NATURAL-AGRICULTURAL ZONING OF THE LAND FUND OF THE SANA BASIN ON THE MESO- AND MICROCLIMATIC LEVEL. NATURAL-AGRICULTURAL MOUNTAIN REGIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
А.S. ISAEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
General Scheme ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Agricultural Zoning ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Mountainous Landscapes

The aim of the study is to study meso – and microclimatic factors in the mountainous relief, ensuring a certain level of heat and humidity availability of mountainous landscapes which forms a specifi c soil cover; to develop soil and climatic justifi cation of placement of agricultural crops and application of fertilizers; to establish a general scheme of agronomic and water reclamation, planning and implementation of measures for the rational use and protection of land resources. As a result of the analysis and generalization of surveys and studies of the materials, there were established regularities of spatial distribution of climatic conditions depending on the absolute level and relief of the land surface, was defined biological productivity of soil types and features of agricultural use of the land fund,were established the main indicators as the basis of the scheme of natural-agricultural zoning of the Sana’a basin in the system of integrated territorial-production formations marked on the meso- and microclimatic level, the boundaries of natural and agricultural mountain areas within the borders of the Sana basin were established.

NATURAL-AGRICULTURAL ZONING OF THE LAND FUND OF THE SANA BASIN AT THE MESO- AND MICROCLIMATIC LEVEL. NATURAL-AGRICULTURAL MOUNTAIN SUB-DISTRICTS AND PLOTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
А.S. RISAEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Scheme ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Agricultural Zoning ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Mountainous Landscapes

The aim of the research is to study meso- and microclimatic factors in the mountainous terrain which ensure a certain level of heat and humidity of mountainous landscapes forming a specific soil cover; development of soil and climatic justification of placement of agricultural crops and application of fertilizers; establishment of a general scheme of agro technical and water reclamation, planning and implementation of measures for the rational use and protection of land resources. As a result of the analysis and generalization of surveys and studies there were established the regularities of spatial distribution of climatic conditions depending on the absolute level of the earth surface and land relief, defined biological productivity of soil types and features of agricultural use of the land fund, established the main indicators as a basis for the scheme of natural-agricultural zoning of the Sana basin in the system of integrated territorial-production formations allocated on the mesomicroclimatic level, established the boundaries of natural and agricultural mountain areas, sub districts and plots within the borders of the Sana basin.

scholarly journals Spatial Relationship between Precipitation and Runoff in Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidele Karamage ◽  
Yuanbo Liu ◽  
Xingwang Fan ◽  
Meta Francis Justine ◽  
Guiping Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Global Precipitation Climatology Centre ◽  
High Runoff ◽  
Monthly Runoff

Abstract. Lack of sufficient and reliable hydrological information is a key hindrance to water resource planning and management in Africa. Hence, the objective of this research is to examine the relationship between precipitation and runoff at three spatial scales, including the whole continent, 25 major basins and 55 countries. For this purpose, the long-term monthly runoff coefficient (Rc) was estimated using the long-term monthly runoff data (R) calculated from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) streamflow records and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) precipitation datasets for the period of time spanning from 1901 to 2017. Subsequently, the observed Rc data were interpolated in order to estimate Rc over the ungauged basins under guidance of key runoff controlling factors, including the land-surface temperature (T), precipitation (P) and potential runoff coefficient (Co) inferred from the land use and land cover, slope and soil texture information. The results show that 16 % of the annual mean precipitation (672.52 mm) becomes runoff (105.72 mm), with a runoff coefficient of 0.16, and the remaining 84 % (566.80 mm) evapotranspirates over the continent during 1901–2017. Spatial analysis reveals that the precipitation–runoff relationship varies significantly among different basins and countries, mainly dependent on climatic conditions and its inter-annual variability. Generally, high runoff depths and runoff coefficients are observed over humid tropical basins and countries with high precipitation intensity compared to those located in subtropical and temperate drylands.

