scholarly journals Analisis Ketepatan Pengukur Tegangan True RMS Jala-Jala Listrik Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega 328P

AVITEC ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farobi Widia Nanda ◽  
Freddy Kurniawan ◽  
Paulus Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Input Signal ◽  
Input Voltage ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Integer Variables ◽  
Input Signal Frequency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Narrow Frequency Range

The analog AC-voltmeter usually can only measure the ideal-sinusoid voltage with narrow frequency range. Meanwhile, in fact the grid voltage is often not in the form of an ideal sinusoidal.  To be able to measure a non-sinusoidal AC voltage with a wide range of frequency, a true-RMS voltmeter is needed. The research designed a true RMS measuring system using an ATmega 328P microcontroller. The input voltage is converted to pulse using Schmit triger and fed to the microcontroller’s external interrupt pin to calculate the input signal frequency. Meanwhile the microcontroller’s ADC sampled the input signal with a frequency of 128 times the signal’s frequency. RMS voltage calculations are performed using arithmetic operations for 16 and 32 bit integer variables. The test results show that the system can measure voltages with zero errors from 100 to 275 volts with a frequency of 50 Hz. The system can also measure voltages with zero errors at 220 volt with frequencies from 40 Hz to 150 Hz. However, this system can still be used to measure voltages ranging from 25 volts to 300 volts at frequencies from 35 Hz to 195 Hz with an average error of 0.21%. During RMS voltage calculation, the microcontroller’s CPU usage was 13.35%, so that this system can be further developed.

scholarly journals Reducing the Impact of the Frequency Change on the Formation of Orthogonal Components of the Relay Protection Input Signals

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Romaniuk ◽  
V. Yu. Rumiantsev ◽  
Yu. V. Rumiantsev ◽  
A. A. Dziaruhina
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Discrete Fourier Transform ◽  
Digital Filter ◽  
Input Signal ◽  
Digital Filters ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Filter Model ◽  
Input Signal Frequency ◽  
Orthogonal Components ◽  
The Impact

Digital filters made with the use of discrete Fourier Transform are applied in most microprocessor protections produced both in the home country and abroad. When the input signal frequency deviates from the value to which these filters are configured, a signal is generated at their output with oscillation amplitude that is proportional to the deviation of the signal frequency from the specified one. The article proposes an algorithm for compensating the oscillations of orthogonal components of the output signals of digital filters implemented on the basis of a discrete Fourier transform, when the input signal frequency deviates from the nominal one. A mathematical model of the proposed digital filter with an algorithm for compensating the oscillations of its orthogonal components, as well as a signal model for reproducing input effects, is implemented in the MatLab-Simulink dynamic modeling environment. The digital filter model is provided with two channels, viz. a current channel and a voltage channel, which makes it possible to simulate their operation in relation to protections that use one or two input values, for example, for current and remote protection. Verification of the functioning of the digital filter model with compensation for fluctuations in its output signal was carried out with the use of two types of test effects, viz. a sinusoidal signal with a frequency of 48–51 Hz (idealized effect), and the effects that are close to the real secondary signals of measuring current transformers and voltage transformers in case of short circuits accompanied by a decrease in frequency. The conducted computational experiments with deviation of frequency from the nominal one, revealed the presence of undamped oscillations at the output of standard digital Fourier filters and their almost complete absence in the proposed digital filters. This makes us possible to recommend digital filters based on a discrete Fourier transform supplemented by an algorithm for compensation of fluctuations in the amplitudes of the output signals for the use in microprocessor protection.

scholarly journals Extraction and Filter Algorithm of Roll Angular Rate for High Spinning Projectiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Zhong Su ◽  
Fuchao Liu ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Problem ◽  
Frequency Estimation ◽  
Angular Rate ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Narrowband Signal ◽  
Spinning Projectile

The accurate measurement of roll angular rate for high spinning projectile has long been a challenging problem. Aiming to obtain the accurate roll angular rate of high spinning projectile, a novel extraction and filter algorithm, BSCZT-KF, is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a compound angular motion model of high spinning projectile is established. According to the model, we translate the roll angular rate measurement problem into a frequency estimation problem. Then the improved CZT algorithm, BSCZT, was employed to realize an accurate estimation of the narrowband signal frequency. Combined with the peak detection method, the BSCZT-KF algorithm is presented to further enhance the frequency estimation accuracy and the real-time performance. Finally, two sets of actual flight tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the algorithm. The test results show that the average error of estimated roll angular rate is about 0.095% of the maximum of roll angular rate. Compared with the existing methods, the BSCZT-KF has the highest frequency estimation accuracy for narrowband signal.

scholarly journals NEW ANALYTICAL MODEL TO GENERALIZE THE BARCELONA TEST USING AXIAL DISPLACEMENT

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Pujadas ◽  
Ana Blanco ◽  
Sergio Cavalaro ◽  
Albert de la Fuente ◽  
Antonio Aguado
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Axial Displacement ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Opening Displacement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Press ◽  
Systematic Control

The Barcelona Test has proved to be very suitable for the systematic control of the tensile properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC). Nevertheless, the need to measure the total circumferential opening displacement (TCOD) of the specimen entails the use of an expensive circumferential extensometer. In order to simplify the test, studies from the literature propose the use of the axial displacement of the press (δ) instead of the TCOD, obtaining empirical equations to correlate the energy estimated with both measurements. However, these equations are only valid for δ ranging from 1 to 4 mm and were adjusted based on the test results of just a few types of FRC. The verification of this formulation for other types of FRC shows an average error of 51.1%, thus limiting the simplification proposed for the test. In this paper, a new analytical model to convert the δ into the TCOD is developed and validated for a wide range of FRC. Besides being applicable to the whole range of δ, the new model provides a clear physical understanding of the main mechanism observed during the test and shows an average error of only 6.7%, making it possible to simplify the Barcelona test.

