scholarly journals Variação das dunas no Balneário Barra do Chuí, extremo sul do Brasil, entre 2005-2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Guilherme Da Silva Rodrigues ◽  
Ulisses Rocha de Oliveira ◽  
Karine Bastos Leal
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Relevant Variable ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Erdas Imagine ◽  
Polygon Method ◽  
Coastal Settlement

As dunas costeiras são feições naturais formadas a partir das praias arenosas, devido a interação do vento, areia e vegetação. No entanto, a ação humana torna-se uma variável cada vez mais relevante em sua dinâmica, ocasionando problemas ambientais. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo quantificar e caracterizar, a partir de uma série temporal de imagens orbitais no intervalo entre 2005 e 2018, a mobilidade das dunas no Balneário Barra do Chuí – RS, especificamente a variação na base das dunas frontais. O intuito é verificar processos de erosão e sedimentação na orla do balneário, bem como a variação do limite do reverso do campo de dunas, onde se encontra a área urbana edificada do balneário. A metodologia foi empregada a partir de imagens orbitais adquiridas no software Google Earth Pro® e técnicas realizadas nos softwares ArcGIS 10.3.1® e ERDAS Imagine 2013®. A variação das linhas de costa analisadas foi obtida a partir do Método do Polígono de Mudança, por meio de uma linha de controle aplicada aos limites praia-duna frontal e reverso da duna. O Balneário Barra do Chuí, no período estudado, apresentou predomínio de taxas de erosão das dunas frontais, onde depósitos pleistocênicos estão sendo diretamente trabalhados pela ação marinha. O reverso das dunas apresentou tendência de avanço em relação à retroterra. Constatou-se que em alguns locais o transporte eólico de sedimentos está soterrando algumas residências. Palavras-chave: Limite praia-duna. Reverso das Dunas. Geotecnologias. Método do Polígono de Mudança.                                                                                                                                 Foredune variation in the Barra do Chui coastal settlement, southern Brazil, between 2005-2018ABSTRACT Foredunes are natural features formed from sandy beaches, due to the interaction of wind, sand, and vegetation. However, human action becomes an increasingly relevant variable in its dynamics, causing environmental problems. The present work aims to quantify and characterize, from a time series of orbital images in the interval between 2005 and 2018, the dune mobility in the Barra do Chui coastal settlement, specifically the variation in the base of the frontal dunes, in order to check erosion and sedimentation at the edge of the resort, as well as the variation of the limit of the reverse of the dune field, where the built-up area of the resort is located. The methodology was used based on orbital images acquired in the Google Earth Pro® software and techniques performed in the ArcGIS 10.3.1® and ERDAS Imagine 2013® software. The variation of the coastlines analyzed was obtained from the Change Polygon Method, through a control line applied to the frontal and reverse dune beach-dune limits. The Barra do Chui coastal settlement, in the studied period, presented a predominance of erosion rates of the frontal dunes, where Pleistocene deposits are being directly worked by the marine action. The reverse side of the dunes showed an upward trend in relation to the retrograde, in fact, in some places, wind sediment transport has already been burying some homes. Keywords: Dune-Beach Limit. Dunes Reverse. Geotechnologies. Change Polygon Method

