scholarly journals Consumo de tabaco en Santiago de Chile durante el periodo tardío colonial e inicios de la era republicana

2018 ◽  
pp. 123-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Martínez Barraza ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
Revolutionary Period

This article assesses the consumption of tobacco in Santiago de Chile from the last third of the eighteenth century until the first decades of the republican era. Evidence indicates a rather favourable standard of living in Bourbon America, in contrast with the less optimistic view portrayed by Allen, Murphy and Schneider (2012). The methodology employed here consisted of compiling the trading values of the tobacconist profession, including prices and volumes of tobacco sales, in order to visualize the effective consumption of the population through the use of documentary sources from the Chilean general tobacco administration. The results show that tobacco consumption increased in Santiago during this extended period, in line with population growth and despite the rise in the average price of tobacco. In terms of volume, legal consumption of tobacco exceeded 3 pounds per capita per year at the end of the colonial period, while in the early republican decades it dropped to 2 pounds. This evolution can be explained due to the transformation of the consumption pattern in Santiago, where the colonial preference for less elaborated tobacco gave way to a greater assortment of refined products after the revolutionary period that began in 1810. More importantly, access to tobacco would have been universal, since on average it cost only 2.5% of the annual income of the least qualified workers.

Quechua’s Southern Boundary: The Case of Santiago del Estero, Argentina

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH DeMARRAIS
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The South ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
North West ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Continued Use

This chapter examines the far southern boundary of Quechua's spread throughout the Andes. It argues that Quechua reached north-west Argentina in Inka times and that it was widely used during the colonial period as well. The rationale for this argument is based primarily on evidence for (1) the extent of Inka resettlements in Argentina; (2) the nature of Inka relations with local peoples in the far south; and (3) continued use of Quechua under the Spaniards, as described in the documentary sources. Less clear are the precise population movements that brought Quechua speakers initially to Santiago del Estero, as the archaeological record suggests that the Inka frontier lay higher up the slopes in the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, and Catamarca, where the majority of Inka installations are found. The documents reveal that activities of the Spaniards had further, far-reaching consequences for Quechua's presence in the south Andes, and that ultimately Quechua was replaced in most of north-west Argentina by Spanish.

COMERCIO DE MERCANCÍAS LOCALES EN SANTIAGO DE CHILE, 1773–1778

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Juan José Martínez Barraza
Keyword(s):  
Internal Market ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Retail Channels

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the trade of local merchandise in Santiago's district (Corregimiento) from 1773 to 1778, based on tributary sources. It contributes to the debate on the organization of the colonial internal market. The main traded merchandise, which represented about 80% of Chilean exports, came from the cattle exploitation that was developed in the haciendas around Santiago, whose cattle stocks were complemented from neighboring provinces in the Andes. The largest destination of this trade, in which big merchants acted together with a thousand minor merchants, were the retail channels and the artisan sectors supplying the population of Santiago. The impulse of this demand on the domestic market was so dynamic that it shows a degree of regional autonomy higher than what it is traditionally assumed for the Chilean economy in the late colonial period.

Impact of three annual tobacco tax rises on tobacco sales in remote Australian Aboriginal community stores

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055865
Author(s):  
David P Thomas ◽  
Emma McMahon ◽  
Zhiqiang Wang ◽  
Michelle M Scollo ◽  
Sarah J Durkin
Keyword(s):  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Aboriginal Communities ◽  
Tobacco Taxes ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
Australian Aboriginal Community ◽  
Tobacco Taxation ◽  
First Time

BackgroundThere is strong evidence from many settings that tobacco tax rises which increase prices reduce tobacco consumption, but only limited evidence from Indigenous settings.MethodsWe analysed 3 years (2016–2018) of weekly sales data from 32 stores in remote Aboriginal communities. We used interrupted time series analysis to estimate the immediate impact of the price rice following annual 12.5% tobacco tax rises on sales on (A) stick equivalents of tobacco and (B) fruit and vegetables (kg) per $A1000 of grocery sales, and on the trend in sales between price rises.ResultsWe detected 5.8% and 8.2% immediate declines in tobacco sales following the price rises associated with annual 12.5% tax rises in 2016 and 2018, and a non-significant decline (1.6%) following the 2017 tax rise. Decreased sales were mainly driven by declines in mainstream and premium factory-made cigarettes. Fruit and vegetable sales did not change at the time of tobacco price rises.ConclusionFor the first time, we demonstrated evidence of price-sensitivity and the immediate impact of price rises from tobacco tax rises on tobacco sales in remote Aboriginal communities. We acknowledge that Australia already has very high tobacco taxation and prices, but recommend further increases to the taxation of roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco to prevent smokers and industry using cheaper RYO cigarettes to undermine this impact of high tobacco taxes and prices.

