Duplex stainless steels: sustainable materials for highly durable structures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Backhouse ◽  
Sukanya Hägg Mameng
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Street Furniture ◽  
Duplex Steels

<p>Stainless steels are well known for their durability in the built environment, having been widely used in external building cladding, street furniture and public artworks; the 1930’s stainless steel roof of the Chrysler Building is a fine example. Modern steelmaking techniques have facilitated the production of stainless steels with 85% recycled content and the production of high strength duplex stainless steels. High strength minimizes the weight of steel required and the inherent corrosion resistance means there is no need for additional corrosion protection even in aggressive coastal environments. These properties allow duplex steels to be efficiently used as durable structural engineering materials. The corrosion performance of several stainless steels, including a newly developed duplex grade LDX2404 (EN1.4662/UNS82441) has been studied in coastal atmospheric conditions. The performance of stainless steels under these test conditions is found to be similar to the performance in existing structural applications in comparable real-world environments. It is observed that the performance of a stainless steel grade can be adequately assessed in a given environment after only a few months or years, as the onset of any detrimental corrosion effects become visibly evident rather quickly. Appropriately selected grades of stainless steel for a given environment can be fully resistant to corrosion effects, and thus can be considered highly durable materials for bridges and other structural uses in the external environment.</p>

AISI No. 633

Alloy Digest ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Martensitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Structural Applications

Abstract AISI No. 633 is a chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless steel whose properties can be changed by heat treatment. It bridges the gap between the austenitic and martensitic stainless steels; that is, it has some of the properties of each. Its uses include high-strength structural applications, corrosion-resistant springs and knife blades. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-389. Producer or source: Stainless steel mills.

Fractal Characterization of the Fractured Surface of a Duplex Stainless Steel and Their Relation with the Strength and Ductility

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (S2) ◽  
pp. 766-767
Author(s):  
O. A. Hilders ◽  
L. Sáenz ◽  
N. Peña ◽  
M. Ramos ◽  
A. Quintero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Fracture Morphology ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
Strength And Ductility

Due to the very good combination of the most outstanding properties of ferrite and austenite, the microstructure of duplex stainless steels allows them to obtain high strength and toughness levels even at low temperatures . As a result of these combined effects, duplex stainless steels have become very popular for many applications . In practice, the prolonged use of these materials at temperatures below approximately 500°C may cause an embrittlement of the ferrite phase, which has been called 475°C embrittlement. Thus, the isothermal aging at 475°C can be exploited to produce a variety of strength values associated with the corresponding decreases in ductility and variations of the fractal dimension of the fracture surfaces. No experimental measurements of the fractal dimension - tensile properties relationships are available for many commercial metallic alloys, then, the present experiments on a duplex stainless steel were conducted to show that the fractal dimension, D, many be used as a characterization parameter in fracture morphology - mechanical properties studies.

BRILLIANT 2101 T-1 AP

Alloy Digest ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Good Balance ◽  
Steel Wires

Abstract Stoody AP stainless steel wires are all-position wires. The nickel in this product will achieve a good balance of austenite and ferrite in lean duplex stainless steels. This datasheet provides information on composition and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming and joining. Filing Code: SS-1118. Producer or source: Stoody Company.

CRUCIBLE 174 SXR

Alloy Digest ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Precipitation Hardening ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Martensitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance

Abstract Crucible 174 SXR is a premium-quality precipitation-hardening stainless steel designed for use as rifle barrels. It is a modification of Crucible’s 17Cr-4Ni that offers substantially improved machinability without sacrificing toughness. Its excellent corrosion resistance approaches that of a 300 series austenitic stainless steel, while its high strength is characteristic of 400 series martensitic stainless steels. At similar hardness levels, Crucible 174 SXR offers greater toughness than either the 410 or 416 stainless steels which are commonly used for rifle barrels. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: SS-1034. Producer or source: Crucible Service Centers.

