Assessment of the impact of ice gouging on the Arctic marine pipeline systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 284-292
Author(s):  
Ирина Георгиевна Силина ◽  
Вадим Андреевич Иванов ◽  
Сергей Валерьевич Знаменщиков
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Distribution Features ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Subsea Pipelines ◽  
The Impact

Для исследования методик оценки влияния ледовой экзарации на подводные трубопроводы проанализирована отечественная и зарубежная нормативно-техническая база в области проектирования, строительства и эксплуатации морских трубопроводных систем, подробно рассмотрены общие подходы к решению данного вопроса. Систематизирован опыт строительства и эксплуатации трубопроводов в условиях замерзающих акваторий, представлены способы их защиты от повреждений в результате дрейфа ледовых образований. Дана оценка характера формирования и особенностей распределения ледово-экзарационных форм по глубине акваторий. Показано, что существующая методология оценки воздействия ледовой экзарации на морские трубопроводы не позволяет в полной мере учесть льдогрунтовое взаимодействие. Установлена целесообразность разработки критериев для определения минимальной безопасной глубины заложения подводных трубопроводов в районах с дрейфующими льдами. Обозначены направления дальнейших исследований механизмов ледового выпахивания, деформаций прилежащего к трубе грунтового массива и поведения заглубленного трубопровода. Полученные результаты позволят дополнить существующую методологию учета воздействия ледовой экзарации на морские трубопроводы, прокладываемые в замерзающих акваториях, с целью обеспечения их безопасности и надежности. To consider the methods of assessing the impact of ice gouging phenomenon on subsea oil and gas pipelines, the authors analyzed Russian and foreign codes and standards in the field of offshore pipeline systems design, construction and operation, and also considered in detail scientific approaches to investigate this issue. Within the framework of the analysis of peculiarities of offshore pipelines operation in areas with ice gouging, systematization of experience gained from pipeline systems operation in freezing waters was carried out, and methods of pipeline protection from damages caused by drifting ice formations were considered. The assessment of ice induced gouges formation and distribution features is performed. It is shown that the assessment methods presented in current codes and standards to determine the ice gouging impact on marine pipelines do not allow to directly take into account the ice-soil interaction. The feasibility of developing criteria for determining the minimum required burial depth for subsea pipelines in areas with ice gouging is determined. The directions of further research to ensure safe and failure-free operation of subsea pipeline systems in freezing water areas are presented.

Arctic Offshore Pipeline Design and Installation Challenges

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Paulin ◽  
Duane DeGeer ◽  
Joseph Cocker ◽  
Mark Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Upheaval Buckling ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Design Loads ◽  
Thaw Settlement ◽  
Hydrocarbon Transport ◽  
Pipeline Design

With the oil industry’s continued quest for oil and gas in frontier offshore locations, several developments have taken place in regions characterized by seasonal ice cover including the US Beaufort, North Caspian, and Sakhalin Island. In these projects, pipeline systems have been used, which are a cost-effective, safe, and reliable mode of hydrocarbon transport. For pipeline development in Arctic, several years of data need to be collected to support the pipeline design and construction planning, and may be required by regulations. Therefore, Arctic offshore pipeline projects generally require repetitive mapping surveys and geotechnical programs to verify design loads, soil properties, and thaw settlement potential. The major design loads that are considered for Arctic projects include ice gouging, strudel scour, upheaval buckling as well as thaw settlement. These issues can have a significant influence on the pipeline engineering considerations such as strain based design, target burial depth requirements, cost, and safety. While important to the design of the pipeline, these issues account for just a few of the many criteria that must be considered when routing a pipeline; criteria which can be categorized as either engineering, environmental, social, administrative, or infrastructural. The pipelines which are currently operational in the Arctic are located in shallow water depths and close to shore but were influenced by the unique Arctic environmental loading conditions. The experience from these past projects provides a significant base for the design, and operating of future offshore arctic pipelines. Pushing the limits to developments further offshore in deeper water will require that additional consideration be given to aspects related to pipeline design, in particular with respect to burial for protection against ice gouging.

