scholarly journals Nervų ligų diagnostika ir gydymas XIX a. pr. Vilniaus imperatoriškojo universiteto klinikose Diagnosis and treatment of nervous system diseases at the beginning of the 19th century in Vilnius university clinics

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (78) ◽  
pp. 298-306
Author(s):  
E. Sakalauskaitė-Juodeikienė ◽  
G. Motiejūnas ◽  
D. Jatužis
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
The 19Th Century

Praktiniai įgūdžiai istoriškai buvo ir šiandien tebėra svarbūs tokiose profesijose kaip metalo ir stiklo apdirbimas, laikrodžių ir įrankių gamyba, pastatų, laivų statyba. Gydytojas, norėdamas tinkamai diagnozuoti ligą ir pagydyti ligonį, taip pat turi būti įgavęs tam tikrų praktinių įgūdžių. Šiame straipsnyje apžvelgiamos medicinos studentų mokymo prie ligonio lovos ištakos, Vilniaus imperatoriškojo universiteto (VU) Terapijos klinikos gimimas, pateikiami statistiniai gydytų ligonių duomenys, ligų diagnostika ir gydymas XIX a. pr. Vilniuje, daugiausiai dėmesio skiriant nervų ligoms. Nustatėme, kad VU klinikose buvo vertinami antropometriniai, morfometriniai duomenys, somatinė ligonio būklė (kvėpavimas, pulsas, dubens organų funkcija, mityba) ir atliekama tai, ką galėtume pavadinti neurologinės apžiūros ištakomis: vertinta reakcija į skausmą, vyzdžių reakcija į šviesą, galūnių padėtis ir judesiai, raumenų būklė, bendrieji ir specialieji jutimai (paviršinis jutimas, rega, klausa, uoslė, skonis). Siekiant ligonio klinikinę diagnozę patvirtinti post mortem, VU klinikose atliktos mirusių ligonių autopsijos. Nors Vilniuje, kaip ir daugelyje Vakarų Europos klinikų, ligos priežasčių ieškota vidaus organuose (solidizmo teorijos įtaka), ligonių autopsijos ir makroskopiniai tyrimai (kurių dažniausi radiniai – kraujo priplūdimas galvos ir nugaros smegenyse, dangaluose ir kraujagyslėse) tik patvirtino dar iš Antikos laikų atėjusią Hipokrato keturių organizmo skysčių disbalanso, uždegiminių nervų ligų patogenezės teoriją. Palyginę mūsų turimus duomenis su to meto klinikinės medicinos situacija Vakarų Europoje, nustatėme, kad nervų ligų diagnostikos ir gydymo XIX a. pr. Vilniuje lygis atitiko to meto Vakarų Europos lygį.

scholarly journals The development of Turkic studies at Vilnius University

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 209-223
Author(s):  
Galina Miškinienė
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy

Institute of the Lithuanian Language At the beginning of the 19th century, the financial possibility to establish a department of Eastern languages at one of the oldest universities in Eastern Europe, Vilnius University, appeared. Turkish was among the Eastern languages that were expected to be taught. The intensive preparation of lecturers was started. Unfortunately, the ambitious plans were destined to never become reality; in 1832 the university was closed. Nevertheless, over the following two centuries the Turkic direction did not disappear; in one form or another it surfaced and retained its vitality. There was a sympathetic environment: Tartars and Karaims—both Turkic ethnic groups—began settling in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century. Vilnius University was the cradle of many famous Orientalists who maintained Turkic research by their activities. In such a way, two main research subjects appeared: Kitabistik and the Karaim language. In this article, the origin problems, development and prospects of Turkic research will be examined.

scholarly journals Organ building in Lithuania in the 19th century

Menotyra ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimantas Gučas
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Organ Building ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The 19Th Century

