scholarly journals A New Methodology to Assess Indirect Losses in Bridges Subjected to Multiple Hazards

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Forcellini
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Multiple Hazards ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Indirect Losses ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Original Configuration

Decision making approaches to manage bridge recovering after the impact of multiple hazards are increasing all over the world. In particular, bridges can be considered critical links in highway networks because of their vulnerability and their resilience can be assessed on the basis of evaluation of direct and indirect losses. This paper aims at proposing a new methodology to assess indirect losses for bridges subjected to multiple hazards. The method applied to calculate direct costs is the credited Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) methodology by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) center. Therefore, the main objective of the study consists in the assessment of indirect losses that are generally neglected elsewhere. In particular, the paper proposes to calculate indirect losses from direct costs and to divide them into connectivity losses and prolongation of time. The presented formulation has been applied to a real case study aimed at strengthening a benchmark bridge with several isolated configurations. The results show that the application of the proposed methodology allows to evaluate possible solutions to strengthen the original configuration.

Probabilistic performance-based seismic assessment of an existing masonry building

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Giordano ◽  
Khalid M. Mosalam ◽  
Selim Günay
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Seismic Loss ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Seismic Loss Assessment ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

Existing unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings represent a significant part of the constructed facilities. Unfortunately, in case of seismic actions, their structural behavior is negatively affected by the low capacity of masonry components to withstand lateral forces. For this reason, in the past decades, URM buildings have been responsible for fatalities and large economic losses even in the case of moderate earthquakes. This article presents the seismic loss assessment of an old masonry building damaged during the 2014 South Napa earthquake using the framework of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. For this purpose, the performance is expressed in terms of expected monetary loss curves for different hazard scenarios. Structural and non-structural losses are considered in the analysis using a practical, yet accurate, structural idealization of the URM building, which is validated by the observed damage from the 2014 South Napa earthquake.

Estimating Downtime from Data on Residential Buildings after the Northridge and Loma Prieta Earthquakes

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Comerio ◽  
Howard E. Blecher
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Northridge Earthquake ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Loma Prieta Earthquake ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Loma Prieta ◽  
Recent Earthquakes ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

The performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) methodology developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) center uses data from recent earthquakes to calibrate its loss models. This paper describes a detailed review of building department permit data from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Although the data is limited to wood-framed residential structures, it provides some insight into the length of time between an event and re-occupancy. Based on a review of approximately 4,900 records, the typical repair of damaged multifamily residential buildings required two years and building replacement required almost four years. When this data is supplemented with additional case studies from other events, the capacity to better calibrate downtime models will improve, particularly if construction-repair times are separated from estimates of the time gap between closure and start-of-repair.

Discussion of “A Framework to Evaluate the Benefit of Seismic Upgrading”

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 1511-1514
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Galanis ◽  
Marco Broccardo ◽  
Lukas Bodenmann ◽  
Božidar Stojadinović
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Seismic Evaluation ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The One ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

Discussers (Michel et al.) address the paper “A Framework to Evaluate the Benefit of Seismic Upgrading” written by the coauthors of this response. Discussers present the compliance factor approach to evaluate existing structures and determine the need for a seismic upgrade implemented in the Swiss code SIA 269/8 and compare this approach to the one presented in the discussed paper. The approach proposed in the discussed paper combines elements of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) framework and the standard actuarial frequency-severity approach. Discussers criticize this approach as not being risk based and, consequently, consider it inappropriate for seismic evaluation of existing buildings. Coauthors welcome the comparison of different approaches for evaluation of existing buildings but disagree with the discussers’ characterization of the PEER PBEE framework and, by extension, the approach of the discussed paper.

scholarly journals Fragility of Hydraulic Elevators for Use in Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Porter
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Nonstructural Components ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Fragility Function ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Applied Technology ◽  
Binary Regression Analysis ◽  
Ground Motion Records ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

New performance-based earthquake engineering methods developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, the Applied Technology Council, and others include damage analysis at a highly detailed level, requiring the compilation of fragility functions for a large number of damageable generic structural and nonstructural components. This brief paper presents the development of a fragility function for hydraulic elevators. It uses post-earthquake survey data from 91 elevators in nine California locations after two earthquakes. Surveys were used to collect data on facilities and elevators. Ground-motion records from the California Integrated Seismic Network were used to estimate engineering demands at each site. Binary regression analysis was used to fit a fragility function, which takes the form of a lognormal cumulative distribution function with median value of PGA=0.42 g and logarithmic standard deviation of 0.3. The fragility function appears to be reasonable based on four criteria.

scholarly journals Connecting Risk and Resilience for a Power System Using the Portland Hills Fault Case Study

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishvas H. Chalishazar ◽  
Ted K. A. Brekken ◽  
Darin Johnson ◽  
Kent Yu ◽  
James Newell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Seismic Load ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

Active seismic faults in the Pacific Northwest area have encouraged electric utilities in the region to deeply contemplate and proactively intervene to support grid resilience. To further this effort this research introduces Monte Carlo (MC)-based power system modeling as a means to inform the Performance Based Earthquake Engineering method and simulates 100,000 sample earthquakes of a 6.8 magnitude (M6.8) Portland Hills Fault (PHF) scenario in the Portland General Electric (PGE) service territory as a proof of concept. This paper also proposes the resilience metric Seismic Load Recovery Factor (SLRF) to quantify the recovery of a downed power system and thus can be used to quantify earthquake economic risk. Using MC results, the SLRF was evaluated to be 19.7 h and the expected economic consequence cost of a M6.8 PHF event was found to be $180 million with an annualized risk of $90,000 given the event’s 1 in 2000 year probability of occurrence. The MC results also identified the eight most consequential substations in the PGE system—i.e., those that contributed to maximum load loss. This paper concludes that retrofitting these substations reduced the expected consequence cost of a M6.8 PHF event to $117 million.

