scholarly journals Functional features of hemodynamic changes in preterm kids in residual period of development

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
L. E. Vigovskaya ◽  
A. R. Gaynutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disorders ◽  
Birth Trauma ◽  
Trigger Factor ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Brain

Results of dopplerographic studies have delineate the severity of cerebrovascular disorders in different categories of preterm infants. The most significant hemodynamic changes characteristic for extremely premature infants, regardless of severity of the condition at birth, which is manifested as a decrease in blood flow through the main vessels of the head and neck, especially pronounced disturbances in the venous system of the brain. Birth trauma is a trigger factor in the implementation of hemodynamic disorders of the brain in these patients.

scholarly journals New cerebrovascular agent with hypotensive activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Galina A. Kim ◽  
Tamara S. Gan’shina ◽  
Elena V. Kurza ◽  
Ilya N. Kurdyumov ◽  
Denis V. Maslennikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Antihypertensive Agent ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disorders ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hypotensive Activity ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Cerebrovascular Activity ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: In cerebrovascular disorders, special attention is paid to a hypertensive cerebrovascular crisis, which combines a vascular injury of the brain and hypertension. The paper studies the cerebrovascular properties of the calcium channel blocker of S-Amlodipine nicotinate antihypertensive agent. Materials and methods: Tests were performed on 96 nonlinear male rats, measuring local blood flow in the cerebral cortex in 36 awake animals, using a laser Doppler flowmeter. Cerebral circulation was recorded in the animals when modeling ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injuries. Results and discussion: S-Amlodipine nicotinate (0.1 mg/kg i/v) shows a pronounced cerebrovascular activity in the models of ischemic and hemorrhagic injuries of the brain. In terms of the vasodilating effect in ischemic brain injury, the drug is comparable to mexidol, nimodipine, picamilon, but is superior to nimodipine and picamilon in terms of duration of action, and in the model of hemorrhagic stroke, S-Amlodipine nicotinate is superior to nimodipine and is comparable to picamilon and mexidol. The analysis of the mechanism of action of the agent revealed the participation of GABA A-receptors in the implementation of cerebrovascular properties of the agent. Conclusion: Significant cerebrovascular activity of S-Amlodipine nicotinate (0.1 mg/kg i/v) antihypertensive agent was revealed. The presence of GABAergic mechanism on cerebral blood flow in the agent action along with blockade of slow calcium channels ensures its high efficacy in treatment of both ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injuries.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Role of Epigenetics in Ischemic Stroke: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 1616-1620
Author(s):  
Rohini Agrawal ◽  
Prashant Amale ◽  
Shilpa Deshpande ◽  
Manish Deshmukh ◽  
Priti Bhoyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Neural Stem Progenitor Cells ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
After Cancer ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Global Population

Stroke is a Central Nervous System (CNS) disorder which occurs due to the obstruction in the brain blood flow. Stroke is mainly of two types, such as ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke (80%) caused due to obstruction of blood flow through Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) and characterized by a decreased supply of oxygen and glucose to CNS. In comparison, Hemorrhagic stroke (20%) mainly occurs due to the rupturing of blood vessels. Epidemiologically, it is the common reason of death after cancer and affecting millions of global population. There are many risk factors such as hypertension; hypercholesterolemia etc. which can exaggerate the condition of stroke. Various conventional therapies like Antiplatelets, Thrombolytic are available, but, there is a need to obtain a therapeutic approach that can provide prevention as well as a cure for the stroke. So the present review is primarily focused on epigenetic approach for ischemic stroke by Endogenous Transplantation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells (NSPCs). This, in turn, will decrease the level of REST protein at the genetic level and enhance the activity of Na+-Ca+ exchanger activity and lowers the excitotoxicity.

MODELING REDISTRIBUTION CEREBRAL CIRCULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Vladislav Nikolaevich Nikitin ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina Valerevna Kozhemyakina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Circle Of Willis ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Brain

The brain is one of the most important organs responsible for the health and functioning of the entire body. The blood supply to the brain is carried out through 2 internal carotid and 2 vertebral arteries in norm. The brain, like other body systems, has protective (compensatory) mechanisms aimed at maintaining the necessary blood flow, one of which is the circle of Willis. The article proposes a mechanism for how blood flow is redistributed through the arteries feeding the brain, which is based on the assumption that the central nervous system controls in such a way that it minimizes flows through the connective arteries of the circle of Willis, the flows along which are normal (with symmetry of the left and right sides) practically equal to zero. Сase of the structure of the circle of Willis is considered in norm. The indicated redistribution mechanism is still only the first step towards an attempt to predict cases of changes in blood flow through the cerebral arteries, especially in stroke. In further works, it is planned to consider the inverse problem, i.e. determine the flows through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, provided that the flows through the cerebral arteries extending from the circle of Willis have normal flow values.