scholarly journals Interactions between deforestation, landscape rejuvenation, and shallow landslides in the North Tanganyika – Kivu Rift region, Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Depicker ◽  
Gerard Govers ◽  
Liesbet Jacobs ◽  
Benjamin Campforts ◽  
Judith Uwihirwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Shallow Landslides ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Landslide Activity ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Deforestation increases landslide activity over short, contemporary timescales. However, over longer timescales the location and timing of landsliding is controlled by the interaction between uplift and fluvial incision. Yet, the interaction between (human-induced) deforestation and landscape evolution has hitherto not been explicitly considered. We address this issue in the North Tanganyika-Kivu Rift region (East African Rift). In recent decades, the regional population has grown exponentially and the associated expansion of cultivated and urban land has resulted in widespread deforestation. On a much longer time scale, tectonic uplift has forged two parallel mountainous Rift shoulders that are continuously rejuvenated through knickpoint retreat, enforcing topographic steepening. In order to link deforestation and rejuvenation to landslide erosion, we compiled an inventory of nearly 8,000 recent shallow landslides in Google Earth© imagery from 2000–2019. To accurately calculate landslide erosion rates, we developed a new methodology to remediate inventory biases linked to the spatial and temporal inconsistency of this satellite imagery. We find that erosion rates in rejuvenated landscapes are roughly 40 % higher than in the surrounding relict landscapes, upstream of retreating knickpoints and outside of the Rift shoulders. This difference is due to the generally steeper relief in rejuvenated landscapes which more than compensates for the fact that rejuvenated slopes, when compared to similarly angled slopes in relict zones, often display a somewhat lower landslide erosion rate. These lower rates in the rejuvenated landscapes could be the result of a drier climate, the omission of earthquake-induced landslide events in our landslide inventory, and potentially a smaller regolith stock. More frequent extreme rainfall events in the relict zones, and possibly the presence of a thicker regolith, cause a stronger landslide response to deforestation compared to rejuvenated landscapes. Overall, deforestation initiates a landslide peak that lasts approximately 15 years and increases landslide erosion by a factor 2 to 8. Eventually, landslide erosion in deforested land falls back to a level similar to that observed under forest conditions, most likely due to the depletion of the most unstable regolith. Landslides are not only more abundant in rejuvenated landscapes but are also smaller in size, which may be a consequence of the seismic activity that fractures the bedrock and reduces the minimal critical area for slope failure. With this paper, we highlight the importance of considering the geomorphological context when studying the impact of recent land use changes on landslide activity.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impacts of Rising Sea Level on Coastal Morpho-Dynamics with Automated High-Frequency Shoreline Mapping Using Multi-Sensor Optical Satellites

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3587
Author(s):  
Naheem Adebisi ◽  
Abdul-Lateef Balogun ◽  
Masoud Mahdianpari ◽  
Teh Hee Min
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Shoreline Displacement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rising Sea Level

Rising sea level is generally assumed and widely reported to be the significant driver of coastal erosion of most low-lying sandy beaches globally. However, there is limited data-driven evidence of this relationship due to the challenges in quantifying shoreline dynamics at the same temporal scale as sea-level records. Using a Google Earth Engine (GEE)-enabled Python toolkit, this study conducted shoreline dynamic analysis using high-frequency data sampling to analyze the impact of sea-level rise on the Malaysian coastline between 1993 and 2019. Instantaneous shorelines were extracted from a test site on Teluk Nipah Island and 21 tide gauge sites from the combined Landsat 5–8 and Sentinel 2 images using an automated shoreline-detection method, which was based on supervised image classification and sub-pixel border segmentation. The results indicated that rising sea level is contributing to shoreline erosion in the study area, but is not the only driver of shoreline displacement. The impacts of high population density, anthropogenic activities, and longshore sediment transportation on shoreline displacement were observed in some of the beaches. The conclusions of this study highlight that the synergistic use of multi-sensor remote-sensing data improves temporal resolution of shoreline detection, removes short-term variability, and reduces uncertainties in satellite-derived shoreline analysis compared to the low-frequency sampling approach.

scholarly journals Exploring environmental connection: ecological network opportunities in the Shahdagh National Park, Azerbaijan

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Emil Akif oghlu Jabrayilov
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Ecological Network ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Ecological Corridors ◽  
Erdas Imagine

The high growth rate of consumption of natural resources by people in the last century have seriously and negatively affected ecosystems and led to the loss of biodiversity. At present, it is important to take the necessary measures to ensure sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. Ecological networks play an important role in maintaining and controlling the stability and balance of communication between ecosystem complexes. For this purpose, the possibility of creating an ecological network that includes core areas, buffer zones, ecological corridors and restoration areas in the section of Shamakhi district of the Shahdagh National Park was explored. The designated buffer zone of the national park includes 14 villages and 1 settlement type administrative unit. Mountainous landscapes predominate in the area, and the absolute height ranges from 500-200 m. Riverbeds, intermountain depression, mountain passes, trails and forests which should be planted in the areas we offer, were considered as main factors during the construction of ecological corridors in the national park and the buffer zones. The materials obtained from the literature and our field studies, also, vector and raster data were used during the site identification. The data was processed in software such as ArcGIS 10, ERDAS Imagine, Global Mapper, Google Earth, etc. Existing ecosystems were identified, and areas were calculated in separate elements of the ecological network in the study area.

scholarly journals Cartografía del uso del suelo en la subcuenca Huaquechula, Puebla, México, con un índice combinado de imágenes de satélite

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Cesar Flores Cesareo ◽  
Angel Bustamante González ◽  
Samuel Vargas López ◽  
Lenom Cajuste Bontemps ◽  
Francisco J. Escobedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Erdas Imagine ◽  
Sistemas De Informacion ◽  
Water Assessment ◽  
Soil And Water