Consideration of Geopolitical Challenges within the Analysis of Geoenvironmental Risks for Oil and Gas Development of the Russian Arctic

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
O. P. Trubitsina ◽  
V. N. Bashkin
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Oil And Gas Development ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Geopolitical Risks

The article is devoted to the consideration of geopolitical challenges for the analysis of geoenvironmental risks (GERs) in the hydrocarbon development of the Arctic territory. Geopolitical risks (GPRs), like GERs, can be transformed into opposite external environment factors of oil and gas industry facilities in the form of additional opportunities or threats, which the authors identify in detail for each type of risk. This is necessary for further development of methodological base of expert methods for GER management in the context of the implementational proposed two-stage model of the GER analysis taking to account GPR for the improvement of effectiveness making decisions to ensure optimal operation of the facility oil and gas industry and minimize the impact on the environment in the geopolitical conditions of the Arctic.The authors declare no conflict of interest

Backbone for Escape, Evacuation and Rescue From Arctic Facilities: A Systematic Approach

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Longrée ◽  
Sven Hoog
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Operating Personnel ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Joint Research Project ◽  
Arctic Ice ◽  
The Impact

In turn of the global warming and driven by the constant need for resources an increasing number of commercial and scientific activities conquer the Arctic in order to benefit from almost untouched resources like oil and gas but also from the overwhelming nature. These activities are accompanied by a steadily increasing number of vessels transporting goods but also operating personnel, scientists or tourists. Especially the number of tourists visiting the Arctic can reach far more than 1000 per vessel, resulting in growing headaches for the responsible safety and security authorities in the Arctic surrounding countries. Up to now no suitable Escape, Evacuation and Rescue (EER) concept is in place to cope with these challenges when it comes to hazardous situations. In this context IMPaC ([1]) developed a new and appropriate EER concept for the Arctic, exceeding the currently dominant small and isolated settlements along the coastlines in Denmark (Greenland), Norway, Russia, Canada and the US. One question seems to be central: Is there any requirement and benefit beyond the currently used small rescue station? Yes, we strongly believe that there is a growing demand for suitable infrastructure coming from various industries. Beyond rescue objectives there is a demand for people working and living in this area all year long, for a few days, weeks or months using these settlements for their specific needs. This led us to the idea of the provision of a common-use infrastructure for multiple industries. The commonly used infrastructure maximizes the use of the remote and very expensive infrastructure and minimizes the impact on the environment in this part of the world. Potential users of this infrastructure would be: • Oil & Gas Industry, driven by the increased world energy demand • Marine Transport & Tourism Industry, driven by declined arctic ice and new sea routes via the Arctic sea • Fishery Industry • Scientific community Any EER concept for the Arctic has to cope with several specific environmental and spatial challenges as addressed by the EU joint research project ACCESS ([2]), where IMPaC participates. The paper introduces the new EER concept and focuses especially on its beneficial, efficient and safe operability in the Arctic recording an increasing number of commercial and scientific activities.

Local Buckling in end Expansion of Subsea Pipelines

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaswar Koto ◽  
Abd. Khair Junaidi ◽  
M. H. Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Axial Force ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Local Buckling ◽  
Offshore Platform ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Specific Rule ◽  
Subsea Pipelines ◽  
Study Development

Offshore pipeline is mainly to transport crude oil and gas from offshore to onshore. It is also used to transport crude oil and gas from well to offshore platform and from platform to another platform. The crude oil and gas horizontally flows on the seabed, and then vertically flows inside the riser to the offshore platform. One of current issues of the oil and gas transportation system is an end expansion caused by the axial force. If the end expansion occurs over it limit can cause overstress to riser. This paper explores the effect of axial force toward local buckling in end expansion. In the study, development of programming in visual basic 2010 firstly was constructed using empirical equation. The programming code, then, was validated by comparing simulation result with actual data from company. As case study, the end expansion for various thicknesses of pipes was simulated. In this programming, DNV regulation is included for checking either design complied or not with regulation. However, DNV regulation doesn’t have specific rule regarding the end expansion but it is evaluated under load displacement control under strain condition.

