NATURAL-AGRICULTURAL ZONING OF THE LAND FUND OF THE SANA BASIN AT THE MESO- AND MICROCLIMATIC LEVEL. NATURAL-AGRICULTURAL MOUNTAIN SUB-DISTRICTS AND PLOTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
А.S. RISAEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Scheme ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Agricultural Zoning ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Mountainous Landscapes

The aim of the research is to study meso- and microclimatic factors in the mountainous terrain which ensure a certain level of heat and humidity of mountainous landscapes forming a specific soil cover; development of soil and climatic justification of placement of agricultural crops and application of fertilizers; establishment of a general scheme of agro technical and water reclamation, planning and implementation of measures for the rational use and protection of land resources. As a result of the analysis and generalization of surveys and studies there were established the regularities of spatial distribution of climatic conditions depending on the absolute level of the earth surface and land relief, defined biological productivity of soil types and features of agricultural use of the land fund, established the main indicators as a basis for the scheme of natural-agricultural zoning of the Sana basin in the system of integrated territorial-production formations allocated on the mesomicroclimatic level, established the boundaries of natural and agricultural mountain areas, sub districts and plots within the borders of the Sana basin.

NATURAL-AGRICULTURAL ZONING OF THE LAND FUND OF THE SANA BASIN ON THE MESO- AND MICROCLIMATIC LEVEL. NATURAL-AGRICULTURAL MOUNTAIN REGIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
А.S. ISAEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
General Scheme ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Agricultural Zoning ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Mountainous Landscapes

The aim of the study is to study meso – and microclimatic factors in the mountainous relief, ensuring a certain level of heat and humidity availability of mountainous landscapes which forms a specifi c soil cover; to develop soil and climatic justifi cation of placement of agricultural crops and application of fertilizers; to establish a general scheme of agronomic and water reclamation, planning and implementation of measures for the rational use and protection of land resources. As a result of the analysis and generalization of surveys and studies of the materials, there were established regularities of spatial distribution of climatic conditions depending on the absolute level and relief of the land surface, was defined biological productivity of soil types and features of agricultural use of the land fund,were established the main indicators as the basis of the scheme of natural-agricultural zoning of the Sana’a basin in the system of integrated territorial-production formations marked on the meso- and microclimatic level, the boundaries of natural and agricultural mountain areas within the borders of the Sana basin were established.

scholarly journals A potential feedback loop underlying glacial-interglacial cycles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Els Weinans ◽  
Anne Willem Omta ◽  
George A. K. van Voorn ◽  
Egbert H. van Nes
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Ocean Ventilation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Convergent Cross Mapping

AbstractThe sawtooth-patterned glacial-interglacial cycles in the Earth’s atmospheric temperature are a well-known, though poorly understood phenomenon. Pinpointing the relevant mechanisms behind these cycles will not only provide insights into past climate dynamics, but also help predict possible future responses of the Earth system to changing CO$$_2$$ 2 levels. Previous work on this phenomenon suggests that the most important underlying mechanisms are interactions between marine biological production, ocean circulation, temperature and dust. So far, interaction directions (i.e., what causes what) have remained elusive. In this paper, we apply Convergent Cross-Mapping (CCM) to analyze paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic records to elucidate which mechanisms proposed in the literature play an important role in glacial-interglacial cycles, and to test the directionality of interactions. We find causal links between ocean ventilation, biological productivity, benthic $$\delta ^{18}$$ δ 18 O and dust, consistent with some but not all of the mechanisms proposed in the literature. Most importantly, we find evidence for a potential feedback loop from ocean ventilation to biological productivity to climate back to ocean ventilation. Here, we propose the hypothesis that this feedback loop of connected mechanisms could be the main driver for the glacial-interglacial cycles.

scholarly journals The fluvial history of Mars

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1966) ◽  
pp. 2193-2215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Running Water ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Outflow Channels ◽  
History Of ◽  
Valley Networks ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Steep Slopes

River channels and valleys have been observed on several planetary bodies in addition to the Earth. Long sinuous valleys on Venus, our Moon and Jupiter's moon Io are clearly formed by lava, and branching valleys on Saturn's moon Titan may be forming today by rivers of methane. But by far the most dissected body in our Solar System apart from the Earth is Mars. Branching valleys that in plan resemble terrestrial river valleys are common throughout the most ancient landscapes preserved on the planet. Accompanying the valleys are the remains of other indicators of erosion and deposition, such as deltas, alluvial fans and lake beds. There is little reason to doubt that water was the erosive agent and that early in Mars' history, climatic conditions were very different from the present cold conditions and such that, at least episodically, water could flow across the surface. In addition to the branching valley networks, there are large flood features, termed outflow channels. These are similar to, but dwarf, the largest terrestrial flood channels. The consensus is that these channels were also cut by water although there are other possibilities. The outflow channels mostly postdate the valley networks, although most are still very ancient. They appear to have formed at a time when surface conditions were similar to those that prevail today. There is evidence that glacial activity has modified some of the water-worn valleys, particularly in the 30–50° latitude belts, and ice may also be implicated in the formation of geologically recent, seemingly water-worn gullies on steep slopes. Mars also has had a long volcanic history, and long, sinuous lava channels similar to those on the Moon and Venus are common on and around the large volcanoes. These will not, however, be discussed further; the emphasis here is on the effects of running water on the evolution of the surface.

