Media corrosiveness and materials resistance at presence of aggressive carbon dioxide

At the present stage of gas field development, the products of many mining facilities have increased content of corrosive CO2 . The corrosive effect of CO2 on steel equipment and pipelines is determined by the conditions of its use. CO2 has a potentially wide range of usage at oil and gas facilities for solving technological problems (during production, transportation, storage, etc.). Simulation tests and analysis were carried out to assess the corrosion effect of CO2 on typical steels (carbon, low-alloy and alloyed) used at field facilities. Gas production facilities demonstrate several corrosion formation zones: lower part of the pipe (when moisture accumulates) and top of the pipe (in case of moisture condensation). The authors have analyzed the main factors influencing the intensity of carbon dioxide corrosion processes at hydrocarbon production with CO2 , its storage and use for various technological purposes. The main mechanism for development of carbon dioxide corrosion is presence/condensation of moisture, which triggers the corrosion process, including the formation of local defects (pits, etc.). X-ray diffraction was used for the analysis of corrosion products formed on the steel surface, which can have different protective characteristics depending on the phase state (amorphous or crystalline).

Suicide by ethylene glycol/brake oil poisoning—a case report

Background Brake fluid is used for automobiles. It is a mixture of different glycol derivatives including ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol (DEG) which are metabolized into various toxic metabolites. Fatalities following brake fluid ingestion are rare in forensic practice. Here, we report a case of suicide by brake fluid ingestion complicated with severe renal failure and esophageal and gastric erosions. Case presentation A 52-year-old male, with a history of alcohol dependence and comorbid moderate depression, ingested a bottle of brake fluid (100ml) mixed with alcohol. He had defaulted psychiatric follow-up. He developed severe metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure which necessitated intensive care, other supportive management, and the antidote; ethyl alcohol. On the 2nd day of admission, he developed upper gastrointestinal bleeding with melena. He also had seizures and cardiovascular complications. He died 12 days after hospital admission, and the manner of death was concluded as suicidal. The autopsy revealed congested and edematous brain, flabby and pale heart without evidence of infarction, erythematous trachea, bilateral diffuse pulmonary edema, congested liver, ulcer over the lower 1/3 of the esophagus, and few ulcers in the stomach. Also, the kidneys were edematous, diffusely necrosed, and there were adrenal hemorrhages. Conclusions This case report highlights the severity of effects of brake fluid poisoning including the corrosive effect on gastrointestinal mucosa which is rarely encountered in clinical practice.

Corrosive Effect of Tomato, Pepper and Onion Pulps on Selected Grinding Machine Components

As a result of cost considerations, local grinding machine manufacturing outfits are employing non-stainless-steel components for equipment fabrication. Despite the fact that the components are known to corrode, the number of the manufacturing outfits has increased over the years. Corrosion is a major concern to the food industry because the ingestion of corroded metals can harm and affect the function of some body organs. Potentiodynamic polarization method and a weight loss approach at room temperature was used to investigate the influence of tomato, pepper, and onion pulps on the electrochemical characteristics and weight loss of mild, galvanized, and stainless steel over a period of 30 days, at 5-day intervals. The results revealed that highest corrosion rate was found in mild steel (2.95x10-8mm/y) but low compared to the corrosion value obtained for galvanized steel (3.4x10-8mm/y) in the hybrid medium. Consequently, the use of mild steel as a substitute for stainless steel is suggested, provided that it is coated, and that the machine is cleaned regularly to remove residues from the metal surface or to inhibit microbiologically induced corrosion.

The assessment of microbiological and physicochemical characteristics in drainage waters of the Siriu dam

Based on the balneotherapeutic applications of mineral spring water and particularly sulphurous water, the aim of our research was to study the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of some drainage waters of Siriu dam that showed a strong hydrogen sulphide odour. In addition, due to the corrosive effect of some groups of microorganisms, such as iron-oxidizing bacteria and sulphatereducing bacteria, the present paper also aimed to detect their presence in order to signal the need for some disinfection measures. According to physicochemical analysis, there has been found an external drain that is suitable for use in balneotherapy, presenting a balanced content of mineral elements such as sulphur, calcium, silicon, chlorine and potassium. However, due to the presence of potentially toxic phytoplankton microorganisms such as Microcystis sp. and Phormidium sp. it is necessary to disinfect this water source before using it for any purpose. On the other hand, the identification of both sulphate-reducing bacteria and iron-oxidizing bacteria in the drainage waters of Siriu dam should be considered as an alarm signal as they may lead to bio-corrosion and deterioration of metallic or concrete structures, affecting the integrity of the dam and hydropower constructions.

Li2CO3 as Protection for a High-Temperature Thermoelectric Generator: Thermal Stability and Corrosion Analysis

In most steelmaking processes, huge amounts of waste heat at high temperature (700–800 °C) are thrown into the environment without any use. An alternative use for this waste heat is electricity generation through thermoelectric generators. However, these high temperatures, as well as their fluctuations over time, affect not only the conversion rate of the thermoelectric generator but also its useful lifetime. The incorporation of a latent thermal energy storage (TES) system could be a solution; nevertheless, the thermal stability and corrosive effect of the (PCM) phase change material are key aspects for the thermal storage system definition, in terms of durability. In this work, developed in the framework of the European project “PowGETEG” (RFSR-CT-2015-00028, funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel), a high-temperature analysis (700–800 °C) of the Li2CO3 thermal properties, thermal stability and corrosive effect on the AISI 304 and AISI 310 stainless steels is carried out. The results show that the eutectic salt Li2CO3 exhibits high thermal stability with neither change in its thermal properties nor material degradation. This work shows that lithium carbonate Li2CO3 and AISI 310 make a very good combination for the definition of a thermal storage system able to protect a high-temperature thermoelectric converter from temperature variations, making it more reliable.

