scholarly journals West Nile virus circulation in Emilia-Romagna, Italy: the integrated surveillance system 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Angelini ◽  
M Tamba ◽  
A C Finarelli ◽  
R Bellini ◽  
A Albieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Northeastern Italy

Following a large West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in northeastern Italy in 2008, human and animal surveillance activities were implemented in Emilia Romagna. Human surveillance was performed by serology or genome detection on blood and cerebrospinal fluid for all suspected cases suffering from acute meningoencephalitis in the regional territory. Animal surveillance consisted of passive and active surveillance of horses and active surveillance of wild birds and mosquitoes. Between 15 June and 31 October 2009, nine of 78 possible cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease were confirmed (three fatal). From May to October, 26 cases of neurological West Nile disease were confirmed among 46 horses. The overall incidence of seroconversion among horses in 2009 was 13%. In 2009, 44 of 1,218 wild birds yielded positive PCR results for WNV infection. The planned veterinary and entomological surveillance actions detected WNV activity from the end of July 2009, about 2-3 weeks before the onset of the first human neurological case. Passive surveillance of horses seems to be an early and suitable tool for the detection of WNV activity, but it will be less sensitive in the future, because an intensive programme of horse vaccination started in June 2009.

scholarly journals Attempted Detection of West Nile Virus from Wild and Peridomestic Birds within Ibadan Metropolis in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
O. S. Fasuan ◽  
D. O. Faneye ◽  
T. A. Adeyanju
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Agarose Gel ◽  
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
West Nile

Wild and peridomestic birds have been implicated in the transmission of West Nile virus (WNV), acting either as reservoirs or vectors. A team of researchers reported detection of West Nile virus (WNV) in the faeces of infected wild birds after being experimentally infected with the virus subcutaneously. This necessitated the need for this study, which is aimed at investigating the potential transmission of WNV through faeces in wild and peridomestic birds in Nigeria even though the virus is an arbovirus commonly transmitted by mosquito. To confirm the data, one hundred and ten (110) wild and peridomestic birds were screened for the presence of WNV using rtPCR method. The birds were drawn from six locations in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria within a period of 18 months. Detection of WNV was made with 5% agarose gel electrophoresis. However, we failed to detect WNV in these samples, concluding that birds in those locations were not habouring the virus. We recommend continuous and active surveillance for the virus since change in some particular factors can aid its widespread transmission.

scholarly journals West Nile virus infection in Veneto region, Italy, 2008-2009

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Barzon ◽  
L Squarzon ◽  
M Cattai ◽  
E Franchin ◽  
S Pagni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Veneto Region ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Wetland Area ◽  
Po River ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Northeastern Italy

We report here an update on human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in Veneto region, northeastern Italy. In addition to two cases of WNV neuroinvasive disease notified through a surveillance programme started in September 2008, further four cases were retrospectively identified (in May 2009) by investigating patients with aseptic meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology occurring in Veneto region in June-September 2008. All six patients had symptom onset in August-September 2008 and were resident in a wetland area close to the Po river delta in Rovigo province. Further five cases of asymptomatic WNV infection, including four residents of the same area in Rovigo, were identified in a seroprevalence study in farm workers from Veneto region. To date, no human cases have been notified in 2009.

scholarly journals Characterisation of the cerebrospinal fluid of horses with West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
Orsolya Kutasi ◽  
Orsolya Fehér ◽  
Sára Sárdi ◽  
Nándor Balogh ◽  
Anna Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Elevated Glucose

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes between wild birds (natural hosts) and other vertebrates. Horses and humans are incidental, dead-end hosts, but can develop severe neurological disorders. Owing to the close contact of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with the extracellular fluid of the brain, the analysis of CSF composition can reflect central nervous system (CNS) impairments enabling the diagnosis and understanding of various neurodegenerative CNS disorders. Our objective was to compare the findings from the CSF samples of horses with neuroinvasive WNV infection with those of healthy controls. We compared findings from fifteen CSF samples of 13 horses with acute WNV encephalomyelitis with those of 20 healthy controls. Protein, particular enzymes and ions, glucose and lactate showed abnormal levels in a significant number of WNV cases. None of the six horses with elevated glucose concentrations survived. Rather neutrophilic than mononuclear pleocytosis was identified with WNV infection. Neutrophils probably play a role in the development of inflammatory response and brain damage. Although elevated glucose levels reliably predicted the outcome, they might be the consequence of increased plasma levels and reflect general stress rather than CNS pathophysiology. The CSF findings of WNV encephalomyelitis patients are non-specific and variable but facilitate the differential diagnosis.