The Younger Generation: The Labour Party and the 1959 Youth Commission

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Full Employment ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World War ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Political Apathy ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Welfare State

In 1956, Martha Gellhorn spent an evening exploring the uncharted territory of London's espresso bars. Her impressions were recorded in an article on “the younger generation”: “Full of expectations and ignorance, I made the long sight-seeing trip through the Espresso-bar country of London, stared at the young natives, and came gladly home at last with many pictures in my mind but little understanding …. The youthful Espresso-ites remained hopelessly strangers, in their strange, small, chosen land; I can only report what I have seen.” Gellhorn's account was punctuated by references to the “strangeness” of her experience. The decor of the bars invoked “distant places” with “bull-fight posters, bamboo, tropical plants, an occasional shell or Mexican mask.” As she traveled through this “strange country,” the sight of a tortilla was “terrifying,” the customers' clothing was breathtakingly exotic, and their skin tones suggested amalgams such as “Chinese-Javanese-Siamese” or “Spanish-Arab-Cuban.” At times, Gellhorn heard French and Italian spoken freely among the espresso bars' young patrons.The foreign topography of youth culture described by Gellhorn was not unusual among accounts of young people in the 1950s, yet until recently this period has been characterized principally as a time of social peace and political apathy, “an age of prosperity and achievement” shaped by “consensus” and a return to normality after the disruption and sacrifices of the Second World War. Following an extended period of austerity, the welfare state and the managed economy seemed to have ensured full employment and an unprecedented standard of living, while the election of successive Conservative governments in 1951, 1955, and 1959 has been explained as the political reflection of rising personal prosperity and security.

The Swaziland Oral History Project

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
National Archives ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Selection Of

In 1985 an oral history project was established in Swaziland, based in the National Archives at Lobamba. The Oral History Project set itself three tasks; the establishment of an oral archive on Swazi history; the publication of a selection of transcripts form the oral archive concerning the precolonial history of Swaziland; the popularization of precolonial history.The precolonial history of Swaziland is the history of a largely non–literate people. The colonial period is well–documented, but mostly from the perspective of the colonial administration. Oral traditions are thus a primary source for both the precolonial and the later history of Swaziland. The Project is concerned to preserve oral testimonies about all periods of Swazi history, including the immediate past. Special attention however, has been paid to the collection and preservation of the oral record pertaining to the precolonial history of Swaziland, a period for which documentary sources are largely absent.There are several reasons for this. Firstly, the relative stability of the Swazi kingdom and its high degree of centralization imparted to early Swazi traditions a unique chronological depth. Secondly, the varied circumstances of incorporation of its many component chiefdoms have endowed Swaziland with an exceptionally rich corpus of local and regional traditons. This diversity facilitates the development of a picture of precolonial life that moves beyond the elitist versions of history which have long dominated both Swazi history and precolonial history elsewhere in southern Africa. Not only are the surviving Swazi oral traditions about the precolonial past unusually rich, but Swaziland occupied a pivotal political position in nineteenth–century southeast Africa. Its traditions illuminate the processes and forces that shaped the history of the entire region

scholarly journals Tobacco manufacturer lobbying to undercut minimum price laws: an analysis of internal industry documents

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055354
Author(s):  
Dorie E Apollonio ◽  
Stanton Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Minimum Price ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundIncreasing the price of tobacco products has the potential to reduce tobacco consumption. As other forms of promotion have been increasingly restricted over time, tobacco manufacturers have relied more on trade discounts. Minimum price laws that prevented the use of manufacturer promotions were once common; however in most US jurisdictions these discounts are now legally protected.MethodsWe collected tobacco industry documents, state legislation and court cases between 1987 and 2016 to review tobacco manufacturer strategies to change minimum price laws in the USA.ResultsBeginning in 2000, tobacco manufacturers lobbied to amend minimum price legislation after state regulators indicated that manufacturer promotions were illegal under existing laws. Companies viewed changing these laws as critical to maintaining tobacco sales, and after the initiation of an industry lobbying campaign, at least 20 states changed the way they calculated tobacco prices.ConclusionsModifying existing minimum price laws so that manufacturer discounts are no longer protected, and implementing new minimum price policies with comparable scope, would likely increase prices and reduce tobacco use.

