scholarly journals Situation of HIV infections and STIs in the United Kingdom in 2007

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lattimore ◽  
Z Yin ◽  
L Logan ◽  
B Rice ◽  
A Thornton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Uk

In the United Kingdom (UK) in 2007, an estimated 77,400 persons were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) of whom 28% are unaware of their infection. A total of 7,734 persons were newly diagnosed with HIV infection in 2007, of which 31% were diagnosed late. This highlights the need for wider HIV testing, especially in those areas with a high diagnosed prevalence, as recommended in recent national guidelines. Among newly diagnosed cases of HIV in 2007, 41% acquired their infection through sex between men (four in five of whom acquired their infection in the UK) and 55% through heterosexual contact (four in five of whom acquired their infection abroad, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa). Young persons aged 16 to 24 years are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) accounting for 65% of genital chlamydia infections, 50% of cases of genital warts and 50% of cases of gonorrhoea that were diagnosed in 2007.

scholarly journals Continuing high levels of HIV diagnoses in men who have sex with men in the United Kingdom

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
B Rice ◽  
A Nardone ◽  
N Gill ◽  
V Delpech
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Reporting Delays ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Almost All

The latest HIV data for 2007 has recently been published for the United Kingdom (UK). During the year, an estimated 6,840 (95% confidence intervals 6,600-7,050) persons (adjusted for reporting delays) were newly diagnosed with HIV in the UK. This represents a 12% decline from a peak of new HIV diagnoses reported in 2005 (7,800). Almost all this decline in new HIV diagnoses was in HIV-infected heterosexuals from sub-Saharan Africa who were probably infected in their country of origin.

'Brexit' will most affect Anglophone Africa

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Decision To Leave ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Subject Effects of the UK decision to leave the EU on African states. Significance The decision of voters in the United Kingdom to leave the EU ('Brexit') will alter its relationships with countries across the world. London's engagement with countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) will change depending on the form the Brexit takes, but the vote to leave risks diminishing the United Kingdom's influence. Impacts Divides in EU and UK policy toward African issues could deepen. A weaker EU will reinforce the need for African states to build relationships with other areas of the world, particularly Asia. Diminishing UK influence could pressure countries such as Germany to expand their engagement with SSA states.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Persistent Human Erythrovirus Infection in Blood Donor Samples

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (22) ◽  
pp. 12169-12178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Candotti ◽  
Nermin Etiz ◽  
Armen Parsyan ◽  
Jean-Pierre Allain
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Sub Saharan

ABSTRACT The presence of human erythrovirus DNA in 2,440 blood donations from the United Kingdom and sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana, Malawi, and South Africa) was screened. Sensitive qualitative and real-time quantitative PCR assays revealed a higher prevalence of persistent infection with the simultaneous presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and viral DNA (0.55 to 1.3%) than previously reported. This condition was characterized by a low viral load (median, 558 IU/ml; range, 42 to 135,000 IU/ml), antibody-complexed virus, free specific IgG, and potentially infectious free virus. Human erythrovirus genotype 1 (formerly parvovirus B19) was prevalent in the United Kingdom, Malawi, and South Africa. In contrast, only human erythrovirus genotype 3 (erythrovirus variant V9) was prevalent in Ghana. Genotype 3 had considerable genetic diversity, clustering in two probable subtypes. Genotype 1-based antibody assays failed to detect 38.5% of Ghanaian samples containing antibodies to genotype 3 virus but did not fail to detect cases of persistent infection. This study indicates a potential African origin of genotype 3 human erythrovirus and considerable shortcomings in the tools currently used to diagnose erythrovirus infection.

scholarly journals Homozygosity for TYK2 P1104A underlies tuberculosis in about 1% of patients in a cohort of European ancestry

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 10430-10434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaspard Kerner ◽  
Noe Ramirez-Alejo ◽  
Yoann Seeleuthner ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
Masato Ogishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level

The human genetic basis of tuberculosis (TB) has long remained elusive. We recently reported a high level of enrichment in homozygosity for the common TYK2 P1104A variant in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with TB from non-European countries in which TB is endemic. This variant is homozygous in ∼1/600 Europeans and ∼1/5,000 people from other countries outside East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. We report a study of this variant in the UK Biobank cohort. The frequency of P1104A homozygotes was much higher in patients with TB (6/620, 1%) than in controls (228/114,473, 0.2%), with an odds ratio (OR) adjusted for ancestry of 5.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.96–10.31, P = 2 × 10−3]. Conversely, we did not observe enrichment for P1104A heterozygosity, or for TYK2 I684S or V362F homozygosity or heterozygosity. Moreover, it is unlikely that more than 10% of controls were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as 97% were of European genetic ancestry, born between 1939 and 1970, and resided in the United Kingdom. Had all of them been infected, the OR for developing TB upon infection would be higher. These findings suggest that homozygosity for TYK2 P1104A may account for ∼1% of TB cases in Europeans.

