scholarly journals Evaluation of crop arrangement and phosphorus rate on performance of maize-common bean intercropping in western Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-298
Author(s):  
Peter A. Opala ◽  
Dorcus O. Ofuyo ◽  
George D. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
P Application ◽  
Plot Design

The effect of phosphorus (P) rate and crop arrangement on the performance of component crops in maize-bean intercropping systems was investigated at two sites; Malanga and Bugeng’i in western Kenya. A split plot design with five crop arrangements in the main plots i.e., one row of maize alternating with one row of beans (conventional), maize and beans planted in the same hole, two rows of maize alternating with two of beans (Mbili), sole maize and sole beans, in a factorial combination with three P rates; 0, 30, and 60 kg ha-1 in the subplots, was used. Bean yields were low (< 1 t ha-1) but they increased with increasing P rate at both sites. Response of maize to P fertilizer was however poor at Malanga mainly due to Striga weed infestation. Yields of beans did not significantly differ among crop arrangements at both sites. At Bungeng’i, there was a significant interaction between P rate and crop arrangement. At this site, the maize yield in the conventional arrangement increased with increasing P rate but for the Mbili arrangement, the grain yield from application of 30 kg P ha-1 was significantly higher than that at 0 kg P ha-1 and similar to that 60 kg P ha-1. Therefore, it is not beneficial to fertilize beyond 30 kg P ha-1 at this site with the Mbili arrangement. Intercropping was beneficial in all crop arrangements (Land equivalent ratio >1) and can therefore be practiced, except for maize and beans planted in the same hole with no P application at Bugeng’i.

scholarly journals Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Optimizing Phosphorus Application Rates for Maize in the Northeast Plain of China for Sustainable Agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4799
Author(s):  
Wenting Jiang ◽  
Xiaohu Liu ◽  
Xiukang Wang ◽  
Lihui Yang ◽  
Yuan Yin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Rate ◽  
P Application ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
The Impact

Optimizing the phosphorus (P) application rate can increase grain yield while reducing both cost and environmental impact. However, optimal P rates vary substantially when different targets such as maximum yield or maximum economic benefit are considered. The present study used field experiment conducted at 36 experiments sites for maize to determine the impact of P application levels on grain yield, plant P uptake, and P agronomy efficiency (AEP), P-derived yield benefits and private profitability, and to evaluated the agronomically (AOPR), privately (POPR), and economically (EOPR) optimal P rate at a regional scale. Four treatments were compared: No P fertilizer (P0); P rate of 45–60 kg ha−1 (LP); P rate of 90–120 kg ha−1 (MP); P rate of 135–180 kg ha−1 (HP). P application more effectively increased grain yield, reaching a peak at MP treatment. The plant P uptake in HP treatment was 37.4% higher than that in P0. The relationship between P uptake by plants (y) and P application rate (x) can be described by the equation y = −0.0003x2 + 0.1266x + 31.1 (R2 = 0.309, p < 0.01). Furthermore, grain yield (y) and plant P uptake (x) across all treatments also showed a significant polynomial function (R2 = 0.787–0.846). The MP treatment led to highest improvements in P agronomic efficiency (AEP), P-derived yield benefits (BY) and private profitability (BP) compared with those in other treatments. In addition, the average agronomically (AOPR), privately (POPR), and economically optimal P rate (EOPR) in 36 experimental sites were suggested as 127.9 kg ha−1, 110.8 kg ha−1, and 114.4 kg ha−1, which ranged from 80.6 to 211.3 kg ha−1, 78.2 to 181.8 kg ha−1, and 82.6 to 151.6 kg ha−1, respectively. Economically optimal P application (EOPR) can be recommended, because EOPR significantly reduced P application compared with AOPR, and average economically optimal yield was slightly higher compared with the average yield in the MP treatment. This study was conducive in providing a more productive, use-effective, profitable, environment-friendly P fertilizer management strategy for supporting maximized production potential and environment sustainable development.

scholarly journals Intermediate Maturing Soybean Produce Multiple Benefits at 1:2 Maize:Soybean Planting Density

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Margarida G. Simbine ◽  
Frederick P. Baijukya ◽  
Richard N. Onwonga
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Biomass N