  La generación de mapas actualizados de uso del suelo en regiones de agricultura de regadío es importante tanto para el monitoreo productivo como para la aplicación de modelos hidrológicos o de otro tipo. Por requerimientos de costo y tiempo, las herramientas de percepción remota y Sistemas de Información Geográfica son de gran ayuda para tal fin. En este estudio se delimitaron los usos del suelo, con énfasis especial en las tierras de agricultura de riego, utilizando imágenes Landsat 8 de tres periodos con condiciones de lluvias diferentes durante 2017; para cada imagen se obtuvo el Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI, por sus siglas en inglés). Los NDVI se combinaron para formar una imagen Red-Green-Blue- NDVI (RGB-NDVI). Con el programa ERDAS Imagine 2014 se obtuvieron las firmas espectrales para los usos del suelo y vegetación identificadas con el programa Google Earth. Se ubicaron puntos al azar para verificar si el uso del suelo del mapa obtenido corresponde con el uso verdadero. Además, se comparó el mapa obtenido a partir de imágenes de satélite con el mapa de Uso del Suelo y Vegetación, Serie VI, considerado el mapa oficial más actualizado en México. Los mapas se evaluaron utilizando matrices de confusión e índices de confiabilidad. El mapa generado con imágenes Landsat 8 tuvo mayor confiabilidad que el de Uso del Suelo y Vegetación, Serie VI. El mapa obtenido es útil para dar seguimiento a los cambios de uso del suelo y es insumo para modelos hidrológicos, como el Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), con el fin de estimar los efectos de prácticas agrícolas sobre las corrientes superficiales. 

scholarly journals Variação do limite praia duna nos Balneários Mostardense, Mar Grosso, Cassino e Barra do Chuí – RS no intervalo entre 2003-2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Bastos Leal ◽  
Ulisses Rocha De Oliveira ◽  
Jean Marcel de Almeida Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
Erdas Imagine ◽  
Polygon Method

As praias oceânicas arenosas são extremamente vulneráveis tanto aos fatores morfodinâmicos naturais quanto às ações antrópicas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo quantificar e caracterizar, a partir de uma série temporal de imagens orbitais no intervalo de 2003 - 2015, a variação especial do limite entre a praia e a duna frontal nos Balneários Mostardense, Mar Grosso, Cassino e Barra do Chuí – RS, a fim de estimar se estão em processo de erosão, acresção ou estabilidade. A metodologia foi empregada a partir de uma base cartográfica adquirida no software GoogleEarthPro® e técnicas realizadas nos softwares ArcGis 10.3.1® e ERDAS Imagine 2013®. A variação da linha de costa foi obtida a partir do método polígono de mudança (Change Polygon Method), por meio de uma linha de controle aplicada ao limite praia duna frontal. Para o Balneário Mostardense, entre os anos de 2005 e 2014, se obteve taxa erosiva ao longo da costa. O Balneário Mar Grosso, entre os anos de 2006 e 2015, apresentou variações ao longo dos anos, predominando acresção e desenvolvimento dunar. O Balneário Cassino, entre os anos de 2006 e 2015, apresentou taxas acrescivas bastante significativas, associadas ao grande aporte sedimentar para a praia no período. O Balneário da Barra do Chuí, entre os anos de 2003 e 2013, apresentou taxas erosivas e acrescivas. Porém, segundo evidências no campo, constata-se que esse local está sofrendo processo erosivo. As variações do limite superior de praia, limite praia duna, têm relação com a ação de eventos de alta energia hidrodinâmica, que por vezes erodem as dunas frontais, e processos de recomposição, promovidos pela ação marinha e eólica. Os resultados mostraram também a importância das características locais no contexto da variação da linha de costa