The Control and Management of the Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Comparison of the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 659-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Renton ◽  
K K Borisenko ◽  
L I Tichonova ◽  
V A Akovbian
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Uk

During the last 20 years, both the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation have seen changes to clinical services for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) health systems and other mechanisms through which STDs are controlled. In the UK these changes followed the description of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); its causal agent. In Russia, the breakdown of the Soviet Union following glasnost and perestroika, and its associated political, social and economic changes generated substantial developments to the ideological and legislative framework within which STD control is achieved as well as a revolution in the ® nancial base upon which clinical STD services operate. The purpose of this paper is to sketch these developments in STD services within the 2 countries to provide a context for the series of papers presented in this edition.

scholarly journals Globalisation and Skills for Development: Some Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Tikly ◽  
John Lowe ◽  
Michael Crossley ◽  
Hillary Dachi ◽  
Roger Garrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
International Policy ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Training Policy ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Training

This article reports on an international policy research study funded by the United Kingdom (UK) Government's Department for International Development (DfID), entitled Globalisation and Skills for Development in Tanzania and Rwanda: implications for education and training policy and practice. The research is a contribution to a broader ‘Skills for Development Initiative’ launched by the UK Secretary of State for International Development (Short, 1999). The study was a collaborative effort between the Universities of Bristol, Bath, Dar es Salaam and the Kigali Institute of Education. The findings and the analysis generated by this research are rich and complex.

Evaluation of Nationwide Referral Pathways, Investigation and Treatment of Suspected Cauda Equina Syndrome in the United Kingdom (ENTICE)

Neurosurgery ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. E271-E271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dillon Vyas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cauda Equina Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cauda Equina ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Mri Scan ◽  
Out Of Hours ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk

Abstract INTRODUCTION Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a spinal emergency with clinical symptoms and signs that have low diagnostic accuracy. National guidelines in the United Kingdom (UK) state that all patients should undergo an MRI prior to referral to specialist spinal units and surgery, if required, should be performed at the earliest opportunity. We aimed to evaluate the current practice of investigating and treating suspected CES in the UK. METHODS A retrospective, multicentre observational study of the investigation and management of patients with suspected CES was conducted across the UK, including all patients referred to a spinal unit over 6 mo between 1st October 2016 and 31st March 2017. RESULTS A total of 28 UK spinal units submitted data on 4441 referrals. Over half of the referrals were made without any previous imaging (n = 2572, 57.9%). The majority of referrals were made out-of-hours (n = 2229/3517, 63.4%), of which 2.9% (n = 45/1529) underwent surgical decompression. Patient location and prereferral imaging were not significantly associated with time intervals from symptom onset or presentation to decompression. Patients investigated outside of the spinal unit experienced significantly longer time intervals from presentation and from referral to undergoing the MRI scan. CONCLUSION This is the largest known study of the investigation and management of suspected CES. We found that the majority of referrals were made without adequate investigations. Most patients were referred out-of-hours and many were transferred for an MRI without subsequently requiring surgery. Cases not transferred experienced delays if undergoing an MRI scan outside of the spinal unit.

scholarly journals Substantial impact of the HIV pandemic on migrant populations in Europe

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
Author(s):  
F F Hamers ◽  
J Alix ◽  
A M Downs
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
The West ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
International Aids ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Reporting Data

An increasing and disproportionate share of the newly diagnosed HIV infections in Europe – at least in the west – is in migrants, especially in those from sub-Saharan Africa. This was the main conclusion of an analysis of European HIV case reporting data, presented to the XIV International AIDS conference in Barcelona last week (7-12 July 2002) (1). Migrant populations are often highly vulnerable to HIV infection and may experience strong barriers to prevention and care (2).

Denialism undermines AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 649-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Gisselquist
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sexual Risks ◽  
African Government ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Related Stigma ◽  
Corrosive Effect ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Sub Saharan

Some denialists, widely reviled, contend that HIV does not cause AIDS. Other denialists, widely respected, contend that HIV transmits so poorly through trace blood exposures that iatrogenic infections are rare. This second group of denialists has had a corrosive effect on public health and HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Guided by this second group of denialists, no African government has investigated unexplained HIV infections. Denialists have withheld and ignored research findings showing that non-sexual risks account for substantial proportions of HIV infections in Africa. Denialists have promoted invasive procedures for HIV prevention in Africa – injections for sexually transmitted infections, and adult male circumcision – without addressing unreliable sterilization of reused instruments. By denying that health care causes more than rare infections, denialists blame (stigmatize) HIV-positive African adults for causing their own infections through sexual behaviour. Denialism must be overcome to ensure safe health care and to combat HIV-related stigma in Africa.

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