A study was conducted to identify the most suitable intercropping arrangement in smallholder farms in Western Kenya. Biomass and N (nitrogen)-accumulation, N2 fixation and grain yield of maize and soybeans grown as intercrops at three planting densities were assessed. The study was conducted in four seasons. Three soybean varieties, Namsoy 4m, SC Squire and TGx1987-18F, were used in the experiment. Maize: soybean planting densities 1:1 (D1), 1:2 (D2), 1:3 (D3) as well as sole soybean (SS) and sole maize (SM) were tested. Higher biomass, N-accumulation, and N-fixed in the order 3.8 Mg ha-1, 260 kg ha-1 and 161 kg ha-1 respectively, were recorded in D3 with long maturing variety TGx1987-18F. Conversely, higher soybean grain yield &lt; 2.4 Mg ha-1 was achieved by intermediate maturing SC Squire in D3. The highest maize yield in the intercrop was obtained in D1. N balance calculations indicated that planting TGx1987-18F resulted in an addition of 6 to 67 kg N ha-1, while SC Squire and Namsoy 4 m removed 3 to 89 kg N ha-1 when soybean grain was removed from the field. The differences in N balances between the intercrops depended on the N-fixed and the amount of N in harvested soybean and maize grain. Greater land equivalent ratio &lt; 1.75 were obtained with SC Squire and Namsoy 4m in D2. We concluded that intermediate maturing soybean have multiple benefits for farmers in Western Kenya at 1:2 maize: soybean planting density provided that the practice is accompanied with good soil and crop management practices.

Response of irrigated soybeans (Glycine max) to phosphorus on an alkaline cracking clay in semi-arid tropical Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Garside ◽  
MC Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
P Application

The primary and residual effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on soybeans (Glycine max cv. Buchanan) were studied at one site for three seasons on Cununurra clay in the Ord Irrigation Area. Grain yield increased (P< 0.01) with both primary and residual P in all seasons. When grain yields over the 3 years were standardized to eliminate seasonal effects, relative grain yield (RGY) was positively related to each of bicarbonate-extractable soil P (EP), applied fertilizer P (FP) and fertilizer P applied to the previous crop (PFP). Seventy-three per cent of the variation in relative yield within years could be explained by the equation: RGY = 45.44 + 0.64FP + l.84EP + 0.197PFP R 2 = 0 . 7 3 , P < 0.01 Increasing P status was associated with increased plant height, dry matter production and weight of 100 seeds and increased the number of main-stem nodes, nodules, pods per plant and days to maturity, but had no effect on number of seeds per pod and number of days until commencement and completion of flowering. Concentrations of P in the whole tops and uppermost leaf increased with increasing rate of P application. However, there was a significant P x growth stage interaction on nitrogen concentrations in whole tops and upper-most leaf, these being lower in the high-P plots early in the season. Grain protein content increased with increasing P status while oil content was reduced. The results show that rates of P application higher than those being currently used are required to maximize soybean yield on Cununurra clay.

scholarly journals Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Yield of Direct Seeded Rice and Wheat Influenced by Residues Incorporation and Phosphorus Application under Saline Soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Imdad Ali Mahmood ◽  
Arshad Ali ◽  
Armghan Shahzad ◽  
Tariq Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
P Use Efficiency ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
P Application ◽  
Phosphorus Application

A two years field study according to split plot design was conducted to investigate the impactof crop residue (CR) incorporation and P application (0, 40, 80, 120 kg P2O5/ha) on P use efficiency andyield of direct seeded rice (DSR) and wheat grown under saline soil (ECe = 4.59 dS/m; pHs = 8.38;SAR = 6.57 (mmolc/L)1/2; extractable P = 4.07 mg/kg; texture = sandy clay loam), during the years 2011and 2012. Planting of DSR (with and without crop residue incorporation @ 2 tonnes/ha) were placed inmain plots and P application was in sub plots. Data on tillering, plant height, panicle length, 1000 grainweight, paddy and straw yields were collected. On an average of two years, maximum tillers (18), paniclelength (33), grain/panicle (121) and paddy yield (3.26 t/ha) were produced with P application @ 80 kgP2O5/ha along with CR incorporation. Similarly in case of wheat grown after DSR, maximum tillers (17),spike length (17), grains/panicle (66) and grain yield (3.56 t/ha) were produced with P application @ 80 kgP2O5/ha along with CR incorporation. Although, the growth and yield contributing parameters with thistreatment (80 kg P2O5/ha + CR) performed statistically equal to 120 kg P2O5/ha without CR incorporationduring both the years, but on an average of two years, grain yield of DSR and wheat was significantlysuperior (22 and 24%, respectively) than that of higher P rate (120 kg/ha) without CR. Overall, continuoustwo years CR incorporation further increased (17%) paddy yields during the follow up year of crop harvest.Higher P use efficiency and concentrations of P, K+ and Ca2+ in both DSR and wheat plant tissues wasfound where 80 kg P2O5/ha was applied along with CR incorporation or 120 kg P2O5/ha alone while Na+and Mg2+ concentration decreased with CR incorporation and increasing P rate. An increasing trend inDSR paddy and wheat grain yields was observed with increasing the rate of P application without CRincorporation, however, it was not as much as that of 80 kg P2O5/ha application with CR incorporationand found to be superior than rest of the treatments during both study years.