Hygienic assessment of potential ecotoxicological risk of the use of new insecticide spiromesifen in agriculture of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
I.V. Tkachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Ecotoxicological Risk ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Agricultural Use

Objective: The aim of our work was to study the potential ecotoxicological hazard of a new chemical from the class of tetramic and tetronic acid derivatives - the insecticide spiromesifen, taking into account its physico-chemical properties and impact on the environmental objects. Materials and methods: An assessment of the potential danger of spiromesifen use for ecosystems was carried out on the basis of the calculation of the ecotoxicological hazard (ecotox) by N.N. Melnikov’s method. The field studies were carried out in different agro-climatic zones of Ukraine. The treatment of vineyards and apple trees was carried out at the maximum consumption rates of spiromesifen. Results: According to the literary data and our research, it was found that in the soil-and-climatic conditions of Ukraine, the ecotoxicological risk, when using the new insecticide spiromesifen, is 10,000 times and 7,000 times low than the analogous characteristics of DDT. Ecotox abamectin is 154 times low than ecotox DDT. This makes preparations, based on these substances, more promising and competitive among other pesticides in agricultural use. We can conclude that spiromesifen does not pose a threat to terrestrial ecosystems and health of the population.

Changing sensitivity of global vegetation productivity to hydro-climate drivers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wantong Li ◽  
Matthias Forkel ◽  
Mirco Migliavacca ◽  
Markus Reichstein ◽  
Sophia Walther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Vegetation Productivity ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Global Vegetation

<p>Terrestrial vegetation couples the global water, energy and carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the land surface. Thereby, vegetation productivity is determined by a multitude of energy- and water-related variables. While the emergent sensitivity of productivity to these variables has been inferred from Earth observations, its temporal evolution during the last decades is unclear, as well as potential changes in response to trends in hydro-climatic conditions. In this study, we analyze the changing sensitivity of global vegetation productivity to hydro-climate conditions by using satellite-observed vegetation indices (i.e. NDVI) at the monthly timescale from 1982–2015. Further, we repeat the analysis with simulated leaf area index and gross primary productivity from the TRENDY vegetation models, and contrast the findings with the observation-based results. We train a random forest model to predict anomalies of productivity from a comprehensive set of hydro-meteorological variables (temperature, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, surface and root-zone soil moisture and precipitation), and to infer the sensitivity to each of these variables. By training models from temporal independent subsets of the data we detect the evolution of sensitivity across time. Results based on observations show that vegetation sensitivity to energy- and water-related variables has significantly changed in many regions across the globe. In particular we find decreased (increased) sensitivity to temperature in very warm (cold) regions. Thereby, the magnitude of the sensitivity tends to differ between the early and late growing seasons. Likewise, we find changing sensitivity to root-zone soil moisture with increases predominantly in the early growing season and decreases in the late growing season. For better understanding the mechanisms behind the sensitivity changes, we analyse land-cover changes, hydro-climatic trends, and abrupt disturbances (e.g. drought, heatwave events or fires could result in breaking points of sensitivity evolution in the local interpretation). In summary, this study sheds light on how and where vegetation productivity changes its response to the drivers under climate change, which can help to understand possibly resulting changes in spatial and temporal patterns of land carbon uptake.</p>

scholarly journals Reconciling Mountain Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate: A Hindu Kush-Himalayan Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Nakul Chettri
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
Cooperative Agreements ◽  
Mountain Development