The influence of chick production on territory retention in Arctic-breeding Pacific and Yellow-billed loons

The Condor ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D Uher-Koch ◽  
Kenneth G Wright ◽  
Joel A Schmutz
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Oil And Gas Development ◽  
Brood Rearing ◽  
Site Familiarity ◽  
Northern Alaska ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Adult birds may use the production of offspring as a measure of habitat quality when prospecting for territories, increasing competition for productive territories. We evaluated the impact of breeding success on territory retention of Pacific (Gavia pacifica) and Yellow-billed (G. adamsii) loons in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska using mark–resight data and multi-state modeling. We also used behavioral observations of brood-rearing adult loons to quantify the frequency of visits by prospecting loons. We hypothesized that increased competition for productive territories would result in a decrease in territory retention rates. Territory retention rates the year following successful breeding attempts were only slightly lower (0.90) than after failed breeding attempts (0.93), and few territories were consistently successful across years. Overall territory retention rates were high (0.92) and similar for both species, suggesting that adults were able to defend their territories successfully. Males had higher territory retention rates than females, but we found no influence of mass (a possible proxy for fighting ability) on territory retention. These observations, coupled with the high frequency of visits by prospecting loons, provide additional evidence that site familiarity may provide advantages to territory holders. Quantifying territory retention behaviors may also inform land management decisions for oil and gas development in areas where loons are present. High territory retention rates, frequency of visits by prospectors, and limited habitat where new territories can be established suggest that breeding habitat in northern Alaska is saturated and may be limiting Yellow-billed Loon populations. In contrast, Pacific Loons attempting to acquire a territory may be able to form new territories on smaller, unoccupied lakes.

Business Risk Management Applied to Offshore Pipeline Field Development

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Gan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Class Project ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
World Class ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Facilities

A world class project must have a disciplined business risk management. As a good project manager, he should manage project risk successfully. Through business risk management, he can identify risk of the project, find the cause of all business risks, then define the influence of all risks. He can take measures to avoid, transfer, and mitigate the risk. A field development includes production facilities, risers and pipelines and subsea wells, in which the pipelines and risers connect the subsea wells and production facilities to transfer oil and gas. The cost of offshore pipelines and risers is major. In the following we shall take offshore pipeline and riser as a case study to practice the principal of business risk management step by step. It has been demonstrated that the method may be applied to maximize the returning for the stakeholders in an offshore field development. However, it is suggested to accumulate and update the data bases required for an accurate statistical evaluation.

On Maintainability of Winterised Plants Operating in Arctic Regions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Naseri
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Polar Low ◽  
Maintainability Analysis ◽  
Operation Risk ◽  
The Impact

In Arctic regions, oil and gas (O&G) operations are adversely affected by harsh weather conditions and severe meteorological phenomena such as icing storms and, in certain regions, polar low pressures. Potential solutions, such as implementing winterisation concepts, are explored in the design and even operation phases in order to overcome such obstacles. Simply, the main aim of winterisation is to provide the crew and equipment units with a range of normal environmental and working conditions through, for instance, insulating equipment units, installing heat tracers, enclosing working areas, providing the crew with adequate clothing, etc. There are, however, some concerns about the efficiency of such winterisation measures and potential changes in operation risk level, of which the changes in plant downtime, production loss, and plant maintainability are the focus of present study. The issue of complex effects of winterisation measures on maintainability analysis of O&G plants operating in the Arctic offshore has gained little attention in the literature. In this study, different aspects of winterisation from the viewpoint of equipment maintainability are discussed. Further, a mathematical framework for maintainability analysis of equipment units subjected to winterisation measures is proposed. The impact of winterisation-related downtimes on plant downtime is analysed as well by employing a Monte Carlo system simulation technique. The application of the proposed framework is illustrated by a case study. The results are further compared with those for a non-winterised system designed for normal-climate regions.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF USING REMOTE METHODS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC (ON THE EXAMPLE OF OIL AND GAS COMPANIES)