Preserving prosociality in the face of inequality: A role for multiple group memberships and superordinate group identification

Economic inequality has been linked to profound negative impacts due to its corrosive effect on social relations, and fairness is central to this. In line with social cure theorising, we propose that identification with (superordinate) groups can buffer against these effects. Study 1 ( N = 400) found that perceived fairness of inequality was negatively associated with helping attitudes, but this was attenuated among those who identified more strongly with a superordinate group. Study 2 ( N = 315) focused on perceived fairness of inequality and an expanded range of prosocial outcomes. Perceptions that inequality was fairer were associated with worse prosocial outcomes. However, these relationships were attenuated among those who reported belonging to more groups and those who identified strongly with the superordinate group. These studies highlight the role that group memberships and superordinate identification may play in countering the corrosive effects of societal inequality on prosocial behaviour.

DETERMINATION OF CORROSION INFLUENCE ON FUEL METAL, OBTAINED FROM SECONDARY POLYMER RAW MATERIALS

The article proposes to determine the corrosion effect on fuel metals under dynamic conditions, when washing the prepared copper plate of a certain size, a significant amount of fuel at a certain speed and temperature of the study. This approach will significantly reduce the duration of the study (up to 100 minutes) and is closer to the real conditions of contact of the fuel with a metal surface, in comparison with the standardized method, which is widely used today. Using the proposed laboratory setup, the study was subjected to fuel (200–360 °C), which was obtained by thermal destruction of secondary polymer raw materials, in particular polypropylene. The obtained results showed that the investigated fuel, despite the temperature, the amount of circulating fuel and its water content, does not have a corrosive effect on the copper plate, which can be explained by the absence of corrosive substances in the fuel: water-soluble mineral acids and alkalis, active sulfur compounds and organic acids. However, it should be kept in mind that in polyolefin raw materials, in the form of contamination, there may be products made of other materials, such as rubber and polyvinyl chloride. This can happen when the sorting technology is violated or during the preliminary preparation of raw materials and, in turn, will contribute to the increase in sulfur-containing and chlorine-containing compounds in the fuel, which are characterized by high corrosion activity and should be necessarily removed from the fuel. Note that the fuel obtained from secondary polymer raw materials, in the absence of sulfur-containing and chlorine-containing compounds, is quite promising for the creation on its basis of modern synthetic fuels, analogues of classic petroleum products.

The Effects of Unsubstantiated Claims of Voter Fraud on Confidence in Elections

Political elites sometimes seek to delegitimize election results using unsubstantiated claims of fraud. Most recently, Donald Trump sought to overturn his loss in the 2020 US presidential election by falsely alleging widespread fraud. Our study provides new evidence demonstrating the corrosive effect of fraud claims like these on trust in the election system. Using a nationwide survey experiment conducted after the 2018 midterm elections – a time when many prominent Republicans also made unsubstantiated fraud claims – we show that exposure to claims of voter fraud reduces confidence in electoral integrity, though not support for democracy itself. The effects are concentrated among Republicans and Trump approvers. Worryingly, corrective messages from mainstream sources do not measurably reduce the damage these accusations inflict. These results suggest that unsubstantiated voter-fraud claims undermine confidence in elections, particularly when the claims are politically congenial, and that their effects cannot easily be mitigated by fact-checking.

Anti-Corrosive Effect of Jordanian-Bay- Leaves Aqueous Extract on Mild Steel in 1.0 M Hydrochloric Acid Solution

Natural inhibitors are the most crucial manner to lessen the corrosion price of various business metals. There are several strategies being used with corrosion inhibitors. One technique being used is the Electrochemical strategies. The gain with this technique is their brief size time and mechanistic information. It is beneficial in the corrosion's layout safety techniques besides the layout of the brand new inhibitors, there are 3 styles of corrosion inhibitors as anodic inhibitors, cathodic inhibitors, over one inhibitor. The corrosion inhibition of slight metallic in 1.0 M HCl solution with the aid of using Jordanian -Bay- leaves extract has been studied with the use of potentiodynamic polarization technique. Results received a display that Bay- leaves aqueous extract behaves as an anodic inhibitor for slight metallic in 1.0 M HCl solution. The inhibitor capabilities thru adsorption following Temkin adsorption isotherm. The impact of parameters like temperature and inhibitor awareness at the corrosion of slight metallic has additionally been studied.

Anti-Corrosive Effect of Jordanian-Bay- Leaves Aqueous Extract on Mild Steel in 1.0 M Hydrochloric Acid Solution

Natural inhibitors are the most crucial manner to lessen the corrosion price of various business metals. There are several strategies being used with corrosion inhibitors. One technique being used is the Electrochemical strategies. The gain with this technique is their brief size time and mechanistic information. It is beneficial in the corrosion's layout safety techniques besides the layout of the brand new inhibitors, there are 3 styles of corrosion inhibitors as anodic inhibitors, cathodic inhibitors, over one inhibitor. The corrosion inhibition of slight metallic in 1.0 M HCl solution with the aid of using Jordanian -Bay- leaves extract has been studied with the use of potentiodynamic polarization technique. Results received a display that Bay- leaves aqueous extract behaves as an anodic inhibitor for slight metallic in 1.0 M HCl solution. The inhibitor capabilities thru adsorption following Temkin adsorption isotherm. The impact of parameters like temperature and inhibitor awareness at the corrosion of slight metallic has additionally been studied.