scholarly journals The Manifestations of open space in the novels of Sinan Antoon

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-222
Author(s):  
Sarkawt Gwril Ibrahim ◽  
Dhiya Abduirazaq Ayub
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Short List ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Narrative Representations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
The Individual

This study deals with an important topic in the narrative representations of the place through the narrative text. This topic is the significance of the open space in the novels of the Iraqi writer Sinan Antoon who published two collections of poetry: ‘A Prism saturated with War’ and ‘One night for All Cities’; and four novels: ‘I’Jaam’, ‘Alone is a Pomegranate Tree’,’ Fahrs’ and ‘Ya Maryam’. The latter was nominated for the Arab Poker Prize and was among the final short list in 2012. The research is divided into six sections; each section is dedicated for a selected type of open space such as: streets, pubs and bars, worship place, stadiums, university, and some other open places. The study opens with an introduction about the place in general and the open space in specific. The open space is an extension for the natural space with some changes made by man and his needs. This space has a special importance for the individual and his feelings because it forms a sort of belonging, sometimes man can express himself through the places he visits. It can be noticed that open spaces do not differ from closed one in terms of the symbolic value and their representations in the four novels. Despite the fact that these places are familiar and intimate to people, most of them are disappointing as they contain elements of loss and failure. On the other hand, these places can be seen in a positive way because of their nature such as being free and accessible spaces which attempt to look at the changes that took place in the society as well as the social relations and their interactions with place.  

scholarly journals Neighbourhood open spaces for social cohesion

2020 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 06019
Author(s):  
Rukhsana Badar ◽  
Sarika Bahadure
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Unitary Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
The City

The global cities of the world are witnessing a visible disconnection of everyday life. In India the Smart City guidelines acknowledge the need to counter the growing social detachment and intolerance by encouraging interactions. They go further in identifying that preserving and creating of open spaces must be a key feature of comprehensive urban development. Most social relations are cemented within open spaces at the neighbourhood level. Previous studies examine the association between the attributes of neighbourhood open spaces and social activity but neglect to view the issue comprehensively. The present study turns to Lefebvre’s Unitary Theory which states that open space is a result of three forces; 1) perceived space which is the physical dimension and material quality identifiable by the senses; 2) conceived space created by planners and other agents as plans and documents; and 3) lived space which is shaped by the values attached and images generated through user experience. For open space conducive to social interactions these three aspects must work in tandem. With this consideration a framework of criteria and indicators is developed and used to measure and compare the open spaces in select neighbourhoods in Europe and India. The investigation thus reveals differences in all three aspects of neighbourhood spaces. It also reveals a discrepancy between the planning standards formulated and employed by the city authorities in providing the spaces and the actual needs of the community. The research aims to address this gap. The study of the Indian cases lays foundation for the use of the framework to measure open spaces in association with social cohesion and thereby contribute to the enhancement of the social infrastructure of the City.

The Politics of Debt and Europe's Relations with the 'South'

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
The South ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Past Injustice ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North And South

While debt has the capacity to sustain social relations by joining together the two parties of a debt relation, it also contains the risk of deteriorating into domination and bargaining. Throughout history, different understandings of debt have therefore gravitated between reciprocity and domination, making it a key concept for understanding the dynamics of both social cohesion and fragmentation. The book considers the social, spatial and temporal meanings of this ambiguity and relates them to contemporary debates over debts between North and South in Europe, which in turn are embedded in a longer global history of North-South relations. The individual chapters discuss how debts incurred in the past are mobilised in political debates in the present. This dynamic is highlighted with regard to regional and global North-South relations. An essential feature in debates on this topic is the difficult question of retribution and possible ways of “paying” – a term that is etymologically connected to “pacification” – for past injustice. Against this backdrop, the book combines a discussion of the multi-layered European and global North-South divide with an effort to retrieve alternatives to the dominant and divisive uses of debt for staking out claims against someone or something. Discovering new and forgotten ways of thinking about debt and North-South relations, the chapters are divided into four sections that focus on 1) debt and social theory, 2) Greece and Germany as Europe’s South and North, 3) the ‘South’ between the local, the regional and the global, and 4) debt and the politics of history.

