Chenopodium album mitigates adverse effects of Sclerotium rolfsii on chickpea var. Bakhar

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-285
Author(s):  
Arshad Javaid ◽  
Amna Ali ◽  
Iqra Haider Khan ◽  
Amna Shoaib
Keyword(s):  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Rot Disease

Sclerotium rolfsii, a soil-borne pathogen of over 500 plant species, causes collar rot disease in chickpea and reduces its survival rate, growth and yield. This study was carried out to assess potential benefits of soil amendment with Chenopodium album L., a Chenopodicaeae weed, on growth, yield and physiology of chickpea var. Bakhar-2011, grown in S. rolfsii contaminated soil. S. rolfsii significantly reduced dry biomass of shoot, root and grains by 21, 36 and 50%, respectively, over negative control (without fungus or C. album biomass). Likewise, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were also reduced by S. rolfsii. A 3% (w/w) application of dry biomass of C. album (DBC) significantly improved shoot dry biomass by 134%, root dry biomass by 650%, grain yield by 1309%, chlorophyll content by 1483% and carotenoid content by 320%, over S. rolfsii inoculated treatment (positive control). In general, S. rolfsii increased phenolic content, and activities of denfense related enzymes namely phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) which were gradually reduced with increasing concentration of DBC. This study suggested the use of 3% DBC as soil amendment for improvement of crop growth, yield and resistance of chickpea var. Bakhar-2011 under stress of S. rolfsii.

scholarly journals Non-Chemical Control of Charcoal Rot of Urdbean by Sonchus oleraceous Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. BANARAS ◽  
A. JAVAID ◽  
A. SHOAIB
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Different Doses

ABSTRACT: Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is an important leguminous crop whose production is severely affected by charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. This study was undertaken to seek an environmental friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for management of this disease. Dry biomass of an allelopathic weed Sonchus oleraceous L. was used to combat the menace. Fumigated sandy loam pot soil, pre-inoculated with M. phaseolina, was amended with different doses of dry biomass of the weed ranging from 0.5% to 3%. Application of 2% weed biomass completely controlled the disease. Soil inoculation with M. phaseolina inoculation (positive control) reduced shoot dry weight and grain yield of urdbean by 59% and 91%, respectively, over negative control. Application of different doses of soil amendment in pathogen inoculated soil enhanced shoot dry weight and grain yield of urdbean by 107-307% and 438-7400%, respectively, over positive control. The highest positive effect on growth and yield of uedbean in M. phaseolina contaminated soil was recorded due to 2.5% amendment. M. phaseolina inoculation significantly enhanced peroxidase (POX) and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities. However, application of different doses of S. oleraceous biomass to the soil gradually decreased activities of these enzymes. The present study concludes that application of 2.5% dry biomass of S. oleraceous can completely control charcoal rot of urdbean and significantly enhance crop growth and yield.

scholarly journals ASOSIASI CENDAWAN ANTAGONIS TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM RIFAI DAN CENDAWAN MIKORIZA ARBUSKULAR UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN PENYAKIT BUSUK PANGKAL BATANG PADA KEDELAI

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169
Author(s):  
Latifah Latifah ◽  
Hendrival Hendrival ◽  
Mihram Mihram
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

Association of antagonistic fungi Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for controlling the stem  rot disease on soybean.  The research objective was to study effect of application Trichoderma harzianum and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in controling stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc on soybean.   The research conducted in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatment levels: (1) without T. harzianum, without AMF, and without S. rolfsii [negative control (C-)], (2) without T. harzianum, without AMF, and S. rolfsii [positive control (C +)], (3) T. harzianum + S. rolfsii; (4) AMF + S. rolfsii, and (5) T. harzianum + AMF + S. rolfsii.  Parameters observed were basal stem rot disease development and yield components. The results showed that the application of a mixture of T. harzianum and AMF caused a longer disease incubation period (8.29 days) and the severity of stem base rot disease was 11.67% number of pods per plant (62.53 pods), the number of seeds per plant (225.05 seeds), and the weight of seeds per plant (27.73 g) were higher than that of the application of T. harzianum and AMF separately.

scholarly journals Foliar Organic Fertilizer Enhanced Growth, Yield and Carotenoid Content of Carrot Plants (Daucus carota L.) Cultivated in the Lowland

2021 ◽  
Vol 913 (1) ◽  
pp. 012019
Author(s):  
A Nikmatullah ◽  
G G Samudra ◽  
K Zawani ◽  
K Muslim ◽  
I Nairfana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Carrot Plant ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Below Ground

