scholarly journals Nanotechnology: A Powerful Tool in Forensic Science for Solving Criminal Cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-296
Author(s):  
Sweta Singh ◽  
Nilimamayee Samal
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Wrongful Conviction ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
The Past ◽  
Crime Detection

Nanotechnology has emerged as a phoenix in the field of forensic science and proved to be of great importance in solving criminal cases where other techniques failed to provide conclusive results. This field of science possess humongous potential in the field of forensic science and assist in crime detection. It holds huge amount of value in making a positive contribution in assisting forensic experts and scientists in nabbing the criminals and most importantly prevent any wrongful conviction. In the past decade, many researchers have reported the satisfactory application of Nano technique in Forensic Science for the analysis of latent fingerprints, drugs in alleged drug-facilitated crimes, warfare agent detection, DNA analysis, counter terrorism, GSR detection, post-blast residue analysis, security measures, etc. It has been proved to be a robust approach for the detection of crime with greater selectivity, sensitivity, reliability and results are produced in a timely appropriate manner. The constant development of nanotechnology and its application in the field of Forensic Science over the past decade has been highlighted in this review article.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 363-372
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Forensic Dna Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dna Technology

The first applications of DNA technology in criminal cases took place in the United States and United Kingdom more than 30 years ago. What have we learned over the past three decades from the use of forensic DNA analysis in criminal and human rights investigations and humanitarian disasters? And what challenges, opportunities, and potential pitfalls lie ahead?...

The Nature of Applications to the Commission

2019 ◽  
pp. 68-84
Author(s):  
Carolyn Hoyle ◽  
Mai Sato
Keyword(s):  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Wrongful Conviction ◽  
Expert Evidence ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Wrongful Convictions ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Process Failures

This chapter examines the nature of applications for wrongful convictions that the Criminal Cases Review Commission receives and the kinds of issues raised by applicants. It highlights the potential flaws of applications presented to the Commission, such as those relating to investigations conducted by police and prosecutors. It also reviews the extant literature on the sources of wrongful conviction to explain the range of possible misconduct and legal, scientific, or human error that might lead to an applicant being wrongfully convicted, or to believing themselves to be so. A number of sex cases and ‘expert evidence’ cases are discussed to illustrate the fallibility of witnesses, vulnerable suspects, the fallibility of science and expert testimony, due process failures, and the pervasive influence of prejudice and fear. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the changing nature of wrongful convictions over the past decade or two.

scholarly journals Crimes Against Women in India using Regression

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S4) ◽  
pp. 1460-1463
Keyword(s):  
Age Group ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Crime Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Crime Detection ◽  
Crimes Against Women ◽  
Women In India

Women security is one of the biggest concerns of the country right now. Crimes against women in the form of murders, rapes, dowry threats, have been on the up in the past decade. It has existed in the past but only in the last decade, has it become a source of discussion and concern. Several analyses have been done in the field of crime detection and prediction; few have been done about crime against women in India and almost none with regards to different crimes against women. This paper describes an in-depth analysis of crimes against women from the year 2002 to 2011. This study uses regression as well as visualization for analyzing the crime patterns over the previously mentioned years and helps predict the possible age group to target with the awareness drives, the frequency of different crimes in different states and thus, evaluate the effectiveness of the current security measures in all the states of the country. The knowledge gained from these then can be given to the police and the various crime agencies to help them take better decisions regarding prevention of crimes against women in India. This approach can be quite effective and can be used globally.

Sem/X-Ray Applications to the Forensic Science Field

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 390-391
Author(s):  
K. Culbreth
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Surface Phenomena ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Science Field ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hit And Run ◽  
Evaluation Of Evidence ◽  
Scanning Electron

The introduction of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis to forensic science has provided additional methods by which investigative evidence can be analyzed. The importance of evidence from the scene of a crime or from the personal belongings of a victim and suspect has resulted in the development and evaluation of SEM/x-ray analysis applications to various types of forensic evidence. The intent of this paper is to describe some of these applications and to relate their importance to the investigation of criminal cases.The depth of field and high resolution of the SEM are an asset to the evaluation of evidence with respect to surface phenomena and physical matches (1). Fig. 1 shows a Phillips screw which has been reconstructed after the head and shank were separated during a hit-and-run accident.

First wolves in Luxembourg since 1893, originating from the Alpine and Central European populations

Mammalia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Schley ◽  
Marianne Jacobs ◽  
Sebastian Collet ◽  
Alexander Kristiansen ◽  
Jan Herr
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Apex Predator ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hard Evidence

Abstract Considering the spread of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe over the past 30 years, Luxembourg took some measures to prepare for the return of this apex predator, including the establishment of a management plan that notably addresses the issue of wolf depredation on livestock. Here we present the results of genetic analyses of putative wolf saliva, hair and scat samples collected from or near prey carcasses between 2015 and 2020. In two cases, the wolf was confirmed via DNA analysis: in July 2017 near Garnich and in April 2020 near Niederanven, both assigned to category C1 (hard evidence). A third case was classified as C2 (confirmed observation) based on prey carcass characteristics, while genetic analysis yielded no result. These are the first confirmed records of wolves in Luxemburg since 1893. Moreover, the two C1-cases originated from the Alpine (Garnich) and Central European (Niederanven) populations. Given similar developments in the neighboring countries and regions, we conclude that the area including the Benelux countries as well as Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Northern France may well become a melting pot for wolves of the two aforementioned populations in the coming years and decades.