scholarly journals Oral smokeless tobacco consumption pattern among rural Indian cancer patients: A prospective survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Avinash Pandey ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Shivkant Singh ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Anshuman Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Prospective Survey ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Cross Tabulation

Abstract Bacground: Oral tobacco consumption predisposes to cancer. The pattern of its use in rural Indian cancer patients is unknown. Aim: The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of oral tobacco consumption in cancer patients. Objectives: To identify oral tobacco consumption pattern with respect to demographic variables and clinical profiles in adult Indian rural cancer patients. Materials and Methods: All consecutive individual adult (age >18 years) patients diagnosed with any cancer and registered in the Medical Oncology Outpatient department were enrolled for questionnaire-based survey on oral tobacco consumption between July 2017 and October 2017. Demographic variables were also recorded, including income, education, and occupation. Frequency distribution and cross-tabulation were used for statistical analysis using SPSS version 17. Results: Of 517 cancer patients enrolled, 456 (88%) were rural. 230/517 (44%) consumed several forms of oral tobacco. Out of 230, 179 (78%) of them had dried tobacco leaves, whereas 23 (10%) and 26 (11%) had Gutkha and pan (betel leaves) alone, respectively. 63 (27%) consumed tobacco leaves and gutkha both. 163 (91%) of tobacco chewers were male, whereas 65% of pan chewers were male and 35% of females. About 48% of tobacco chewers were addicted since >20 years, whereas 13% started in the past 5 years. 47/179 (26%) of tobacco chewers were illiterate, whereas 13/179 (7.2%) were graduates. 106 (59%) had monthly income of between Rs. 5000–10,000. 57 (32%) and 40 (22%) were farmers and laborers, respectively. 25/215 (12%) housewives were addicted. 41/58 (70%) of the head-and-neck cancer patients consumed tobacco products, where 29/41 (70%) used dried tobacco leaves to chew. Conclusion: More than 40% of adult Indian rural cancer patients consume oral smokeless tobacco products. Dried tobacco leaves are the most common form of smokeless tobacco consumed.

scholarly journals The 500-year Cultural & Economic Trajectory of Tobacco: A Circle Complete

10.36469/9809 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Jones ◽  
Amanda Wassel ◽  
William Mierse ◽  
E. Scott Sills
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Christopher Columbus ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Adverse Influence

Who smokes, and why do they do it? What factors discourage and otherwise reward or incentivize smoking? Tobacco use has been accompanied by controversy from the moment of its entry into European culture, and conflicting opinions regarding its potentially adverse influence on health have coexisted for hundreds of years. Its use in all forms represents the world’s single greatest cause of preventable disease and death. Tobacco was introduced to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who in October 1492 discovered the crop in Cuba. While the next four centuries would see tobacco as the most highly traded economic commodity, by 1900, the now familiar cigarette remained obscure and accounted for only 2% of total tobacco sales. Global tobacco consumption rose sharply after 1914 and became especially prevalent following World War II, particularly among men. Indeed, overall tobacco sales increased by more than 60% by the mid-20th century, and cigarettes were a critical driver of this growth. Cigarettes dominated the tobacco market by 1950, by then accounting for more than 80% of all tobacco purchases. In the absence of clinical and scientific evidence against tobacco, moral and religious arguments dominated opposition voices against tobacco consumption in the 1800s. However, by the mid-20th century, advancements in medical research supported enhanced government and voluntary actions against tobacco advertising and also raised awareness of the dangers associated with passive tobacco smoke exposure. Solid epidemiological work connecting tobacco use with “the shortening of life span” began to appear in the medical literature in the 1950s, linking smoking with lung cancer and related conditions. In subsequent years, these developments led to significant curtailment of tobacco use. This monograph explores aspects of the intersection of tobacco with themes of behavioral incentives, religion, culture, literature, economics, and government over the past five centuries.

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