The Individual and Society in Gandhi's Political Thought

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
Indira Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Freedom Movement ◽  
Made In

The problem of the relation of the individual to society and to the state was central to Gandhi's political thought and action. It has been said that Gandhi's “deliberate onslaught on the creed of individualism as it has been in operation during the last two or three centuries gave it a mortal blow.” How are statements like this to be reconciled with the fact that Gandhi appealed to individual conviction in his campaigns?In analyzing this problem we should look at the main concepts of social and political philosophy which had an impact on Gandhi's life and thought. Indian philosophy is of special importance in this context and therefore a major part of this paper is devoted to the discussion of Indian concepts and ideas as they were understood and interpreted by Gandhi. Much of Gandhi's thought and action can be explained only in terms of the historical situation and the social setting of his day and age. But Gandhi's campaigns and his contribution to the Indian freedom movement have been described by many authors and therefore no attempt is made in this paper to outline the course of events.

Peer Status in Research on Locus of Control

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-490
Author(s):  
Marcia D. Horne ◽  
Constance J. Seidner ◽  
Stefan J. Harasymiw
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Peer Status ◽  
High Status ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sixth Grade Students ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the mediating effects of peer status on the relationship between Intellectual Achievement Responsibility and the academic performance of 79 sixth grade students in an open-space school. When peer status was specified, a negative association was noted between achievement responsibility and academic ability for students of high status, but a positive one for students of low status. No association between achievement responsibility and ability was observed for students with medium peer status. Operation of internal achievement motivation may be influenced by the social psychological environment of the individual.

scholarly journals Marxist psychology: a research paradigm whose time has come

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elhammoumi
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Creative Force ◽  
Psychological Functions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stock Of Knowledge

This paper seeks to retrieve Marx's ideas about the development of psychology. It offers historical perspectives on different attempts to create a Marxist psychology that shed light on its scope and trajectory. According to Marx, concrete social and material real life play a key role in the development of human psychological functions. Later, Vygotsky, Wallon, Politzer, Leontiev, Luria, Sève among others built on Marx's ideas. These psychologists suggested that individual psychological functions are formed and shaped in concrete, cultural, social, historical circumstances, and pictured an organizing, creative force driving individual activity (instead of behavior). Marxist psychology is the study of the social individual within social relations of production. In a Marxist sense, the emphasis is placed on production, both material and social as the essence of social relations. Hence, psychology cannot be dealt with in an abstract, private and individual manner as the capitalist mode of production would want, but must be seen in terms of the social individual that is formed, structured, and shaped within the social relations of a production framework. In this context, the social production of the individual (as developed in Marx's Die Grundrisse) signifies social relations between people connected with concrete common real social conditions and material production. Production, both social and material, is the totality of social relations. In the process of production, social individuals act not only upon nature but also upon one another, they enter into a definite rich web of connections and relations to one another. Marx's writings encompassed the fields of psychology and made a substantial contribution to the stock of knowledge about human nature processes. Marx never wrote a full-length treatise on psychology, though his own work is the outstanding example of psychological conceptualizations. This paper stresses the decisive relevance of Marx's psychological conceptions for a paradigm shift whose time has come.

The Social History of confession in the Age of the Reformation

1975 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bossy
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
Traditional Church ◽  
The Social ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

When I offered to read a paper on this subject, I had a particular hypothesis in mind. I thought—perhaps it would be more honest to say, I hoped—it would be possible to show that, during a period roughly contemporaneous with the Reformation, the practice of the sacrament of penance in the traditional church had undergone a change which was important in itself and of general historical interest. The change, I thought, could roughly be described as a shift from the social to the personal. To be more precise, I thought it possible that, for the average layman, and notably for the average rural layman in the pre-reformation church, the emphasis of the sacrament lay in its providing part of a machinery for the regulation and resolution of offences and conflicts otherwise likely to disturb the peace of a community. The effect of the Counter-Reformation (or whatever one calls it) was, I suspected, to shift the emphasis away from the field of objective social relations and into a field of interiorized discipline for the individual. The hypothesis may be thought an arbitrary one: we can but see. I think it will be admitted that, supposing it turned out to be correct, we should have learnt something worth knowing about the difference between the medieval and the counter-reformation church, and something about the difference between pre- and post-reformation European society. If if did not turn out to be correct, we might nevertheless expect to pick up some useful knowledge about something which is scarcely a staple of current historical discourse, though it threatens to become so.

scholarly journals Community Rehabilitation for Families of persons Convicted of Terrorism, Field study in Anbar provincem

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 511-528
Author(s):  
Maysam Yaseen Obaid ◽  
Maha Karim Ali
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Community Rehabilitation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