CHANGES IN BLOOD FLOW AND VASCULAR PERMEABILITY OF THE TESTIS, EPIDIDYMIS AND ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF THE RAT AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE

1966 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. H. WAITES ◽  
B. P. SETCHELL
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vascular Permeability ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
Testicular Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Brain

SUMMARY The effect of s.c. injections of cadmium chloride (3 μmole/100 g. body wt.) on the blood flow and vascular permeability of the testis, epididymis and accessory reproductive organs of rats has been examined. Sapirstein's indicator fractionation technique was used to measure blood flow with [131I]iodoantipyrine and [86Rb]-rubidium chloride. A rubidium-rejecting compartment was found in the testis similar to, but smaller than, that in the brain and pineal body. Testicular blood flow started to decrease within 3 hr. of giving cadmium (Cd) and by 12 hr. was only 2–9 % of the control values; it then started to recover but after 14 days it was still only 31 % of the control values. Apart from a small reduction of blood flow to the first part of the head of the epididymis 6 hr. after Cd administration, blood flow was not strikingly reduced in any part of the epididymis by Cd treatment. However, blood flow to all parts of the epididymis had increased markedly when examined 7 days after giving Cd; this was most evident in the first part of the head of the epididymis. Blood flow through the accessory reproductive organs was reduced within 6 hr. of Cd injection. Blood flow in the seminal vesicles returned to normal between 1 and 14 days after treatment but blood flow in the prostate gland did not recover. The movement of albumin from intravascular to extravascular compartments was used as an index of vascular permeability. This index increased in the testis in the period 1–6 hr. after Cd administration and the change occasionally occurred before blood flow decreased. A similar increase was seen in the first part of the head of the epididymis 3–6 hr. after Cd, but no change was seen in the rest of the epididymis. The evidence suggests that Cd acts by damaging the endothelium of the capillaries in the testis leading to prolonged stoppage of blood flow which would lead to hypoxia in the spermiogenic epithelium.

Brain-Oriented Care in the NICU: A Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Bader
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Developmental Outcome ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Developmental Care ◽  
The Brain

With the advances of technology and treatment in the field of neonatal care, researchers can now study how the brains of preterm infants are different from full-term infants. The differences are significant, and the outcomes are poor overall for premature infants as a whole. Caregivers at the bedside must know that every interaction with the preterm infant affects brain development—it is critical to the developmental outcome of the infant. The idea of neuroprotection is not new to the medical field but is a fairly new idea to the NICU. Neuroprotection encompasses all interventions that promote normal development of the brain. The concept of brain-oriented care is a necessary extension of developmental care in the NICU. By following the journey of 26-week preterm twin infants through a case study, one can better understand the necessity of brain-oriented care at the bedside.

Increase of cerebral blood flow produced by low dosages of cyanide

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Russek ◽  
Adolfo Fernandez F. ◽  
Cordelia Vega
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Oxygen Difference

In cats and rabbits lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital or immobilized with Flaxedil and in encéphale isolé cats, the intravenous injection of NaCN in doses of 0.05 to 0.5 mg/kg produced a great increase in blood flow from the head (jugular vein) without any significant change in the blood flow from a hind limb (femoral vein). This would indicate that the increase in blood flow from the head was probably due to the brain and not to the nonnervous structures. This assumption was further supported by the large increase in the blood flow through the sagittal sinus. The greatest increase in jugular flow, threefold, was produced by 0.2–0.3 mg/kg of cyanide. This dose did not produce any significant change in the arterial, jugular, and femoral vein oxygen concentration, and hence in the A-V oxygen difference of head and limb. The results would indicate that the consumption of the brain is augmented by these dosages of cyanide.

scholarly journals Effect of Centrally Administered Encephalinamides on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in the Dog

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Kirsch ◽  
Daniel F. Hanley ◽  
David A. Wilson ◽  
Richard J. Traystman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Opiate Receptors ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Cisterna Magna ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Plasma Arginine ◽  
The Brain

