Browning ◽  
Yu-Mei Schoenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Contemplation Stage ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Older African American Women ◽  
The Mean

The purpose of our two-phase study was to develop acceptable text messages to increase physical activity. Four focus groups (two for each phase) were conducted with older African American women who had access to texting-capable mobile phones and were in the contemplation stage for physical activity. The mean age of Phase 1 participants ( n = 12) was 71 and ranged from 65 to 86 years. Content analysis was used to identify fundamental themes that were later used to develop text messages. Six categories emerged from the data and 31 text messages were developed based on focus group input and national recommendations. The mean age of Phase 2 participants ( n = 9) was 67 and ranged from 65 to 75 years. Descriptive statistics revealed 100% of participants understood all messages. When messages were evaluated individually, a minimum of 78% felt each message motivated activity and 67% said lengths were perfect. Findings identified messages that were relevant and potentially motivational to stimulate physical activity among this population.

Enhancing Advertising Communications: Developing a Model of Beliefs About Advertising through Sport

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Young Pyun ◽  
Jeffrey D. James
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Sport Communication ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Attitudes Toward Advertising

A challenge with advertising communications is to better understand beliefs driving people’s attitude toward advertising. Successful use of sport communication requires a better understanding of the beliefs composing attitudes toward advertising through sport. A 4-phase study was conducted to develop a scale measuring 7 belief dimensions as indicants of attitude toward advertising through sport. Phase 1 (N = 125) provided an initial test of the proposed instrument. Phase 2 (N = 215) included an assessment of the revised scale based on internal-consistency tests and exploratory factor analysis. In Phase 3 (N = 424) the scale’s reliability and validity were verified using confirmatory factor analysis. In Phase 4 (N = 263) the internal consistency and factor structure of the scale were reexamined. The combined results provide support for the conceptualization and measurement of the belief dimensions for future investigation of the relationships between beliefs about and attitude toward advertising through sport.

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