Mountains occupy 24% of the global land surface area and are home to 12% of the world’s population. They have ecological, aesthetic, and socioeconomic significance, not only for those living in mountain areas, but also for people living beyond. The Hindu Kush-Himalayan region (HKH) expanding to over four million square kilometres is endowed with rich biodiversity, culture, and sources of varied goods and services that serve more than 200 million people living in the region and 1.3 billion people living in the river basins receive services from them. The countries sharing the HKH have set aside 39% of the biodiversity rich area for different systems of protection. However, in the recent years, the HKH is facing numerous drivers of environmental change including climate change. Various studies suggest that warming in the HKH has been much higher than the global average over the last 100 years and the HKH is already facing climate change threats at ecoregions, ecosystems and species levels. While climate change is a global problem requiring a global solution, the HKH countries have initiated various reconciling initiatives to link conservation with climate change for enhancing ecological and socio-economic resilience. However, there is serious paucity of expertise, capacity and data on climate change as well as biodiversity in the HKH bringing challenges in enhancing the resilience. Considering the significance of the HKH on local, regional, and global levels, it is imperative to close the gaps to meet the challenges arising from the consequences of climate change. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), with its partners, has conceptualised a number of innovative conservation approaches with an objective to reconcile biodiversity conservation goals with climate change challenges. These conservation approaches have a huge potential for mutual benefits from the common good practices, resources and expertise and there is a need for more formal cooperative agreements between the various institutions and communities of the countries at the regional level for addressing regional issues of conservation in the changing climate.Conservation Science Vol.2(1) 2014: 17-27  

scholarly journals Chromosomal Q-Heterochromatin and Atherosclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
A. I. Ibraimov
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Blood Temperature

We suppose that at study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, it is possible that some evolutionary aspects of the problem are missed. This aspect is related to the peculiarity of human adaptation to climatic geographic conditions of Eurasia, which differ significantly from the climate of East Africa, where Homo sapiens was formed as a tropical biological species and so it has remained to this day. A hypothesis has been put forward that the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is associated with some previously unknown features of the genome and the physical properties of the human body that arose in the process of its adaptation to a mild and cold climate. These adaptive genetic changes that have contributed to the development (settling) by Homo sapiens of non-tropical, including cold and high mountain areas of the Earth, resulted to the fact that a man became the single species vulnerable (predisposed) to atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis is apparently a purely human disease that appeared after adaptation of man to climatic conditions of temperate and northern latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The type of vessels (arteries or veins) and the site of their lumen have no role in the development of atherosclerotic changes. The primary and main causative factor in the development of atherosclerosis is blood temperature. The degree of blood cooling in the lungs depends on geographical latitudes and altitude above sea-level of the site of permanent residence of man. The preclinical stage of atherosclerosis may develop into a pathological form predominantly in individuals in the genome of which the amount of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin material is higher than its mean value per individual in the population.

China’s Agricultural Development in Response to Climate Change

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 3609-3612
Author(s):  
Wen Bao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Change Climate ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation Strategies

Agricultural development, especially agricultural production in mountain areas, is fundamentally linked to climatic conditions, so any changes in climate will necessarily affect agricultural development. China’s agriculture faces several development challenges including those linked to climate change. Climate change is threatening food production systems and therefore the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people who depend on agriculture in China. Agriculture is the sector most vulnerable to climate change due to its high dependence on climate and weather and because people involved in agriculture tend to be poorer compared with urban residents. Consistent warming trends and more frequent and intense meteorological disasters have been observed across China in recent decades. In line with climate change across the whole country, it will require agricultural development to implement comprehensive mitigation and adaptation strategies.

SMOS-IC L-VOD reveals that tropical forests did not recover from the strong 2015–2016 El Niño event

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Fan ◽  
Jean-pierre Wigneron ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Ana Bastos ◽  
Martin Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Global Carbon Budget ◽  
Large Spread ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Atmospheric Inversions