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4/2020) ◽  
pp. 126-139
Author(s):  
A. E. Cherepovitsyn ◽  
◽  
D. M. Metkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
The Impact

The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) is characterized by the fragility of the ecosystem, the slightest violation of which can lead to catastrophic negative consequences on a global scale. Due to the availability of production facilities of various scales and environmental safety classes within the territorial and aquatic Arctic, the risk of negative impact on the environment is very significant. In order to prevent possible environmental damage within the AZRF, it is advisable to carry out activities related to the implementation of continuous monitoring of the environment aimed at detecting sources that pose a potential threat to the ecosystem. Taking into account the harsh Arctic climate, the lack of the possibility of year-round land access to industrial facilities located in the Russian Arctic, the scale and peculiarities of the implementation of Arctic offshore projects for the extraction and processing of hydrocarbons, the length and congestion of the used logistic artery - the Northern Sea Route, the choice of means, which are used for monitoring the ecological situation is justified by their mobility and efficiency. In particular, such means include technologies that allow remote monitoring of the environmental situation of industrial facilities. The article outlines the role of remote methods of environmental monitoring and control in the system of environmental protection measures of the Russian Arctic, presents methods for assessing the impact of industrial facilities of the oil and gas complex (OGC) on the environment of the Russian Arctic, presents the results of assessing the effectiveness of using remote methods of environmental monitoring of industrial facilities for the production and processing of hydrocarbons (HC) in the AZRF. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of the ecological and economic feasibility of using the methods of remote monitoring of the ecological situation in the Arctic.

An Investigation into the Impact of Fishery on Buried Depth of Subsea Pipeline

2011 ◽  
Vol 130-134 ◽  
pp. 820-823
Author(s):  
Song Rong Cao ◽  
Jian Xing Yu ◽  
Zun Feng Du ◽  
Gui Zhen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Subsea Pipeline ◽  
Modeling Calculation ◽  
Subsea Pipelines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Making

Fishing activities as well as other third-party factors can have great impact on the safety of subsea pipelines. Through an investigation into fishing activities in different sea areas in China, combined with theoretical and modeling calculation of the actual influence of the impacting trawl board and anchor on pipelines, a recommended under bed solution of subsea pipeline was worked out. The solution can provide reference in rule-making involving the burial depth of subsea pipelines.

A Model to Estimate the Failure Rates of Offshore Pipelines

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vania De Stefani ◽  
Peter Carr
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Failure Frequency ◽  
Failure Data

Pipelines are subjected to several threats which can cause failure of the line, such as external impact, mechanical defects, corrosion and natural hazards. In particular, offshore operations present a unique set of environmental conditions and adverse exposure not observed in a land environment. For example, offshore pipelines located near harbor areas and in major shipping lanes are likely to be exposed to the risk of damage from anchor and dropped object impact. Such damage may result in potential risk to people and the environment, and significant repair costs. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is a method which is often used in the oil and gas industry to predict the level of risk. In QRA calculations the frequency of an incident is often assessed by a generic failure frequency approach. Generic failure frequencies derived from local incident databases are largely used in pipeline risk assessments. As a result, risk assessments for offshore pipelines may not reflect accurately operational experience for a specific pipeline or region of operation. In addition, a better understanding of the causes and characteristics of pipeline failure should provide important information to improve inspection and maintenance activity for existing pipelines and to aid in selection of design criteria for new pipelines. This paper presents an analysis of the failure data from various pipelines databases to see if there is a common trend regarding failure rates, and failure-rate dependence on pipeline parameters. A breakdown of the causes of failure has been carried out. The effect on failure frequency of factors such as pipeline age, location, diameter, wall thickness, steel grade, burial depth, and fluid transported have been investigated and are discussed. The objective of this paper is to provide a guideline for the determination of failure frequency for offshore pipelines and to describe a new model developed for use within BP for this purpose. This model uses historical databases and predictive methods to develop failure frequencies as a function of a range of influencing parameters.

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