Hygienic assessment of potential ecotoxicological risk of the use of new insecticide spiromesifen in agriculture of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
I.V. Tkachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Ecotoxicological Risk ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Agricultural Use

Objective: The aim of our work was to study the potential ecotoxicological hazard of a new chemical from the class of tetramic and tetronic acid derivatives - the insecticide spiromesifen, taking into account its physico-chemical properties and impact on the environmental objects. Materials and methods: An assessment of the potential danger of spiromesifen use for ecosystems was carried out on the basis of the calculation of the ecotoxicological hazard (ecotox) by N.N. Melnikov’s method. The field studies were carried out in different agro-climatic zones of Ukraine. The treatment of vineyards and apple trees was carried out at the maximum consumption rates of spiromesifen. Results: According to the literary data and our research, it was found that in the soil-and-climatic conditions of Ukraine, the ecotoxicological risk, when using the new insecticide spiromesifen, is 10,000 times and 7,000 times low than the analogous characteristics of DDT. Ecotox abamectin is 154 times low than ecotox DDT. This makes preparations, based on these substances, more promising and competitive among other pesticides in agricultural use. We can conclude that spiromesifen does not pose a threat to terrestrial ecosystems and health of the population.

Effects of Continents and Supercontinents on Climate

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. W. Rogers ◽  
M. Santosh
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
The North ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Control Climate ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Geologic Record

Continents affect the earth’s climate because they modify global wind patterns, control the paths of ocean currents, and absorb less heat than seawater. Throughout earth history the constant movement of continents and the episodic assembly of supercontinents has influenced both global climate and the climates of individual continents. In this chapter we discuss both present climate and the history of climate as far back in the geologic record as we can draw inferences. We concentrate on longterm changes that are affected by continental movements and omit discussion of processes with periodicities less than about 20,000 years. We refer readers to Clark et al. (1999) and Cronin (1999) if they are interested in such short-term processes as El Nino, periodic variations in solar irradiance, and Heinrich events. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section describes the processes that control climate on the earth and includes a discussion of possible causes of glaciation that occurred over much of the earth at more than one time in the past. The second section investigates the types of evidence that geologists use to infer past climates. They include specific rock types that can form only under restricted climatic conditions, varieties of individual fossils, diversity of fossil populations, and information that the 18O/16O isotopic system can provide about temperatures of formation of ancient sediments. The third section recounts the history of the earth’s climate and relates changes to the growth and movement of continents. This history takes us from the Archean, when climates are virtually unknown, through various stages in the evolution of organic life, and ultimately to the causes of the present glaciation in both the north and the south polar regions. The earth’s climate is controlled both by processes that would operate even if continents did not exist and also by the positions and topographies of continents. We begin with the general controls, then discuss the specific effects of continents, and close with a brief discussion of processes that cause glaciation. The general climate of the earth is determined by the variation in the amount of sunshine received at different latitudes, by the earth’s rotation, and by the amount of arriving solar energy that is retained in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Chromosomal Q-Heterochromatin and Atherosclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
A. I. Ibraimov
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Blood Temperature

We suppose that at study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, it is possible that some evolutionary aspects of the problem are missed. This aspect is related to the peculiarity of human adaptation to climatic geographic conditions of Eurasia, which differ significantly from the climate of East Africa, where Homo sapiens was formed as a tropical biological species and so it has remained to this day. A hypothesis has been put forward that the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is associated with some previously unknown features of the genome and the physical properties of the human body that arose in the process of its adaptation to a mild and cold climate. These adaptive genetic changes that have contributed to the development (settling) by Homo sapiens of non-tropical, including cold and high mountain areas of the Earth, resulted to the fact that a man became the single species vulnerable (predisposed) to atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis is apparently a purely human disease that appeared after adaptation of man to climatic conditions of temperate and northern latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The type of vessels (arteries or veins) and the site of their lumen have no role in the development of atherosclerotic changes. The primary and main causative factor in the development of atherosclerosis is blood temperature. The degree of blood cooling in the lungs depends on geographical latitudes and altitude above sea-level of the site of permanent residence of man. The preclinical stage of atherosclerosis may develop into a pathological form predominantly in individuals in the genome of which the amount of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin material is higher than its mean value per individual in the population.