For Lithuania, the 19th century was marked by the symbol of the Russian Empire – Lithuania became a province of a foreign empire. Farming suffered a severe general downturn. As the Church’s powers began to be restricted, there was almost no opportunity for new significant instruments to emerge. The monasteries, which until then had been the initiators of the best organ building, were closed. Eastern Catholic (Unitarian) churches, which also had organs in Lithuania, became part of the Russian Orthodox Church, and the organs were ordered to be liquidated. The Catholic Church itself, unlike evangelicals, also had little regard for music and especially for organ matters. From the beginning of the 15th century, the development of Lithuanian organ culture was closely associated with Königsberg. Once the import customs were imposed, significant contacts which had taken place almost disappeared. The industrial revolution in Lithuania was delayed, and for half a century small artisan workshops still prevailed. Almost exclusively small, single-manual organs without pedals or positives were built. A large three-manual organ at Vilnius University St John’s Church was rather an exception. It was built by the Tiedemanns. This family, which originated in East Prussia, worked in the Baltic States throughout the first half of the 19th century. Only in the middle of the century did the new European organ building trend, the so-called organ romanticism, reach Lithuania. A particularly important role in this period was played by the experience of organ building of the neighbouring Curonia. Very few impressive examples were created, and in this respect Lithuania is hardly able to compete with the major countries of Central Europe. Lithuania is characterized by the fact that in the 19th century local masters and companies ( J. Rudavičius, M. Masalskis, F. Ostromensky), as well as masters from neighbouring Curonia (Herrmann, Weissenborn) and Poland (Blomberg) worked there. In western Lithuania, then part of Prussia, Terletzki was active. Meanwhile, large factories (Walcker, Rieger) reached Lithuania only in the first half of the twentieth century and only in a few instances. At that time, more work started to be focusing on the construction of two-manual with pedal instruments. At the end of the century, J. Rudavicius built some three-manual organs. His 63-stop organ built in 1896 for a long time was the largest in Lithuania. Although the 19th century Lithuanian organs are relatively modest compared to other countries, they have the value that is only growing in the context of present-day Europe, since the “progressive ideology” of more economically powerful European countries affected the art of organ building and few small romantic instruments are left.

scholarly journals Manuscripts of Requiem by foreign composers in the Vilnius libraries’ funds: an overview of 19th – beginning of 20th century sources

Menotyra ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laima Budzinauskienė
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sacred Music ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Reading Room ◽  
National Library ◽  
Dramatic Character ◽  
Type Form ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Missa Pro Defunctis ◽  
The 19Th Century

Among numerous genres of sacred music (such as chorales, hymns, motets, masses, etc.), Requiem, or otherwise Missa pro defunctis, Missa defunctorum (Mass for the Deceased) stands out. It is the Mass for the Deceased, corresponding to the Roman Catholic Missal, that is celebrated mainly during the funeral. Over time, Requiem has become a vocal-instrumental genre, a composition associated with the theme of death and mourning. In the 19th century, two principal forms of the genre of Requiem co-existed: a proud, concert-type form, heavily influenced by secular music, and a more modest, reserved, and more “traditional” liturgical one. The latter was smaller in scope, written for a more modest composition of performers in a simpler music language and of a non-dramatic character. The development of the liturgical Requiem over the period in question was largely affected by the Cecilian Movement, active also in Lithuania. True, it is also possible to discuss an intermediate link between the concert and the liturgical types of Requiem – a concert-type vocal-instrumental Requiem, which could also be performed in liturgy. The paper focuses on the manuscripts of the Requiem compositions re-written in the 19th century that were once performed in churches of Vilnius and other cities of Lithuania and currently are stored in in the Rare Books and Manuscripts Reading Room of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania and in the Manuscript Department of the Vilnius University Library. These are copies of the Requiem compositions by the following authors: Gioacchino Albertini (1748–1812), Josef Becher (1821–1888), Luigi Cherubini (1760–1842), Max Filke (1855–1911), Joseph Gruber (1855–1933), Lambert Kraus (1728–1790), Antonio Rosetti (1750–1792), and Johann Baptist Schiedermayr (1779–1840).

scholarly journals Professional publishing and Lithuanian books in the first two-thirds of the 19th century in Lithuania: The case of the Zawadzki firm

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Aušra Navickienė
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
Professional Publishing ◽  
Distribution Features ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Textbook Publishing ◽  
The 19Th Century