scholarly journals Response of soybean (Glycine max L.) to application of lime and phosphate fertilizer in an acid soil of western Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-475
Author(s):  
Peter Asbon Opala
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Better Than

The effect of combining lime and phosphate fertilizer on the performance of soybean (Glycine max L.) was investigated in a pot experiment consisting of nine treatments of three rates of lime (0, 4 and 8 t ha−1) in a factorial combination with three rates of phosphorus (0, 15, and 30 kg P ha−1) at Maseno University in western Kenya. There was a significant interaction between the lime and phosphorus rate on the biomass dry weight of soybean. At the rates of 0 and 4 t ha-1 of lime, the biomass dry weight of soybean increased with increasing rates of phosphorus but at 8 t ha-1 of lime, the dry weight of soybean increased from 0 to 15 kg P ha-1 but declined at 30 kg P ha-1. There was however no significant interaction between lime and P rates on grain weight but the effects of both P and lime rate were significant. When applied without lime, 30 kg P ha-1 gave significantly higher grain (5.3 g pot-1) weight than 15 kg P ha-1 (1.6 g pot-1) of soybean, which was also significantly better than the control (0.0 g pot-1). When applied without phosphorus, both lime rates at 4 and 8 t ha−1 significantly increased grain weights of soybean compared to the control, but the grain weights of soybean between the two lime rates did not differ significantly. The highest yields of soybean were obtained when 4 t ha−1 of lime was applied with 30 kg P ha−1 (19 g pot-1). Therefore, this study demonstrates that the ameliorating deleterious effects of soil acidity through liming should simultaneous be accompanied by application of P fertilizer at appropriate rates.

Effect of an acidifying nitrogen fertiliser and lime on soil pH and wheat yields. 2. Plant response

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
WM Porter ◽  
WJ Cox
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
P Rate ◽  
P Application ◽  
Continuous Cropping System ◽  
Plant Sampling ◽  
Yield Responses

This paper reports the effects of an acidifying fertiliser on wheat yields and mineral composition in the first 10 years of trials at Merredin, Wongan Hills, and Newdegate, described in the previous paper. There were grain yield increases from application (kg/ha.year) of 17.5 N + 7.6 P and 35 N + 15.2 P in all years except 1980 (Wongan Hills and Newdegate) and 1989 (Merredin). At Merredin, 3 t/ha of limestone increased grain yields in all years except 1982 and 1983. At Wongan Hills, limestone increased yields in the continuous cropping system, in the presence of high N + P, during 1986 and 1989. At Newdegate, grain yield responses to lime were recorded in 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1988, and 1989; limestone resulted in decreased wheat yields in 1984 because of an increase in the severity of the root disease take-all (caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), and decreased lupin yields in 1987 because of manganese deficiency. There were a few responses at Merredin and Newdegate to low rates of limestone with each N + P application. Application of the magnesium (Mg) + potassium (K) + molybdenum (Mo) in addition to limestone gave isolated responses at all sites. Concentrations of calcium (Ca), Mg, and K at the 1989 plant sampling were highest at Wongan Hills and lowest at Merredin. Calcium concentrations were higher at Merredin and Newdegate following N + P application, but lower at Wongan Hills. Application of N + P reduced the concentration of Mg at Merredin and Wongan Hills, but increased Mg at Newdegate. The concentration of K was decreased at all sites by N + P. Limestone had no consistent effect on Ca concentrations but increased the concentrations of Mg and K at Merredin and K at Newdegate. Where Mg + K + Mo had been applied in 1980, concentrations of Ca decreased and K increased, while there was no consistent effect on Mg concentration. The Mo concentration in plant shoots was reduced at all sites by increasing rate of N + P and increased by application of lime and Mo in 1980. Grain Mo concentrations were very low at Merredin and Wongan Hills, even in the absence of N + P. Concentrations at Newdegate were reduced by increasing N + P rate. Application of limestone increased grain Mo concentrations at all sites, but these were still lowered by N + P application. Concentrations were also increased by the application of Mo in 1980, but fell with time, particularly with application of N + P.

scholarly journals Role of Integrated Nutrient Management and Agronomic Fortification of Zinc on Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatesh Paramesh ◽  
Shiva Dhar ◽  
Anchal Dass ◽  
Bipin Kumar ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Application

Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) are essential plant nutrients, and their deficiency in soils and the antagonistic effect of P on Zn are important concerns world-over. Thus, a two-year (2012–13 to 2013–14) experimentation was carried out to assess grain yield, nutrient uptake and quality parameters of wheat by various levels of P and Zn. The results revealed that 50% recommended dose of P (RDP) through phospho-enriched compost (PEC) + 50% RDP through fertiliser and soil application of 12.5 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha−1 + one foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O recorded significantly higher grain yield (4.81 and 4.61 t ha−1, respectively), straw yield (7.20 and 6.92 t ha−1, respectively) and protein content (11.5% and 11.3%, respectively). The concentrations of Zn in grain (35.6%) and straw (57.3%) were not affected due to organic P application but 100% P through P fertilizer reduced the Zn content in the grains. Both soil and foliar application of Zn were found to be more promising in increasing Zn and Fe concentration in grains (37.5 and 30.9 mg kg−1, respectively) and straw (60.3 and 398 mg kg−1, respectively). Overall, the treatment combination of 50% RDP through PEC + 50% RDP through fertiliser and soil applied 12.5 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha−1 + one spray of 0.5% Zn was beneficial in reducing antagonistic effect of P on Zn and increasing Zn and Fe concentration in wheat grain and, thus, could be used for improving the yield of Zn and Fe enriched wheat grains.

EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER APPLICATION METHODS AND NITROGEN SOURCES ON MAIZE IN WESTERN KENYA: AN AGRONOMIC AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. OPALA ◽  
B. A. JAMA ◽  
C. O. OTHIENO ◽  
J. R. OKALEBO
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
N Sources ◽  
P Fertilizer

Simultaneous deficiencies of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) which limit crop production in western Kenya can be overcome through a combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. An experiment was conducted with maize (Zea mays) for two seasons to compare two methods of applying inorganic P fertilizer (broadcast versus spot) in a factorial combination with three N sources, i.e. farmyard manure (FYM), Tithonia diversifolia green manure (tithonia) and urea. Net financial benefits of the tested practices were computed using partial budgeting. Maize yield was not significantly affected by the P fertilizer application method in the first season, but the broadcast method was generally superior to spot application in the second season. The three N sources produced maize yields that were comparable in both seasons. FYM integrated with P fertilizer applied using the broadcast method, however, had the highest cumulative net benefit and was therefore the most economically attractive input combination.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc management effects on grain yield and cadmium concentration in two cultivars of durum wheat

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Application ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Cadmium concentration in durum (Triticum turgidum) grain may be influenced by fertilizer management. A 3-yr field study conducted on two Orthic Black Chernozemic soils investigated the effects of banded and broadcast applications of N and P, and applications of Zn fertilizer on the yield and Cd concentration of the grain of two cultivars of durum wheat. Applications of N and P fertilizer increased grain yield of durum wheat when soil nutrient supply was low or yield potential was high, while Zn application generally had little effect on grain yield. Cadmium concentration of durum increased with applications of N and P and was generally unaffected by Zn application. Method of application of N or P did not consistently influence either grain yield or Cd concentration of the grain under the conditions of this study. Where differences due to placement occurred, banded P produced higher grain yield and Cd concentration than application of the same level of P as a broadcast treatment. Cadmium accumulation increased substantially with N and P applications, since both Cd concentration in the grain and grain yield increased with N and P application. Year-to-year variation in Cd concentration in the grain was large, indicating a strong effect of environment on Cd phytoavailability. Key words: Management, banding, nutrient, accumulation

Altering the competitiveness of tame oat (Avena sativa L.) versus wild oat (Avena fatua L.) with phosphorus and seeding rate

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-590
Author(s):  
W.E. May
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Oat Biomass ◽  
Plot Design

Currently, no in-crop herbicide is registered to control wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in tame oat (Avena sativa L.). Wild oat must be controlled in tame oat using other agronomic practices. The objective of this research was to determine if side-banded phosphorus (P) in combination with seeding rate would increase the competitiveness of tame oat with wild oat, increasing yield and quality. An experiment was conducted from 2003–2005 at Indian Head, SK. The experimental design was a strip-plot design with four replications. The strips were low and high wild oat density. A two-way factorial, seeding rate (150, 250, 350, and 450 plants m−2), and P rate (0, 15, and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1) were seeded across the strips. Phosphorus affected seed density, grain yield, oat biomass, and wild oat fecundity. Seeding rate affected most of the measured variables and interacted with wild oat and year. The application of P increased the competiveness of oat by increasing crop biomass by 7.6% and grain yield by 3.4% and decreasing wild oat seed from 1.26% to 0.76% in the harvested grain. Wild oat decreased grain yield by 23% in 2003, 4.4% in 2004, and 11% in 2005. Increasing the seeding rate increased grain yield by 5% when wild oat was present. Wild oat did not interfere with the uptake of side-banded P. Producers need to use both P fertilization and higher seeding rates to improve the competitiveness of tame oat and the management of wild oat in tame oat.

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