China’s Agricultural Development in Response to Climate Change

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 3609-3612
Author(s):  
Wen Bao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Change Climate ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation Strategies

Agricultural development, especially agricultural production in mountain areas, is fundamentally linked to climatic conditions, so any changes in climate will necessarily affect agricultural development. China’s agriculture faces several development challenges including those linked to climate change. Climate change is threatening food production systems and therefore the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people who depend on agriculture in China. Agriculture is the sector most vulnerable to climate change due to its high dependence on climate and weather and because people involved in agriculture tend to be poorer compared with urban residents. Consistent warming trends and more frequent and intense meteorological disasters have been observed across China in recent decades. In line with climate change across the whole country, it will require agricultural development to implement comprehensive mitigation and adaptation strategies.

scholarly journals Impact of Environment on Architecture of Mesopotamia with Respect to the Use of Materials, Tools and Mode of Construction

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Saira Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The People ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Mud Bricks ◽  
Architectural Research ◽  
Southern Iraq ◽  
Design And Construction

Through architectural and engineering skills, humanity leaves its mark upon the earth. Urbanization started from Mesopotamia in west Asia where the Mesopotamian societies flourished. They evolved into various landscapes from the metal-rich highlands and elevations of southeastern Turkey to the Syrian deserts, from the woodmen of the Levant to the bogs of southern Iraq. Mesopotamian civilization, along with its architecture, survived more than three thousand years. The architecture of the Mesopotamian civilization is not only portentous in its outlook and proficient in planning, but it’s also considered rational and technical with respect to its environment.The civilization was very first of its kind, having technology and urban settlements that laid the foundation of future modern settlements. It considered the region's environment and climate as pivotal in the development of its culture and architecture.This study discusses how the people, consciously or unconsciously, shaped the land or landscape around them in relation to their environment. This study is both basic and applied, according to architectural research methods. By content, the research in this article is according to the process of design and construction and the data in this research will be analyzed morphologically and technically. The Mesopotamian people used mud bricks, aqueducts, wooden beams, Archimedes screw, courtyard and tripartite houses. The study in this article proves that all these constructions and the techniques used were according to their environmental and climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Methods of Freeze Protection for Fruit Trees by Means of Renewable Energy Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
R. A. Kasymbekov ◽  
N. Y. Temirbaeva ◽  
S. O. Nazarov ◽  
Y. Zh. Osmonov ◽  
Nurzhan Murat
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Root System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Soil Area ◽  
Phenological Phases

As the Earth climate changes, the current horticulture gives rise to an acute issue - protecting fruit trees from spring frosts and their root system from freezing in severe winters with little snow. The authors substantiated the methods of how to protect fruit trees from frost and their root system from freezing, as well as a method of how to control their phenological phases based on the study of the heatmass- exchange intensification in a certain soil area occupied by the root system of a tree with various engineering aids to be designed. The aforesaid method is based on the operation of a heat and cold separator, which makes it possible to intensify heat transfer and expand the area of specific heat loads removed using a coolant - potassium salt brine (aqueous 30% KCL solution). The test results have shown that the coolant heated by the heat of the soil to a temperature of 12°С, gradually moving up at a depth of 0.9 m, heats the soil to 7°С at a depth of 0.5 m and up to 1°С on the surface of the earth at an ambient temperature of up to - 10°С. The heat of the lower soil layers comes up to the surface; in the soil area occupied by the root system, the temperature is redistributed, stabilized in a state that excludes freezing of the root system of the fruit tree. A rational value of the effective head has been determined to be equal to 2200 Н/m2 at the depth of the heated soil surface up to 1 m, with a specific heat flow of about 4•105 W/m2. In addition, a rational flow rate of the coolant is set equal to (1.5 ... 2.5) Gmin to produce more optimal heat transfer and additional body force of the heat and cold separator. The method of controlling the phenological phases of fruit trees by heating or cooling a certain soil area occupied by the root system is possible using an installation that generates power from the renewable resources (solar energy, wind or biogas plant), depending on climatic conditions and terrain.

scholarly journals Below-Cloud Evaporation of Precipitation Isotope over Mountain-oasis-desert in Arid Area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofeng Zhu ◽  
Zhuanxia Zhang ◽  
Huiwen Guo ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Leilei Yong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Shiyang River Basin

AbstractAs raindrops fall from the cloud base to the ground, evaporation below those clouds affects the rain’s isotope ratio, reduces precipitation in arid areas and impacts the local climate. Therefore, in arid areas with scarce water resources and fragile ecological environments, the below-cloud evaporation is an issue of great concern. Based on 406 event-based precipitation samples collected from 9 stations in the Shiyang river basin (SRB) in the northwest arid area, GMWL and LMWL are compared and the Stewart model is used to study the effect of spatial and temporal variation of below-cloud evaporation on isotope values in different geomorphic units at the SRB. Furthermore, factors influencing below-cloud evaporation are analyzed. The results show that (1) the change of d-excess (Δd) in precipitation at the SRB and the residual ratio of raindrop evaporation (f) vary in time and space. With regards to temporal variation, the intensity of below-cloud evaporation is described by: summer < autumn < winter < spring. Regarding spatial variation, the below-cloud evaporation in mountain areas is weaker than in oases and deserts. The intensity of below-cloud evaporation in mountain areas increases with decreasing altitude, and the below-cloud evaporation in oasis and desert areas is affected by local climatic conditions. (2) Below-cloud evaporation is also affected by local transpiration evaporation, especially around reservoirs. Reservoirs increase the relative humidity of the air nearby, weakening below-cloud evaporation. This study deepens our understanding of the water cycle process in arid areas.

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