scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING STIGMA – THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACHES

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1529-1535
Author(s):  
Rumiana Budjeva

Stigma is a powerful tool for social control. It can be used to differentiate, exclude or exert pressure on certain individuals or groups of people who have certain characteristics. Stigma does great harm to both the individual and society as a whole. The main objective of stigma is to maintain visible the negative qualities of the individual in order to place them in a disadvantaged position and lasting social and psychological isolation. However, stigma goes beyond the level of the individual and becomes a social problem when it affects wider categories of people. The main purpose of the report is to seek adequate scientific approaches and methods to understanding and study of the phenomenon social stigma. Stigmatized people are often subject to rejection and social exclusion. In its extreme forms stigma turns into discrimination which directly violates their civil and human rights. Stigma and discrimination, seen as violations of fundamental human rights, can occur at different levels: political, economic, social, psychological and institutional. As social processes through which social control is created and maintained, generating, legitimizing and reproducing social inequality, stigma and discrimination are at the heart of the vicious circle in which some groups of people are underestimated and others feel superior and untouchable. To illustrate the process of stigmatization, we will use the example of people living with HIV / AIDS. Theory of stigmatization plays an important explanatory role in the experience of a comprehensive understanding of the social relations of phenomena such as HIV / AIDS. The deep understanding of the mechanisms by which stigma and discriminatory attitudes affect the overall life of people living with HIV / AIDS will help us not only to treat adequate them, but to form a workable and effective action against the spread of the disease. From the moment when scientists are confronted with HIV and AIDS, the social response to fear, denial, stigma and discrimination has accompanied the epidemic. It can be said that HIV and AIDS are more of a social phenomenon than a pure biological or medical problem. It leads to an unfounded sense of shame and guilt and a sense of futility. Stigma incites depression and despair, causes lack of self-esteem. It pushes people to mental and social isolation and deprives them of support and care, increasing their vulnerability. In this way, stigma exacerbates the negative impact of the disease and increases the risk of its spread.

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Endah Tri Suryani

The spread of HIV and AIDS in Indonesia over the last five years is quite high. United NationsAIDS (UNAIDS) even dub Indonesia as an Asia’s country with most spread of HIV/AIDS. However thefear of stigma and discrimination against PLWHA (people living with HIV/AIDS) remains a majorobstacle. The purpose of this research was to describe self stigma of HIV/AIDS in poly Cendana NgudiWaluyo Hospital Wlingi based questionnaire ISMI (Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness) that includeda portrait of alienation, acceptance of stereotypes, experience of discrimination, social withdrawal,and rejection of stigma. The samples were 27 people with HIV/AIDS. The results showed that generallyself stigma of HIV/AIDS were low 44.4% (12 patients). This result, indicated that the motivation ofpeople living with HIV/AIDS as well as their moral support was instrumental in lowering self-stigma.Recommendations from this study were expected for health care to prevent and overcome self stigma ofHIV/AIDS.


2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 11001
Author(s):  
Hadi Suprapto Arifin ◽  
Ditha Prasanti ◽  
Ikhsan Fuady

The phenomenon of HIV and AIDS has evolved into one of the most endless issues of health and social issues in the world, thereby becoming an agenda in the Suistanable Development Goals (SDG’s) Indonesia until this year. Like the iceberg phenomenon, the problem of HIV AIDS is a contemporary issue related to human risk behavior, not just about health problems, but also about the social problems of one’s relationship with the environment. This is what triggered the emergence of social disparity in the tourist area of Pangandaran. The latest data shows Pangandaran as one of the highest areas of HIV AIDS infections. In reality, there is still a gap or disparity between geographic regions, population groups, and socioeconomic levels. Therefore, authors want to know the efforts of local government in highlighting cases of social disparity for HIV AIDS infections in the tourist area Pangandaran. The result of the research shows that there is still a social disparity phenomenon for people living wih HIV AIDS (ODHA) in Pangandaran tourism area, mainly related to 1) Facilitation of health services; 2) HIV AIDS epidemic and; 3) Availability of trained human resources to serve ODHA in Pangandaran. In this case, the local government continues to work and coordinate with various parties, communities, including NGOs of the Matahati Foundation and AHF (AIDS Health Care Foundation) to minimize social disparities for people living with HIV AIDS (ODHA) in Pangandaran.


2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Manna Ghazanfar Ali

Gender equality is central to realizing the country's agenda, which risks failure without the full involvement of all members of society. But as it fails in many countries all over the world, the peril in different targeted areas have been increased. So is the case of sexually transmitted infections. The major risks are seen in the field of HIV/Aids. At present South Asia is combating a battle against HIV/Aids. Pakistan is the second largest country in South Asia and it stands only a few steps behind India and Nepal in terms of HIV epidemic. The aim of this paper is to give the people living with HIV and AIDS a platform to raise a common voice for their rights and to contribute to the national response by spreading awareness. The paper also intends the participation of the people, through encouragement, policy education and prevention, which can strive to minimize the adverse personal and social effects of stigma and discrimination towards Positive people.