Iraqi society, like other societies, witnessed social, economic and political changes after 2003. These changes have increased social problems within the community. Terrorism is one of the main phenomena that spread at that time. Many terrorist organizations have emerged in Iraqi society, whose social fabric, political stability and economic activity are at risk. The most dangerous of these organizations appeared in 2014, when they controlled a third of the governorates of Iraq. They have destroyed many cities and practiced brutal and inhumane methods against members of Iraqi society, such as rape, detention, displacement, and the recruitment of children, youth and families. These methods have led to many problems, including the problem of families of those convicted of terrorism and their effects on the individual or society. Therefore, this research aims to give special importance to the rehabilitation of these families and their integration into society. It aims to define social rehabilitation programs for families of those convicted of terrorism and to understand the nature of these programs. It seeks to determine the reasons for joining terrorist organizations. It also highlights the social reality of families of those convicted of terrorism, in Anbar Governorate and Habbaniyah city in particular, In order to improve the living conditions of these families and achieve opportunities for social integration so that they can achieve social integration within the community. The study relied on the descriptive and analytical method and the method of a social survey by taking a sample of (250) families.

scholarly journals Standardized Methods of Assessment of Individual’s Social Network in Social Work and Psychological Practice

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Psychological Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Theoretical Overview

This article is a theoretical overview of the main standardized techniques for assessment of the social relations of the individual. The study of these techniques allows professionals to get the basic information about the microsocial environment of people. Theoretical analysis shows that the study of the social network of an individual involves the analysis of its structure, composition and function of its components. Described and analyzed the most common techniques for assessment of human social networks - "Name generator", "Drawing a social network", "Inventory of Social Network" (K. Bartholomew), "Social Networks Inventory " (Treadwell T. and co.), "Social Network Index "( L. Berkman, S. Syme), "Social Network List" (B. Hirsch, J. Stokes). Separately, the method of drawing up clients structured diary and method network card are shown.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING STIGMA – THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACHES

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1529-1535
Author(s):  
Rumiana Budjeva
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Stigma And Discrimination ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Stigma is a powerful tool for social control. It can be used to differentiate, exclude or exert pressure on certain individuals or groups of people who have certain characteristics. Stigma does great harm to both the individual and society as a whole. The main objective of stigma is to maintain visible the negative qualities of the individual in order to place them in a disadvantaged position and lasting social and psychological isolation. However, stigma goes beyond the level of the individual and becomes a social problem when it affects wider categories of people. The main purpose of the report is to seek adequate scientific approaches and methods to understanding and study of the phenomenon social stigma. Stigmatized people are often subject to rejection and social exclusion. In its extreme forms stigma turns into discrimination which directly violates their civil and human rights. Stigma and discrimination, seen as violations of fundamental human rights, can occur at different levels: political, economic, social, psychological and institutional. As social processes through which social control is created and maintained, generating, legitimizing and reproducing social inequality, stigma and discrimination are at the heart of the vicious circle in which some groups of people are underestimated and others feel superior and untouchable. To illustrate the process of stigmatization, we will use the example of people living with HIV / AIDS. Theory of stigmatization plays an important explanatory role in the experience of a comprehensive understanding of the social relations of phenomena such as HIV / AIDS. The deep understanding of the mechanisms by which stigma and discriminatory attitudes affect the overall life of people living with HIV / AIDS will help us not only to treat adequate them, but to form a workable and effective action against the spread of the disease. From the moment when scientists are confronted with HIV and AIDS, the social response to fear, denial, stigma and discrimination has accompanied the epidemic. It can be said that HIV and AIDS are more of a social phenomenon than a pure biological or medical problem. It leads to an unfounded sense of shame and guilt and a sense of futility. Stigma incites depression and despair, causes lack of self-esteem. It pushes people to mental and social isolation and deprives them of support and care, increasing their vulnerability. In this way, stigma exacerbates the negative impact of the disease and increases the risk of its spread.

scholarly journals Getting the most out of family data with the R package fSRM

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Stas ◽  
Felix D. Schönbrodt ◽  
Tom Loeys
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
R Package ◽  
Family Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Different Levels

Family research aims to explore family processes, but is often limited to the examination of unidirectional processes. As the behavior of one person has consequences that go beyond that one individual, Family functioning should be investigated in its full complexity. The Social Relations Model (SRM; Kenny & La Voie, 1984) is a conceptual and analytical model which can disentangle family data from a round-robin design at three different levels: the individual level (actor and partner effects), the dyadic level (relationship effects) and the family level (family effect). Its statistical complexity may however be a hurdle for family researchers. The user-friendly R package fSRM performs almost automatically those rather complex SRM analyses and introduces new possibilities for assessing differences between SRM-means and between SRM-variances, both within and between groups of families. Using family data on negative processes, different type of research questions are formulated and corresponding analyses with fSRM are presented.

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