On three-dimensional printing of 17-4 precipitation-hardenable stainless steel with direct metal laser sintering in aircraft structural applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 146442072110448
Author(s):  
Rupinder Singh ◽  
Rishab ◽  
Jashanpreet S Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Scanning Speed ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Direct Metal Laser Sintering ◽  
Structural Applications

The martensitic 17-4 precipitation-hardenable stainless steel is one of the commercially established materials for structural engineering applications in aircrafts due to its superior mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. The mechanical processing of this alloy through a conventional manufacturing route is critical from the dimensional accuracy (Δ d) viewpoint for development of innovative structural components such as: slat tracks, wing flap tracks, etc. In past two decades, a number of studies have been reported on challenges being faced while conventional processing of 17-4 precipitation-hardenable stainless steel for maintaining uniform thickness of aircraft structural components. However, hitherto little has been reported on direct metal laser sintering of 17-4 precipitation-hardenable stainless steel for development of innovative functional prototypes with uniform surface hardness (HV), Δ d, and surface roughness ( Ra) in aircraft structural engineering. This paper reports the effect of direct metal laser sintering process parameters on HV, Δ d, and Ra for structural components. The results of study suggest that optimized settings of direct metal laser sintering from multifactor optimization viewpoint are laser power 100 W, scanning speed 1400 mm/s, and layer thickness 0.02 mm. The results have been supported with scanning electron microscopy analysis (for metallurgical changes such as porosity (%), HV, grain size, etc.) and international tolerance grades for ensuring assembly fitment.

Use of Duplex Stainless Steel in Economic Design of a Pressure Vessel

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Veljkovic ◽  
Jonas Gozzi
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Economic Design ◽  
European Standard

Pressure vessels have been used for a long time in various applications in oil, chemical, nuclear, and power industries. Although high-strength steels have been available in the last three decades, there are still some provisions in design codes that preclude a full exploitation of its properties. This was recognized by the European Equipment Industry and an initiative to improve economy and safe use of high-strength steels in the pressure vessel design was expressed in the evaluation report (Szusdziara, S., and McAllista, S., EPERC Report No. (97)005, Nov. 11, 1997). Duplex stainless steel (DSS) has a mixed structure which consists of ferrite and austenite stainless steels, with austenite between 40% and 60%. The current version of the European standard for unfired pressure vessels EN 13445:2002 contains an innovative design procedure based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA), called Design by Analysis-Direct Route (DBA-DR). According to EN 13445:2002 duplex stainless steels should be designed as a ferritic stainless steels. Such statement seems to penalize the DSS grades for the use in unfired pressure vessels (Bocquet, P., and Hukelmann, F., 2001, EPERC Bulletin, No. 5). The aim of this paper is to present an investigation performed by Luleå University of Technology within the ECOPRESS project (2000-2003) (http://www.ecopress.org), indicating possibilities towards economic design of pressure vessels made of the EN 1.4462, designation according to the European standard EN 10088-1 Stainless steels. The results show that FEA with von Mises yield criterion and isotropic hardening describe the material behaviour with a good agreement compared to tests and that 5% principal strain limit is too low and 12% is more appropriate.

Examination of the Orientation Relationships between the Main Phases of Duplex Stainless Steel by EBSD

2007 ◽  
Vol 537-538 ◽  
pp. 297-302
Author(s):  
Tibor Berecz ◽  
Péter János Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Orientation Relationships ◽  
Σ Phase ◽  
Electron Backscatter ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction

Duplex stainless steels are a famous group of the stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels consist of mainly austenitic and ferritic phases, which is resulted by high content of different alloying elements and low content of carbon. These alloying elements can effect a number of precipitations at high temperatures. The most important phase of these precipitation is the σ-phase, what cause rigidity and reduced resistance aganist the corrosion. Several orientation relationships have been determined between the austenitic, ferritic and σ-phase in duplex stainless steels. In this paper we tried to verify them by EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction).