scholarly journals Interactions between deforestation, landscape rejuvenation, and shallow landslides in the North Tanganyika–Kivu rift region, Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-462
Author(s):  
Arthur Depicker ◽  
Gerard Govers ◽  
Liesbet Jacobs ◽  
Benjamin Campforts ◽  
Judith Uwihirwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Shallow Landslides ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Landslide Activity ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Deforestation is associated with a decrease in slope stability through the alteration of hydrological and geotechnical conditions. As such, deforestation increases landslide activity over short, decadal timescales. However, over longer timescales (0.1–10 Myr) the location and timing of landsliding is controlled by the interaction between uplift and fluvial incision. Yet, the interaction between (human-induced) deforestation and landscape evolution has hitherto not been explicitly considered. We address this issue in the North Tanganyika–Kivu rift region (East African Rift). In recent decades, the regional population has grown exponentially, and the associated expansion of cultivated and urban land has resulted in widespread deforestation. In the past 11 Myr, active continental rifting and tectonic processes have forged two parallel mountainous rift shoulders that are continuously rejuvenated (i.e., actively incised) through knickpoint retreat, enforcing topographic steepening. In order to link deforestation and rejuvenation to landslide erosion, we compiled an inventory of nearly 8000 recent shallow landslides in © Google Earth imagery from 2000–2019. To accurately calculate landslide erosion rates, we developed a new methodology to remediate inventory biases linked to the spatial and temporal inconsistency of this satellite imagery. Moreover, to account for the impact of rock strength on both landslide occurrence and knickpoint retreat, we limit our analysis to rock types with threshold angles of 24–28∘. Rejuvenated landscapes were defined as the areas draining towards Lake Kivu or Lake Tanganyika and downstream of retreating knickpoints. We find that shallow landslide erosion rates in these rejuvenated landscapes are roughly 40 % higher than in the surrounding relict landscapes. In contrast, we find that slope exerts a stronger control on landslide erosion in relict landscapes. These two results are reconciled by the observation that landslide erosion generally increases with slope gradient and that the relief is on average steeper in rejuvenated landscapes. The weaker effect of slope steepness on landslide erosion rates in the rejuvenated landscapes could be the result of three factors: the absence of earthquake-induced landslide events in our landslide inventory, a thinner regolith mantle, and a drier climate. More frequent extreme rainfall events in the relict landscapes, and the presence of a thicker regolith, may explain a stronger landslide response to deforestation compared to rejuvenated landscapes. Overall, deforestation initiates a landslide peak that lasts approximately 15 years and increases landslide erosion by a factor 2 to 8. Eventually, landslide erosion in deforested land falls back to a level similar to that observed under forest conditions, most likely due to the depletion of the most unstable regolith. Landslides are not only more abundant in rejuvenated landscapes but are also smaller in size, which may again be a consequence of a thinner regolith mantle and/or seismic activity that fractures the bedrock and reduces the minimal critical area for slope failure. With this paper, we highlight the importance of considering the geomorphological context when studying the impact of recent land use changes on landslide activity.

Erosion Study of Silica Phenolic Nozzles with Graphite Inserts in Solid Rocket Motors

2015 ◽  
Vol 1095 ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiong Chen ◽  
Rui Liu ◽  
Hong Ying Du
Keyword(s):  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Solid Rocket Motors ◽  
Rocket Motors ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Firing Test ◽  
Solid Rocket ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Experimental and theoretical studies on the erosion of silica phenolic nozzles with graphite inserts in solid rocket motors were carried out. Two identical segmented nozzles, consisting of graphite inserts and silica phenolic insulation in the convergent and divergent sections, were tested at same operating condition. Due to the different thermal resistance ability, steps are formed at the interface of two materials. The erosion rates, following the distribution of Reynolds number, exhibit an upward trend in the convergent section and decrease in the divergent section for both silicon phenolic and graphite. At high temperature, the graphite erosion rate is limited by the diffusion rate of the oxidizing species,while the erosion rate is limited by the chemical kinetics at low temperature. For the graphite nozzle insert, a switch from kinetics mechanism to diffusion mechanism occurs in the convergent section during the firing test.

Coastal erosion in sandy beaches along a tectonically active coast: The Chile study case

2021 ◽  
pp. 030913332110571
Author(s):  
Carolina Martínez ◽  
Patricio Winckler Grez ◽  
Roberto Agredano Martín ◽  
César Esparza Acuña ◽  
Iván Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Tectonically Active

Coastal erosion in 45 sandy beaches covering nearly 2000 km along the tectonically active Chilean coast is assessed during the last four decades. The historical analysis is based on the assessment of decadal changes of the shoreline position extracted from topographic surveys, aerial photographs, satellite images and survey maps using the DSAS software. Results show that 80% of the sites presented erosion rates (>−0.2 m/y), 7% beaches accreted (>0.2 m/y) while 13% remained stable. Eroded beaches include headland bay beaches, embayed and pocket beaches. A discussion on the possible causes explaining these results is conducted. While changes in offshore wave climate are spatially smooth within the region, relative mean sea level changes are highly variable and modulated by tectonic activity; the reduction of the sediment supply explains erosion rates in few cases.