Abstract Carrot is an increasingly important root vegetable in Indonesia, and it is commonly served as cooked mixed-vegetables or consumed freshly as salads or juices. Therefore, development of eco-friendly cultivation technology, including in lowlands, is important to meet the increased demand. This research analysed growth and yield of carrot plant in lowland in response to foliar-organic-fertilization as well as characterized the quality, carotenoid and sugar contents as well as hardness of the taproot. A Randomized completely block design (an RCBD) experiments was conducted in Bagik Polak Village, Labuapi District of West Lombok Regency (at ca. 45 m above mean sea level/amsl) from June to October 2020. During the cource of the experiment, the carrot plants were treated with 6 concentration of foliar organic fertilizer, that were 0 ml/L (K0), 5 ml/L (K1), 10 ml/L (K2), 15 ml/L (K3), 20 ml/L (k4) dan 25 ml/L (K5). There was no chemical fertilization added to the plots, but chicken manure of 20 tons/ha was equally given to all treatments. Application of foliar organic fertilizer increased growth and yield of the carrot plant by increasing physiological responses of the carrot plant as shown by a decrease ratio of above to below ground biomass and increase in the leaf chlorophyll content. Interestingly, application of foliar organic fertilizer enhanced the sweetness, carotenoid contents of the carrot taproots compared to the control plants.

scholarly journals Influence of Heat Stress, Variations in Soil Type, and Soil Amendment on the Growth of Three Drought–Tolerant Maize Varieties

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1485
Author(s):  
Uchechukwu Paschal Chukwudi ◽  
Funso Raphael Kutu ◽  
Sydney Mavengahama
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Maize Variety ◽  
Stress Environment

Food security in sub–Saharan Africa is threatened by the increasing incidence of heat stress. Therefore, ameliorating heat stress influence in plants is vital for sustainable crop production. A 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment fitted into a completely randomized design with four replications was performed. The factors were heat stress, maize variety, soil amendment, and soil type. The results showed that heat stress exerted a depressive effect on maize growth and yield attributes. It reduced the leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, dry biomass yield, and harvest index by 35%, 36%, 41%, 59%, and 78%, respectively. Sandy clay loam soil provided a better maize growth condition than loamy sand soil. Organic manure soil amendment improved maize growth attributes over the mineral fertilizer in the non–heat–stress environment and ameliorated the negative impact of heat stress in the heat–stress environment. The ranking of the attributes identified leaf area, dry biomass yield, stem diameter, and plant height as the most discriminating and representative attributes. These attributes should be considered in maize development projects for heat–stress prone areas. Selection of appropriate maize variety and accompanying soil amendment should be integrated into food security strategy as they influenced maize growth and yield under (non–)heat–stress conditions.

scholarly journals Management of Charcoal Rot of Mungbean by Two Trichoderma Species and Dry Biomass of Coronopus didymus

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. JAVAID ◽  
I.H. KHAN ◽  
A. SHOAIB
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Dry Biomass

ABSTRACT: A pot experiment was carried out to check the effect of Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. dry biomass application (1%, 2% and 3% w/w) and two species of Trichoderma (T. viride and T. aureoviride) on growth and physiology of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) WIlczek] under biotic stress of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Inoculation of M. phaseolina (positive control) reduced plant survival, shoot and root length as well as plant dry biomass by 22%, 52%, 61% and 64%, respectively, over the negative control (without any amendment). There was 100% plant survival in treatments with T. aureoviride alone or in combination with 1% and 2% C. didymus biomass. Likewise, T. viride in combination with 2% biomass also showed 100% plant survival. Application of 3% C. didymus biomass had a pronounced effect on crop growth resulting in 101%, 233% and 342% increase in shoot length, root length and plant biomass, respectively, over the positive control. Sole inoculation of either of the two Trichoderma spp. significantly enhanced various plant growth parameters over the positive control. In general, in combination with 2% biomass of C. didymus, both Trichodermaspp. proved to be the best choice for improving mungbean biomass under stress of M. phaseolina. Activity of denfense related enzymes viz. peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was generally higher in treatments in which 1% C. didymus biomass was applied either alone or combined with Trichoderma spp. in M. phaseolina inoculated soil.

scholarly journals Improving field establishment of cacao (Theobroma cacao) through mulching, irrigation and shading

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 898-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Acheampong ◽  
A. J. Daymond ◽  
P. Adu-Yeboah ◽  
P. Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Control Plant ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Coffee Husk

AbstractEstablishment of young cacao trees in West Africa can be severely impeded by the onset of the dry season. To address this issue, a field experiment was conducted in Ghana to examine whether different mulch treatments and irrigation applied during the dry season combined with overhead shade could improve survival, early growth and yield of cacao. The mulch treatments used were polyethylene film and coffee husks placed around the young plants. Irrigation was used as a positive control, and no mulching or irrigation was a negative control. Three shade regimes were provided through different arrangements of Gliricidia sepium and plantains. Four different cacao clones were used in the study in a replicated split-plot design. Early growth of cacao was stimulated under the irrigation and plastic mulch treatments. Higher rates of photosynthesis during the dry season appeared to underlie these increases. Significantly higher early yields were also observed under the irrigation and coffee mulch treatments compared with the control. Plant survival varied significantly between treatments; irrigation was associated with the highest plant survival (94%), followed by the plastic mulch treatment (91%), coffee husk (82%) and the control (70%). There was also an increase in survival when more intense shading was used. Under zero mulch conditions, differences in survival were observed between clones. The clones P 30 [POS] and SCA 6 were more sensitive to drought (in terms of survival) than PA 150 and T 79/501. It is concluded that relatively simple mulching techniques or controlled irrigation in conjunction with appropriate shade management can significantly improve early establishment and cropping of cacao.