Mediscope ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Subrata Kumar Mallick ◽  
Tuhin Roy

This cross-sectional study aimed at determining the sexual and reproductive health needs as well as to reveal the level and manifestation of stigma and discrimination associated with the daily lives of the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at Khulna City Area in Bangladesh. The sample size was 20, which was selected purposively, and data were collected by the interviewers from August 2013 to December 2013. The findings of the study revealed that extra marital sexual relationships, partners’ infection and blood transmission played a dominant role as the medium of HIV infection. NGOs were the predominant source of getting health care facilities for the PLWHA and they had to wait for a month to receive STIs treatment and the counseling support, which increased their vulnerability towards AIDS. A number of respondents were eager to conceive and, in this case, treatment and counseling support before and after conception, proper nutrition support, prevention of mother to child transmission support and high cost medicine support were needed for them. The facts of stigma and discrimination, the restriction placed on their free movement, exclusion from social and religious functions, opportunities and participation on the social and economic processes had direct consequences on their daily lives. Therefore, IGA support, ensure quality treatment in the stigma free environment, and widespread awareness campaign regarding HIV/AIDS related issues were highly recommended by the PLWHA. Mediscope Vol. 7, No. 1: Jan 2020, Page 7-16


Author(s):  
Chairil Effendy ◽  
Rosemarie Virginia M. De Vera ◽  
Dedy Ari Asfar ◽  
Agus Syahrani ◽  
Achmad Daeng GS

The number of People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is steadily increasing. HIV/AIDS is caused by a virus that infects the body and weakens the immune system, making it difficult to fight germs, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. HIV and AIDS are still considered taboo diseases that should not be openly discussed. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are discouraged from seeking treatment due to stigma and discrimination. Eliminating stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS will improve the process of preventing and overcoming HIV/AIDS cases. In addition, therapeutic communication also affects interpersonal relationships. This research aims to figure out how the therapeutic communication efforts of People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) become survivors. The method used in this research is phenomenology, where the informants in this study are people with HIV/AIDS who live in Surabaya. This study concludes that therapeutic communication efforts to People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are by presenting volunteers who help people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) based on the same fate as People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The presence of volunteers (PLWHA) assists and bridges the gap between patients and therapy, fostering a sense of comfort for PLWHA. They also make other patients feel more at ease while they are receiving treatment in the hospital.


2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachmawati Rachmawati

Apprehension of death for People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWA) is influenced by discipline in their adherence to their medication regimen and the social support they receive. This research aims to study the roles of discipline in adherence to their medication regimen and of social support, in regards to their apprehension of death, for PLWA. The data collection method employed a scale of discipline in adhering to a medication regimen, a scale of the social support received, and a scale of the apprehension of death. The subjects of this research were 89 people with positive HIV/AIDS status, living in South Sumatera. Data analysis was by multiple regression. The multiple regression analysis results indicated that both adherences to a medication regimen, and social support, play roles in regards to apprehension of death. (R2 = 0.113; F = 5.473; p < 0.05). This research affirms the importance of internal and external factors in reducing the level of apprehension of death for PLWA.


Author(s):  
Hema Malini

Community-level stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV is found all over the world, with people forced to leave their home, change their daily activities such as shopping, socializing or schooling, face rejection and verbal and physical abuse. The objective of the study was to assess the HIV/AIDS stigma among the general public. Quantitative approach  and descriptive research design was adopted for the  present study. The study was conducted in Vallancherry a selected rural village of Kattankulathur . The sample size for the present study was 300. Three point rating scale  was used to assess the HIV/STIGMA and discrimination.The present study findings revealed that among 300 samples none of them reported severe stigma ,50 (16.7%)  participants reported moderate stigma and 250 (83.3%)  participants reported  low stigma. Stigma blocks access to HIV testing and treatment services, making onwards transmission more likely. The removal of barriers to these services is key to end the global HIV epidemic.Key Words : HIV, AIDS, Stigma, Discrimination, Rejection


2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Arrum Firda Ayu Maqfiroch ◽  
Zahroh Shaluhiyah

ABSTRAKPenanggulangan HIV AIDS membutuhkan keterlibatan dari berbagai pihak. Salah satu pihak yang terlibat adalah OHIDHA. OHIDHA merupakan anggota keluarga yang hidup bersama ODHA dan memberikan dukungan kepada ODHA. Stigma di Kabupaten Sukoharjo dan Grobogan masih tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apakah yang menentukan respons OHIDHA dalam upaya penanggulangan HIV AIDS di Kabupaten Sukoharjo dan Grobogan.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan data kuantitatif melalui wawancara dengan kuesioner. Penelitian ini didukung dengan penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengambilan data FGD. Jumlah responden adalah 92 OHIDHA, proporsi 50% dan selang kepercayaan 95%. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dengan distribusi frekuensi, bivariat menggunakan Chi-Square dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan dengan respons OHIDHA adalah hubungan dengan ODHA (p-value=0,001), lama hidup dengan ODHA (p-value=0,030), lama mengetahui status ODHA (p-value=0,001) dan sikap (p-value=0,005). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa sikap (p-value=0,006) merupakan variabel yang mempunyai pengaruh paling signifikan dibanding variabel lainnya.Kata Kunci : OHIDHA, respons, Grobogan, Sukoharjo Respons of People Living With HIV AIDS to Control HIV and AIDS in Sukoharjo and Grobogan District; Controlling HIV and AIDS requird the involvement of various sector. One of the sector involved is People Living With HIV AIDS (PLWHA).  PLWHA is a family member who lives with people living with HIV and provide support to people living with HIV. Stigma in Sukoharjo and Grobogan still high. This study aims to determine the factors that determine whether the PLWHA response in control to HIV and AIDS in Sukoharjo Grobogan. This research was a quantitative study with cross sectional approach. Quantitative data collection techniques through interviews with questionnaires . This research was supported by qualitative research with FGD. The number of respondents was 92 PLWHA, the proportion of 50% and 95% confidence interval . Analysis of the data using univariate analysis with frequency distribution, bivariate using Chi-Square and multivariate using logistic regression. The results showed that the variables related to the PLWHA response is a relationship with people living with HIV ( p = 0,001 ) , long life with people living with HIV ( p = 0.030 ) , longer know the status of PLWHA ( 0.001 ) and attitude ( p = 0.005 ). Multivariate analysis showed that the attitude (p value = 0,006) was a variable that has the most significant effect compared to other variables .Keywords : AIDS , response , Grobogan , Sukoharjo


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