Effect of Different Cooling Rate on HAZ Microstructure of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingren Xiong ◽  
Yaorong Feng ◽  
Wenzhen Zhao ◽  
Chunyong Huo ◽  
Chuan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
2205 Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Microstructure Transformation ◽  
Microstructure Morphology ◽  
Phase Proportion

The effects of cooling rate ω8/5 and ω12/8 on the simulated HAZ microstructure transformation in 2205 duplex stainless steel are studied in this paper. The results indicate that 1200°C ∼ 800°C is the temperature range in which the microstructure transits the most violently for 2205 steel, and is also the cooling interval, that affects the phase proportion and microstructure morphology the most distinctly. Accordingly, It is more efficient to use ω12/8 as the parameter to investigate the microstructure transformation of welding HAZ microstructure of this material. The cooling rate in this interval will affect the microstructure transformation of HAZ microstructure of 2205 steel remarkably.

Characterization of Dissimilar Welded Joints Between Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steel Grades for Liquid Tank Applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ubertalli ◽  
M. Ferraris ◽  
P. Matteis ◽  
D. Di Saverio
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Steel Grades ◽  
Welding Processes

Lean duplex stainless steels have similar corrosion and better mechanical properties than the austenitic grades, which ensure their extensive spreading in industrial applications as a substitute of austenitic grades. In the construction of liquid tanks, however, it is often necessary to weld such steels with a range of fittings which are commonly fabricated with austenitic stainless steel grades. Therefore, this paper examines dissimilar welded joints between LDX 2101 (or X2CrMnNiN22-5-2) lean duplex stainless steels plates and austenitic stainless steel pipes, carried out by different arc welding processes. The investigation focuses on the correlation between the welding procedures and the microstructural and mechanical properties of the welded joints.

Use of Advanced Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steels for Applications in Oil & Gas and Process Industry

2013 ◽  
Vol 794 ◽  
pp. 645-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasi Kangas ◽  
Guo Cai Chai
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Process Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Product Forms ◽  
Oil Gas

Stainless steels are widely used in the Oil & Gas and chemical process industry. This group of materials is today available in a large variety of alloy compositions, and practically all product forms needed for a construction are available. A historical view and application examples are given on the stainless steel evolution, from the standard grades used in chemical processes to todays most advanced applications in the chemical and oil & gas industry, where demands on reliable and long lasting solutions are necessary. The influence of alloying elements on the properties and manufacturability is described. The chemical industry is a very wide definition of a large group of industries with very different products, from plastics and organic acids to fertilizers, drugs and pesticides. Applications of stainless steels within the chemical industry are described. The first example is organic acids, where the use of high alloyed duplex stainless steels such as UNS S32205 and UNS S32750 have been successful. Another example is phosphoric acid applications, where the aggressiveness of the process solution depends very much on the fluoride and chloride content of the rock phosphate. In sulfuric acid, the material of construction is very much dependent on the acid concentration and temperature. Nitric acid is another common fertilizer acid which is highly oxidizing, and thereby demands stainless steels with high chromium content but with low molybdenum contents. The Oil & Gas industry uses very high quantities of carbon steel and stainless steel in their constructions. The oil wells are defined as sweet when the well contains carbon dioxide and no substantial amounts of hydrogen sulfide, when there is hydrogen sulfide present in the well, the wells are defined as sour. An overview on materials depending on the application is given. In subsea applications, hydraulic control lines (umbilicals) are used for control of valves and for methanol injection in subsea platforms. UNS S32750 is a high strength duplex stainless steel which today is the first choice for umbilicals and has been chosen for a very large amount of umbilical projects worldwide. The newly developed hyper duplex stainless steels with a combination of even higher corrosion resistance and strength are introduced for applications in oil-gas industry. The possibilities with stainless steels are endless, and new alloys are constantly being developed to meet industrial challenges of today and in the future. By choosing the right stainless steel grade, it is possible to find a solution to almost all challenges in the Oil & Gas and Process industry.

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