scholarly journals Controlling Greenhouse Whitefly with Erectomocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich and Crude Plant Extracts of Garlic and Chilli improves Yield of Tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Masai Sumaili ◽  
Mwanarusi Saidi ◽  
Alice W. Kamau
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Greenhouse Whitefly ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L

Despite its economic importance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), many growers are unable to achieve maximum yield of high quality due to insect pest infestation. This study was aimed at determining the effectiveness of parasitoid Erectomocerus eremicus and crude plant extracts of garlic and chilli as an integrated alternative control method of greenhouse whitefly (GHW) on yield of tomato variety ‘Anna F1’. The study was conducted at Egerton University using a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design, replicated three times. Parasitoid was the main plot factor at two levels (with and without E. eremicus) while sprays of distilled water (negative control), Abamectin (positive control), chilli and garlic extracts formed the sub-plot factors. Data on GHW incidence, population density, parasitisation rate, yield was collected. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance and means of significant treatments separated using Tukey’s test at p = 0.05. Combined use of botanical extracts and E. eremicus had better effects on the management of whitefly population, infestation, and in enhancing growth and yield of greenhouse tomato plants compared to where they were used alone. Botanical plant extracts and/or E. eremicus can be used in the management of GHW and to improve tomato yields.

scholarly journals Comparing the effect of biological amendments and chemical fertilizer on bacterial and fungal population

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Edosa V.I.O. ◽  
Aleladia B.O. ◽  
Osarhiemen V. O.
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Anaerobic Digestate ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Soil Microbial Population

Amelioration of degraded soils has triggered interest regarding alternatives to supply nutrient and improve microbial diversity through the integrated use of organic manure and biofertilizers. In this light, a screenhouse experiment set in a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven (7) treatments; Bacillus thuringiensis (5 ml); digestate (22.4 t ha-1); 50% of digestate + NPK 15:15:15 (11.2 & 3.1 t ha-1); Digestate + B. thuringiensis (22.4 t ha-1 & 5 ml); Digestate + B. thuringiensis + Glomus mosseae 22.4 t ha-1, 5 ml & 500 g); positive control (NPK 15:15:15) and negative control with no treatment, replicated three (3) times was done. This research was carried out in the screen house of the department of soil science and land management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, with the aim of evaluating the agronomic value of anaerobic digestate (derived from cattle rumen content waste), inoculants of B. thuringiensis and G. mosseae in comparison with chemical fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15), while determining its’ effect on soil microbial properties, growth and yield of tomato. The results showed that application of NPK 15:15:15 at a rate of 6.1 t ha-1 caused a significant decrease in number of leaves of the tomato plant with a total of 50 and 56 leaves/plant in pots treated with NPK 15:15:15, and a combination of digestate and NPK respectively at 8 WAT. At 8 WAT, total organic carbon of the soil was best improved in soil with a treatment of digestate, bacteria and mycorrhiza inoculum (61%), and was also significantly improved in the positive control (63%), with the pots with no treatments having the least amount of organic carbon (1.8%). Total nitrogen was highest in treatments of digestate and both inoculums at 5.7% and least in soils with a combination of digestate and NPK 15:15:15 (0.3%). Soil microbial population of bacteria and fungi increased by 20% and 43% respectively. These findings indicate that a combination of anaerobic digestate, B. thuringiensis and G. mosseae applied at 22.4 t ha -1, 5 ml and 500 g respectively is best suited for tomato cultivation and is recommended for optimum growth and yield of tomato in the study area.

scholarly journals Essential Oils as Biocontrol Agents of Early and Late Blight Diseases of Tomato under Greenhouse Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lydia G. Mugao ◽  
Bernard M. Gichimu ◽  
Phyllis W. Muturi ◽  
Ezekiel K. Njoroge
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants

Tomato production worldwide is usually restrained by various infections, among them mainly the late and early blight caused by Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani, respectively. Lately, there has been a growing concern over the use of synthetic fungicides on environmental and food safety, hence the need to explore other alternatives that are friendly to the user, the consumer, and the general environment. This research sought to test the potency of ginger, garlic, and Mexican marigold essential oils against the early and late blight diseases of tomato under greenhouse conditions. A synthetic fungicide (Ridomil Gold®) was used as a positive control while distilled water acted as a negative control. The extraction of essential oils was done by dry steam distillation and then mixed with tween twenty before being topped up with sterile distilled water. They were then used to spray tomato plants that had been inoculated with A. solani and P. infestans isolates under greenhouse conditions. The tomato plants were evaluated for growth, yield, and disease severity. The data obtained was subjected to ANOVA and separation of means was conducted using Student–Newman–Keul (SNK) test at 95% level of confidence. The three essential oils had a significant potency against the two diseases which is comparable to the synthetic fungicide. Marigold essential oil was also found to have a significant impact on the general growth of sprayed tomato plants. Essential oils of the three plants can be further explored as alternative products management of the two diseases.

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