scholarly journals Brazilian Mangrove Status: Three Decades of Satellite Data Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Diniz ◽  
Luiz Cortinhas ◽  
Gilberto Nerino ◽  
Jhonatan Rodrigues ◽  
Luís Sadeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Landsat Data ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Mangrove Area ◽  
Scientific Task ◽  
Google Earth Engine ◽  
Second Period

Since the 1980s, mangrove cover mapping has become a common scientific task. However, the systematic and continuous identification of vegetation cover, whether on a global or regional scale, demands large storage and processing capacities. This manuscript presents a Google Earth Engine (GEE)-managed pipeline to compute the annual status of Brazilian mangroves from 1985 to 2018, along with a new spectral index, the Modular Mangrove Recognition Index (MMRI), which has been specifically designed to better discriminate mangrove forests from the surrounding vegetation. If compared separately, the periods from 1985 to 1998 and 1999 to 2018 show distinct mangrove area trends. The first period, from 1985 to 1998, shows an upward trend, which seems to be related more to the uneven distribution of Landsat data than to a regeneration of Brazilian mangroves. In the second period, from 1999 to 2018, a trend of mangrove area loss was registered, reaching up to 2% of the mangrove forest. On a regional scale, ~85% of Brazil’s mangrove cover is in the states of Maranhão, Pará, Amapá and Bahia. In terms of persistence, ~75% of the Brazilian mangroves remained unchanged for two decades or more.

scholarly journals Influência da orientação de praia na retração da linha de costa induzida por marés de tempestade: Armação e Canasvieiras, Ilha de Santa Catarina - SC

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Bastos Leal ◽  
Jarbas Bonetti ◽  
Pedro De Souza Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Models ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Shoreline Change ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Digital Shoreline Analysis System ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Tidal Characteristics ◽  
Polygon Method

Os processos de recuo da linha de costa em praias arenosas oceânicas estão comumente relacionados à ocorrência de marés de tempestade e agravados pelas construções sobre o limite superior de praia. Neste contexto, o trabalho apresentado quantificou a variabilidade da linha de costa de duas praias urbanizadas, Armação e Canasvieiras, situadas no sul do Brasil, que possuem orientações distintas ao clima de ondas, e relacionou sua exposição às marés de tempestade registradas entre os anos de 2009 e 2018. Para isso foram datadas e caracterizadas as marés de tempestade quanto às ondas, maré e ventos durante sua ocorrência. A variação da linha de costa foi calculada por meio do Método do Polígono de Mudança e do DSAS, que representam as variações a partir de modelos espaciais distintos. Os resultados mostram que houve recuo do limite superior nas duas praias e que o mesmo está relacionado às ocorrências de marés de tempestade. A praia da Armação apresentou recuo de até -4 m/ano e na praia de Canasvieiras registrou-se recuo de até -1m/ano. Constatou-se que na praia mais exposta, Armação, as marés de tempestade estão associadas às ondulações de SE e ventos de S. Por outro lado, os eventos na praia de Canasvieiras estão associados às ondulações de NE e ventos de N, tendo em ambas sido registrados durante as marés de sizígia. Nesta praia mais abrigada os eventos ocorrem sob condições meteo-oceanográficas particulares e podem igualmente causar impactos. Influence of beach orientation on shoreline retreat induced by storm surges: Armação and Canasvieiras, Ilha de Santa Catarina – SC A B S T R A C TCoastal retreat processes in oceanic sandy beaches are commonly related to storm surges and intensified by urbanization on the upper beach limit. In this research, shoreline variability was quantified in an interannual basis between 2009 and 2018 in two urbanized beaches in southern Brazil. Both Armação and Canasvieiras beaches have different orientations and exposures to the regional wave climate, but historically present severe wave-induced damage reports. The study was carried out based on the Change Polygon Method and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), two distinct shoreline change approaches based on different spatial models. The identified historical storm surges were discriminated according to waves, winds and tidal characteristics during their occurrence. It was concluded that the observed upper limit retreats in both beaches were, in fact, induced by storm surges. Due to its orientation, Armação beach is exposed to storm surges with SE waves and S winds. During the analyzed period, this beach showed a retreat up to -4 m/year. On the other hand, the events at Canasvieiras beach were associated with NE waves and N winds, showing a retreat up to -1 m/year. All the analyzed storm surge events occurred during spring tides and were concentrated in autumn. Although Armação beach is more exposed to storm surges due to its orientation, Canasvieiras beach, even with its sheltered shoreline orientation, can also be impacted depending on the storm surges characteristics.Keywords: Wave climate. The Change Polygon Method. Digital Shoreline Analysis System.

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