(D-ala2)-met5-encephalinamide (AM encephalinamide) and (D-ala2)-leu5-encephalinamide (AL encephalinamide) were administered into the cisterna magna in anesthetized dogs to determine whether these opiates effected the neurohypophyseal circulation differently than the circulation of other brain areas. At the beginning of the experimental protocol, animals were given either mock cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) or 5 or 25 mg of AM encephalinamide or 5 mg of AL encephalinamide in equal volumes of mock CSF into the cisterna magna. By 60 min after intracisternal injection, radiolabeled AM encephalinamide distributed throughout the brain with the highest concentration being in the area of the brainstem. Sixty minutes after intracisternal injection, heart rate was decreased 29.0 ± 5.1%, 41.3 ± 4.4%, and 36.0 ± 3.6%, and MABP was decreased 25.2 ± 8.0%, 26.4 ± 2.4%, and 32.3 ± 2.6% in animals treated with AL encephalinamide (5 mg), AM encephalinamide (5 mg), and AM encephalinamide (25 mg), respectively. Neither AL encephalinamide or AM encephalinamide altered CBF or CMRO2 when compared with animals treated with mock CSF, whereas both AL encephalinamide and AM encephalinamide reduced neurohypophyseal blood flow by 30 min (43 ± 11%, AL encephalinamide; 35 ± 7%, AM encephalinamide, 5 mg; 46 ± 8%, AM encephalinamide, 25 mg); the reduction was sustained throughout the 60-min protocol (34 ± 10%, AL encephalinamide; 37 ± 3%, AM encephalinamide, 5 mg; 38 ± 4% AM encephalinamide, 25 mg). Plasma arginine vasopressin was transiently elevated 15 (326 ± 75%, AL encephalinamide; 323 ± 109%, AM encephalinamide, 25 mg) and 30 min (271 ± 68%, AL encephalinamide; 368 ± 136%, AM encephalinamide, 25 mg) in animals treated with AL encephalinamide or AM encephalinamide (25 mg). Intravenous naloxone administered at the end of the 60-min encephalinamide protocol was associated with a rise toward control values in heart rate and MABP in the AL encephalinamide group and in heart rate, MABP, and neurohypophyseal blood flow in both the AM encephalinamide 5 mg and 25 mg groups. These data suggest that encephalinamides may play a role in the regulation of neurohypophyseal blood flow through their actions on opiate receptors.

Nicotine increases microvascular blood flow and flow velocity in three groups of brain areas

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (6) ◽  
pp. H2142-H2150
Author(s):  
F. J. Hans ◽  
L. Wei ◽  
D. Bereczki ◽  
V. Acuff ◽  
J. Demaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Microvascular Blood Flow ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Nicotine Treatment ◽  
Nicotine Administration ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Distribution Spaces ◽  
The Brain

To examine the mechanism of local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) elevation, nicotine (1.75 mg/kg sc) was administered to rats, and LCBF plus the distribution spaces of radiolabeled albumin (RISA) and red blood cells (RBC) in parenchymal microvessels were measured throughout the brain. Microvascular blood spaces and transit times were calculated from the data. From 1.5 to 3 min after nicotine administration, LCBF was raised by 40–150% in 16 of the brain areas and unaltered in the remaining 28 areas. The affected structures included parts of the visual-auditory, sensorimotor-cortical, and interpeduncular systems. RBC spaces were not changed by nicotine treatment. RISA and blood spaces were increased slightly but not significantly in some of the LCBF-affected areas but nowhere else. Nicotine seemingly elevates LCBF in the affected areas mainly by increasing linear velocity of flow through the microvascular beds. In agreement with this, mean transit time, which is inversely related to velocity, was decreased from 0.3-0.5 to approximately 0.2 s in the microvascular systems of the nicotine-affected areas.

scholarly journals Diagnostics of pneumonia in preterm infants of the breast-feeding and the pre-preschool period of the life in the practice of family doctor

2019 ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
O. V. Lysunets ◽  
N. V. Didyk
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Preschool Period ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Period Of Gestation

Diseases of the respiratory system are important causes of children’s morbidity. That is why we suggest that the spreading of the clinical experience is helpful for the pediatric community to improve the practical skills and theoretical knowledge of the physicians. The article describes clinical and anamnestic peculiarities of run of period of the breast-feeding age and pre-preschool age at a preterm newborn with a small body weight at birth with a period of gestation of  32–36 weeks  and  infants of 38–40 weeks of gestation. Taking into account the anatomical and functional features of premature infants, they need of a multidisciplinary approach in order to care and treat them. The important anamnestic determinants that can point possible the later complication  are the interrupted pregnancy and incompetent pregnancy, harmful habits (the active and pasive smoking) of gravids and their infectious diseases (kidney disorders) and no-infectious diseases like diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Actually, a physician has to know many various combinations of symptoms and syndromes, which are characteristic for the preterm infants. The article includes clinical and anamnestic patterns of motion of pneumonia in infants with a period of gestation of 32–36 weeks in the breast-feeding and the pre-preschool period of the life. The important clinical determinants that can be used for diagnostic search of family doctor have been determined. The changes in organs and systems associating with development of pneumonias in the preterm infants have been displayed. The most important the clinical determinants of development of pneumonia are the artificial feeding, the violation of feeding and composition of food, disturbance of respiration, the smoking, hyperplasia of the thymus. The main idea of our article is that the most cases of morbidity premature infants depends on immature of internal organs, immune system and development of the infection complication. The main “take-away lessons” are that premature infants should  be observed a long time after disease. Conclusions: premature infants need a multidisciplinary approach in order to care and treat them.  

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