scholarly journals Cable Tensile Forces Associated to Winch Design in Tethered Harvesting Operations: A Case Study from the Pacific North West

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 827
Author(s):  
Omar Mologni ◽  
Eric D. T. Nance ◽  
C. Kevin Lyons ◽  
Luca Marchi ◽  
Stefano Grigolato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Limit ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Force Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
Tensile Forces ◽  
System Activation ◽  
The Impact

Cable tensile forces in winch-assist harvesting have been investigated in order to assess the safety concerns of the technology. However, the literature is lacking, particularly in regards to the impact of winch design. In this study, a Summit Winch Assist tethering a feller-director on ground slopes up to 77% was monitored for four days. The cable tensile forces were simultaneously recorded at the harvesting and anchor machine at a frequency of 100 Hz. Cameras and GNSS devices enabled a time study of the operations and the recording of machine positions. Winch functionality and design were disclosed by the manufacturer and used for the interpretation of the results. The cable tensile forces reached 296 kN at the harvesting machine and 260 kN at the anchor machine. The slow negotiation of obstacles while moving downhill recorded the highest peaks, mainly due to threshold settings of the winch in the brake system activation. Lower but significant peaks were also recorded during stationary work tasks. The peaks, however, were limited to a few events and never exceeded the endurance limit of the cable. Overall, the study confirmed recent findings in cable tensile force analysis of active winch-assist operations and provided evidence of the underlaying mechanisms that contribute to cable tensile forces.

scholarly journals 2016–2017 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence: Seismic Retrofit Policy and Effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1671-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Mazzoni ◽  
Giulio Castori ◽  
Carmine Galasso ◽  
Paolo Calvi ◽  
Richard Dreyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Central Italy Earthquake ◽  
Critical Facilities ◽  
The Impact

The 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence consisted of several moderately high-magnitude earthquakes, between M5.5 and M6.5, each centered in a different location and with its own sequences of aftershocks spanning several months. To study the effects of this earthquake sequence on the built environment and the impact on the communities, a collaborative reconnaissance effort was organized by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), the Eucentre Foundation, the European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCentre), and the Rete dei Laboratori Universitari di Ingegneria Sismica (ReLuis). The effort consisted of two reconnaissance missions: one following the Amatrice Earthquake of 24 August 2016 and one after the end of the earthquake sequence, in May 2017. One objective of the reconnaissance effort was to evaluate existing strengthening methodologies and assess their effectiveness in mitigating the damaging effects of ground shaking. Parallel studies by the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association, presented in a companion paper, demonstrate that variations in-ground motions due to topographic site effects had a significant impact on damage distribution in the affected area. This paper presents that, in addition to these ground motion variations, variations in the vulnerability of residential and critical facilities were observed to have a significant impact on the level of damage in the region. The damage to the historical centers of Amatrice and Norcia will be used in this evaluation: the historical center of Amatrice was devastated by the sequence of earthquakes; the significant damage in Norcia was localized to individual buildings. Amatrice has not experienced the same number of devastating earthquakes as Norcia in the last 150 years. As a result, its building stock is much older than that of Norcia and there appeared to be little visual evidence of strengthening of the buildings. The distribution of damage observed throughout the region was found to be indicative of the effectiveness of strengthening and of the need for a comprehensive implementation of retrofit policies.

Implementing Nepal's National Building Code: A Case Study in Patience and Persistence

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 167-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Arendt ◽  
Ayse Hortacsu ◽  
Kishor Jaiswal ◽  
John Bevington ◽  
Surya Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Building Code ◽  
National Society ◽  
Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Code Compliance ◽  
And Training

The April 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal revealed the relative effectiveness of the Nepal Standard or the national building code (NBC), and irregular compliance with it in different parts of Nepal. Much of the damage to more than half a million residential structures in Nepal may be attributed to the prevalence of owner-built or owner-supervised construction and the lack of owner and builder responsiveness to seismic risk and training in the appropriate means of complying with the NBC. To explain these circumstances, we review the protracted implementation of the NBC and the role played by one organization, the National Society for Earthquake Technology—Nepal (NSET), in the implementation of the NBC. We also share observations on building code compliance made by individuals in Nepal participating in workshops led by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute's 2014 class of Housner Fellows.

scholarly journals Bearing Witness 2017: Year 2 of a Pacific climate change storytelling project

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Robie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Bearing Witness ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

In 2016, the Pacific Media Centre responded to the devastation and tragedy wrought in Fiji by Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston by initiating the Bearing Witness journalism project and dispatching two postgraduate students to Viti Levu to document and report on the impact of climate change (Robie & Chand, 2017). This was followed up in 2017 in a second phase of what was hoped would become a five-year mission and expanded in future years to include other parts of the Asia-Pacific region. This project is timely, given the new 10-year Strategic Plan 2017-2026 launched by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) in March and the co-hosting by Fiji of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP23) climate change conference in Bonn, Germany, during November. The students dispatched in 2017 on the  ‘bearing witness’ journalism experiential assignment to work in collaboration with the Pacific Centre for the Environment and Sustainable Development (PaCE-SD) and the Regional Journalism Programme at the University of the South Pacific included a report about the relocation of a remote inland village of Tukuraki. They won the 2017 media and trauma prize of the Asia-Pacific Dart Centre, an agency affiliated with the Columbia School of Journalism. This article is a case study assessing the progress with this second year of the journalism project and exploring the strategic initiatives under way for more nuanced and constructive Asia-Pacific media storytelling in response to climate change.

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