<p>Severe drought and extreme heat associated with the 2015–2016 El Niño event have led to large carbon emissions from the tropical vegetation to the atmosphere. With the return to normal climatic conditions in 2017, tropical forest aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks are expected to partly recover due to increased productivity, but the intensity and spatial distribution of this recovery are unknown. Simulations from land-surface models used in the global carbon budget (GCB) suggest a strong reinvigoration of the tropical land sink after the 2015–2016 El Niño. However, models and atmospheric inversions display large divergences in tropical CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes during the 2017 recovery event. For instance, models predict a total net land sink recovery (2017 sink minus the 2015–2016 average sink) ranging from 0.3 to 2.6 Pg C, and the land sink recovery estimated from five atmospheric inversions ranges from −0.08 to +1.92 Pg C. The results of different inversions show a large spread in the tropics due to the scarcity of stations and uncertainties in atmospheric transport simulations.</p><p>We used low-frequency microwave satellite data (L-VOD) to feature precise monitoring of AGC changes and show that the AGC recovery of tropical ecosystems was slow and that by the end of 2017, AGC had not reached predrought levels of 2014<sup>1</sup>. From 2014 to 2017, tropical AGC stocks decreased by 1.3 Pg C due to persistent AGC losses in Africa (-0.9 Pg C) and America (-0.5 Pg C). Pantropically, drylands recovered their carbon stocks to pre–El Niño levels, but African and American humid forests did not, suggesting carryover effects from enhanced forest mortality.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Reference</strong></p><ol><li>J.-P. Wigneron, L. Fan, P. Ciais, A. Bastos, M. Brandt, J. Chave, S. Saatchi, A. Baccini, R. Fensholt, Tropical forests did not recover from the strong 2015–2016 El Niño event. Science Advances. 6, eaay4603 (2020).</li> </ol>

scholarly journals From Near-Surface to Root-Zone Soil Moisture Using Different Assimilation Techniques

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Muñoz Sabater ◽  
Lionel Jarlan ◽  
Jean-Christophe Calvet ◽  
François Bouyssel ◽  
Patricia De Rosnay
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Surface Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Surface

Abstract Root-zone soil moisture constitutes an important variable for hydrological and weather forecast models. Microwave radiometers like the L-band instrument on board the European Space Agency’s (ESA) future Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are being designed to provide estimates of near-surface soil moisture (0–5 cm). This quantity is physically related to root-zone soil moisture through diffusion processes, and both surface and root-zone soil layers are commonly simulated by land surface models (LSMs). Observed time series of surface soil moisture may be used to analyze the root-zone soil moisture using data assimilation systems. In this paper, various assimilation techniques derived from Kalman filters (KFs) and variational methods (VAR) are implemented and tested. The objective is to correct the modeled root-zone soil moisture deficiencies of the newest version of the Interaction between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere scheme (ISBA) LSM, using the observations of the surface soil moisture of the Surface Monitoring of the Soil Reservoir Experiment (SMOSREX) over a 4-yr period (2001–04). This time period includes contrasting climatic conditions. Among the different algorithms, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and a simplified one-dimensional variational data assimilation (1DVAR) show the best performances. The lower computational cost of the 1DVAR is an advantage for operational root-zone soil moisture analysis based on remotely sensed surface soil moisture observations at a global scale.

scholarly journals Below-Cloud Evaporation of Precipitation Isotope over Mountain-oasis-desert in Arid Area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofeng Zhu ◽  
Zhuanxia Zhang ◽  
Huiwen Guo ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Leilei Yong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Shiyang River Basin

AbstractAs raindrops fall from the cloud base to the ground, evaporation below those clouds affects the rain’s isotope ratio, reduces precipitation in arid areas and impacts the local climate. Therefore, in arid areas with scarce water resources and fragile ecological environments, the below-cloud evaporation is an issue of great concern. Based on 406 event-based precipitation samples collected from 9 stations in the Shiyang river basin (SRB) in the northwest arid area, GMWL and LMWL are compared and the Stewart model is used to study the effect of spatial and temporal variation of below-cloud evaporation on isotope values in different geomorphic units at the SRB. Furthermore, factors influencing below-cloud evaporation are analyzed. The results show that (1) the change of d-excess (Δd) in precipitation at the SRB and the residual ratio of raindrop evaporation (f) vary in time and space. With regards to temporal variation, the intensity of below-cloud evaporation is described by: summer < autumn < winter < spring. Regarding spatial variation, the below-cloud evaporation in mountain areas is weaker than in oases and deserts. The intensity of below-cloud evaporation in mountain areas increases with decreasing altitude, and the below-cloud evaporation in oasis and desert areas is affected by local climatic conditions. (2) Below-cloud evaporation is also affected by local transpiration evaporation, especially around reservoirs. Reservoirs increase the relative humidity of the air nearby, weakening below-cloud evaporation. This study deepens our understanding of the water cycle process in arid areas.

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