scholarly journals Surveillance on Arboviral Infections in Georgia by using One Health Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgi Chakhunashvili ◽  
David Tsereteli
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
One Health ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Black Sea Region

ObjectiveIdentify cases of West Nile virus in Black Sea region of Georgia through active surveillance.IntroductionArbovirus infections are causing enormous global burden, while their geographic distribution expands and affects new regions and areas. West Nile virus (WNV), one of the most important pathogens among arboviruses, was historically associated with causing mild febrile illness, however, after the outbreak occurred in the North America, which caused more severe illness, it has received wider recognition. It is believed that the disease can reemerge after a hiatus of several years, and affect new territories, which has happened in 2018 in Greece, with 31 dead among 271 infections by the end of September. In Georgia, there is a lack of clinical suspicion on WNV because of the low awareness among medical society, and the existent passive surveillance system seems to be improved.MethodsIn order to assess the situation in Georgia, medical histories and Electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance System (EIDSS) database was studied, and active surveillance has been conducted with the following case selection criteria: residence - Black Sea region; diagnosis - fever of unknown origin (FUO). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed. Mosquitoes were obtained by using light traps and aspirators, and are now being studied. Medical personnel was trained on using WNV case definition.ResultsThree laboratory positive cases were identified from 36 suspected cases. Two of them were males (66%). Age distribution – 28-35 y.o. All three cases resided in the city of Batumi in the Adjara region. A total of 572 mosquitoes were obtained. According to preliminary analysis, the species include: Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, A. aegypti, A. caspius, A. geniculatus, Anopheles claviger.ConclusionsThe preliminary data suggests that the burden of WNV in Georgia should be studied with more in-depth approaches and with just passive surveillance activities. It is very important to establish coordinated rapid efforts for disease identification by physicians and veterinarians; and to provide better harmonization of diagnostic tools and integrated national surveillance system. Disease transmission risk needs to be assessed for adequate planning of preventive measures. At this stage, no animals were studied, however, in order to fulfill the One Health approach, we are planning to study horses in the near future.  

Malignant glial neuronal tumors after west nile virus neuroinvasive disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyx B Porter ◽  
Akanksha Sharma ◽  
Marie F Grill ◽  
Scott Spritzer ◽  
A Arturo Leis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Neuronal Tumors

scholarly journals Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Juan-Carlos Saiz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status

West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed enveloped flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, which main hosts are birds. The virus sporadically infects equids and humans with serious economic and health consequences, as infected individuals can develop a severe neuroinvasive disease that can even lead to death. Nowadays, no WNV-specific therapy is available and vaccines are only licensed for use in horses but not for humans. While several methodologies for WNV vaccine development have been successfully applied and have contributed to significantly reducing its incidence in horses in the US, none have progressed to phase III clinical trials in humans. This review addresses the status of WNV vaccines for horses, birds, and humans, summarizing and discussing the challenges they face for their clinical advance and their introduction to the market.

West Nile Virus Chorioretinitis in the Presence of Negative Cerebrospinal Fluid Polymerase Chain Reaction Results

2021 ◽  
pp. 247412642097925
Author(s):  
Kareem Moussa ◽  
Karen W. Jeng-Miller ◽  
Leo A. Kim ◽  
Dean Eliott
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Serum ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Purpose: This work aims to evaluate the utility of nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) and serology in confirming West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in patients with suspected WNV chorioretinitis. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted of a cluster of patients who presented to the Retina Service of Massachusetts Eye and Ear between September and October 2018. Results: Three patients were identified with classic WNV chorioretinitis lesions with negative cerebrospinal fluid NAAT and positive serum serology findings. The diagnosis of WNV chorioretinitis was made based on the appearance of the fundus lesions and the presence of characteristic findings on fluorescein angiography as previously described in the literature. Conclusions: This report highlights 3 unique cases of WNV chorioretinitis in which NAAT of cerebrospinal fluid failed to identify WNV as the inciting agent. These cases stress the importance of serum serologic testing in diagnosing WNV infection.

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