scholarly journals Basic Characteristics of IEC Flickermeter Processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Majchrzak ◽  
Grzegorz Wiczyński
Keyword(s):  
Input Signal ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Signal Source ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Voltage Fluctuations ◽  
Input Signal Frequency ◽  
A Value ◽  
Bandwidth Limitation ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Flickermeter is a common name for a system that measures the obnoxiousness of flicker caused by voltage fluctuations. The output of flickermeter is a value of short-term flicker severity indicator, . This paper presents the results of the numerical simulations that reconstruct the processing of flickermeter in frequency domain. With the use of standard test signals, the characteristics of flickermeter were determined for the case of amplitude modulation of input signal, frequency modulation of input signal, and for input signal with interharmonic component. For the needs of simulative research, elements of standard IEC flickermeter signal chain as well as test signal source and tools for acquisition, archiving, and presentation of the obtained results were modeled. The results were presented with a set of charts, and the specific fragments of the charts were pointed out and commented on. Some examples of the influence of input signal’s bandwidth limitation on the flickermeter measurement result were presented for the case of AM and FM modulation. In addition, the diagrams that enable the evaluation of flickermeter’s linearity were also presented.

FREQUENCY-SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: A PROPOSAL FOR PARSIMONIOUS INTRA-CORTICAL COMMUNICATION

1996 ◽  
Vol 07 (05) ◽  
pp. 591-598
Author(s):  
REGEV LEVI ◽  
EYTAN RUPPIN ◽  
YOSSI MATIAS ◽  
JAMES A. REGGIA
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Input Signal ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
External Input ◽  
Resonant Peak ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Input Signal Frequency ◽  
Mexican Hat ◽  
Impedance Magnitude

This work examines a neural network model of a cortical module, where neurons are organized on a 2-dimensional sheet and are connected with higher probability to their spatial neighbors. Motivated by recent findings that cortical neurons have a resonant peak in their impedance magnitude function, we present a frequency-spatial transformation scheme that is schematically described as follows: An external input signal, applied to a small input subset of the neurons, spreads along the network. Due to a stochastic component in the dynamics of the neurons, the frequency of the spreading signal decreases as it propagates through the network. Depending on the input signal frequency, different neural assemblies will hence fire at their specific resonance frequency. We show analytically that the resulting frequency-spatial transformation is well-formed; an injective, fixed, mapping is obtained. Extensive numerical simulations demonstrate that a homogeneous, well-formed transformation may also be obtained in neural networks with cortical-like “Mexican-hat” connectivity. We hypothesize that a frequency-spatial transformation may serve as a basis for parsimonious cortical communication.

Influence of Alternating Current Frequency on Output Voltage at Electromagnetic Method of Metal Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 945 ◽  
pp. 879-884
Author(s):  
I.R. Kuzeev ◽  
A.S. Valiev ◽  
V.Yu. Pivovarov
Keyword(s):  
Input Signal ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Electric Signal ◽  
Continuous Control ◽  
Input Signal Frequency ◽  
Electromagnetic Processes ◽  
Function Graph ◽  
Sinusoidal Function

The equipment of oil refineries and other hazardous production facilities operate under high pressures and temperatures. Such operation conditions require continuous control and equipment remaining operation life period assessment. The existing methods of diagnostics are based on probabilistic remaining life assessment and use data regarding wall thickness variation during the operation process. The present article presents the method of accumulated damage assessment and its approximation to the limiting state, based on electromagnetic processes studying by means of eddy current control method. The main purpose of studies was determination of optimal value of input signal frequency, which could the most informative for determination of regularity of electric signal parameters change depending on the level of accumulated damages. Steel grade 09Г2С samples were used as the subject of studies. The samples were exposed to static tension under constant rate and during the process of samples deformation we measured the value of electric signal under three frequencies: 100 Hz, 10 kHz, and 1 MHz Based on the obtained results we prepared output signal voltage-relative elongation dependencies, which showed that accumulation of plastic deformations in metal leads to reduction of signal amplitude. Particularly interesting was dependence under 1 MHz frequency, under which electromagnetic processes occur in subsurface and surface layers. This dependence was of some regular nature, which was described by means of the sinusoidal function. Graph of the obtained function qualitatively describes the experimental dependence. On the basis of obtained results we can make a conclusion that optimal input signal frequency is within megahertz range, under which difference between the sinusoidal function graph and the empirical curve is minimum.

scholarly journals Understanding the Input Signal Frequency Effects on the Resistive Window of Memristors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Maestro Izquierdo ◽  
Mireia B. Gonzalez ◽  
Francesca campabadal ◽  
Enrique Miranda ◽  
Jordi Suñé
Keyword(s):  
Input Signal ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Electrical Stimulus ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Memory State ◽  
Input Signal Frequency ◽  
Input Signal Amplitude ◽  
The Difference

As theoretically predicted by Prof. Chua, the input signal frequency has a major impact on the electrical behavior of memristors. According with one of the so-called fingerprints of such devices, the resistive window, <i>i.e.</i> the difference between the low and high resistance states, shrinks as the frequency increases for a given input signal amplitude. Physically, this effect stems from the incapability of ions/vacancies to follow the external electrical stimulus. In terms of the electrical behavior, the collapse of the resistive window can be ascribed to the shift of the set/reset voltages toward higher values. Moreover, for a given frequency, the resistance window increases with the signal amplitude. In this letter, we show that both phenomena are the two sides of the same coin and that can be consistently explained after considering the snapback effect and a balance model equation for the device memory state.

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