scholarly journals Investigation of the identity of the victim in the investigation of crimes committed with the threat of violence

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-168
Author(s):  
Elena Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Forensic Identification ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Criminal Intent ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
And Behavior

During the investigation of crimes, the investigator must establish all the circumstances to be proved (article 73 of the criminal procedure code), including the data on the victim. The criminalistic characterization of violent crimes will be complete only if it is supplemented with victimological features, since the personality and behavior of the victim are elements of the external environment that forms criminal intent and the choice of criminal ways to implement it. The use of victimological analysis helps the investigator to put forward versions about the offender and the motives for committing the crime, to determine the tactics of individual investigative actions, to predict the investigative situation and to timely resolve the issue of the application of security measures. In some cases, information about the victim allows to establish data on the identity of the perpetrator, the motives for committing the crime, the reasons for choosing the method of violence, etc. Data on the identity of the victim in the Commission of violent socially dangerous acts is established by forensic (technical-forensic and tactical-forensic), forensic (identification methods, anthropological), forensic-psychiatric (experimental-psychological, clinical-psychopathological) and forensic-procedural methods of cognition. On the example of the criminal cases of robberies studied by the author, it is established that the choice of the method of personality research is largely determined by the method of committing the crime and the subsequent behavior of the victim after committing a criminal act against her. Victimological aspects should be established and taken into account by the investigator during the investigation of criminal cases, the judge - when imposing punishment. Only such an approach can ensure a full, objective and comprehensive investigation of a criminal case and take the necessary preventive measures.

Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Forensic and Criminal Cases

2015 ◽  
pp. 552-564
Author(s):  
Gulnaz T. Javan
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good News ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Forensic Tools ◽  
Richard Feynman

When Dr. Richard Feynman first gave the good news in 1959 that nanotechnology was on its way to change or perhaps transform the world of technology, many people might have considered his concepts too futuristic to be realized. Criminals, on the other hand, would not have known how effective nanotechnological tools would become in solving crimes in a few decades. Among some of the medical applications of the technology are drug production, diagnostics, and production of medical as well as forensic tools and devices. Forensic science can be described as the sum of scientific tests or techniques used in the investigation of crimes. This chapter is, therefore, aimed at introducing and discussing nanotechnology as applied in forensic science along with instrumentation used in performing nano-analysis. The future prospects of the technology as employed in forensic science and toxicity of nanomaterials are also dealt with in this chapter.

Large Scale Identification of the Missing

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-207
Author(s):  
Andreas Kleiser ◽  
Thomas J. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Degraded Dna ◽  
Innovation Research ◽  
Missing Persons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Historical Developments

This chapter describes the experiences of the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) in conducting large-scale, DNA-based identification of the missing, discussed within the context of policy and historical developments underpinning today’s requirement for effective investigations when persons go missing. These developments include a shift to the rule of law and human rights reference framework as part of advancing state responsibility on the issue of the missing. The chapter takes note of historical as well as rule-of-law initiatives at the international level in the wake of the wars in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s, including the creation of ICMP. Generally accepted as capable of establishing facts, forensic science, including DNA analysis, has become a centerpiece of effective investigations in the pursuit of justice at the individual and societal levels. However, access to forensic science is not universal, largely due to cost. The chapter discusses two limitations on using DNA to identify missing persons that drive cost: the use of kinship analysis and degraded DNA. DNA analysis through next generation sequencing (NGS), or massive parallel sequencing (MPS), will likely redress both shortcomings. In ICMP’s experience, innovation, research, and dedication can contribute to a more effective approach to accounting for missing persons; this in turn will contribute more broadly to the pursuit of justice and the advancement of human rights globally.

A New Block Data Hiding Method for the Binary Image

2011 ◽  
pp. 762-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Chen ◽  
Tung-Shou Chen ◽  
Meng-Wen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Data Hiding ◽  
Web Technology ◽  
Binary Image ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Block Data ◽  
Data Transfers ◽  
Pass Through

Great advancements in Web technology have resulted in increase activities on the Internet. Users from all walks of life — e-commerce traders, professionals and ordinary users — have become very dependent on the Internet for all sorts of data transfers, be it important data transactions or friendly exchanges. Therefore, data security measures on the Internet are very essential and important. Also, steganography plays a very important role for protecting the huge amount of data that pass through the internet daily.

scholarly journals The Under-Appreciated Rodent: Harbingers of Plague From the Middle Ages to the Twenty-First Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
First Century ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
The Past ◽  
Black Rat ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Dna Analysis ◽  
Long Term Trends

The history of the rat and the wider rodent family in relation to bubonic plague suggests multiple ways in which different research disciplines can contribute to the understanding of mortality, morbidity, and epidemics in the past: For instance, demographic approaches can can clarify long-term trends in, and disruptions to, patterns of mortality; the study of psychological responses to disease since 1850 can lend insights into past disease behaviors; and archaeological discoveries and the still-developing technology of ancient dna analysis can help in the determination of causes and effects. As the link between the black rat and bubonic plague shows, without the collaboration of interdisciplinary methods, our understanding would surely suffer. The history of plague and the Black Death encompasses far more than the involvement of rats, but the enduring sylvatic reservoirs of plague infection that the rats and their many rodent cousins constituted in the past, and still constitute, should not be blithely discounted.

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