Successfully profiting from textbook publishing as the typographer at Vilnius University, Józef Zawadzki (1781‒1838) established one of the most important and most successful book publishing, production, and distribution companies of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century in the territories of former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealt. The Zawadzki firm represented the new category of professional publishers. Over the first seventy years of the firm’s existence at the firm’s expense were published 122 Lithuanian books, as well as printed about 50 Lithuanian publications at their authors finances. The attitude of the members of Zawadzki family regarding the publishing of Lithuanian books essentially changed. While the Józef Zawadzki was indifferent towards them, in the middle of the 19th century Adam Zawadzki (1814‒1875) outcompeted other professional book publishers and distributors, and monopolized the publishing of Lithuanian books in the Samogitian Diocese, becoming not only the most important publisher of Lithuanian books, but also their printer and distributor. The successful realization of Adam Zawadzki’s business plans was partly due to his longstanding contacts with the most active figures of Lithuanian written culture, with whom he maintained a new form of cooperation based on authorial royalties, partly due effectively distribution of published matter, using first stationary bookstore in the periphery, located in the west of Lithuania (which served as a retail and wholesale trade enterprise), various ways of non-stationary book trade, services of a commercial library and advertising. Owing to Adam’s efforts, the Zawadzki firm made a significant contribution uniting main forces of authors and publishers of Lithuanian books in 19th century Lithuania, renewing the repertoire of Lithuanian books, as well as giving Lithuanian book publishing, production and distribution features characteristic for a modern business. A model of dealing with censorship through illegal publishing, developed with the publication Apej brostwą błaiwistes arba nusiturieima, was used throughout all the forty years of the press ban and helped raising several generations of literate Lithuanians and bringing Lithuania and Lithuania Minor closer together. 

Lumbar puncture

2020 ◽  
pp. 5781-5785
Author(s):  
R. Rhys Davies ◽  
Andrew J. Larner
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Lumbar Puncture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Correct Analysis ◽  
The 19Th Century

Lumbar puncture for examination of the cerebrospinal fluid has been an integral part of neurological practice since the pioneering work of Quincke at the end of the 19th century. The proximity of nervous tissue and cerebrospinal fluid may afford insights into pathological processes within the nervous system through examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, which may not easily be accessed by other investigational modalities. Because of this importance, guidelines on routine cerebrospinal fluid analysis have been published. The related procedure of cervical or cisternal puncture may also be used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid, but is far less frequently performed. Cerebrospinal fluid samples should always be regarded as precious, and hence every effort made to ensure correct analysis and interpretation; suboptimal performance is not infrequently encountered in day-to-day clinical practice.

scholarly journals Extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 586 ◽  
Author(s):  
AlbertA Rizvanov ◽  
AlisaA Shaimardanova ◽  
ValeriyaV Solovyeva ◽  
DariaS Chulpanova ◽  
Victoria James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases

On the question of the state of the autonomic nervous system in mental illness

1930 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-429
Author(s):  
N. Shevelev
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study of the autonomic nervous system has been going on for 250 years, naturally undergoing a series of successive changes. Of the authors who have most advanced this teaching, we must mention Winslow, who was the first to introduce the name "sympathicus" and establish its relation to the tissues of the whole organism. Then it should be noted the ganglionic nerves and the ganglionic nervous system studied by Johnston, whose nodes turned, in his opinion, voluntary movements into involuntary ones. Then, at the beginning of the 19th century, Bichat, drawing an analogy between animals, plants and humans, divides the life of an organism into animal and plant, denoting the first "vie de relation" and the second "vie de nutrition".

Structure and Function in Neurology and Psychiatry

1990 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Neurological Patients ◽  
Structural Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century the triumphs of neuropathology and the clinico-anatomical method led to the evolution of neurology as a separate ‘organically’ based discipline associated with the concept of functional localisation. At the same time the growth of psychodynamic psychiatry contributed to the progressive separation of the two disciplines, with neuropsychiatry sitting uneasily in the middle. Psychiatrists are now showing increasing interest in the structure and function of the nervous system, but are having difficulty in integrating their findings into ‘functional’ diseases. This may be because disorder of function in the nervous system is much more complex than previously envisaged. The function of the nervous system is profoundly affected by psychological and social factors. The view that neurology is wholly ‘organic’ and synonymous with structural disease of the nervous system is fallacious. Neurological patients have complex dynamic disorders of function in the nervous system whether or not structural disease is present.

scholarly journals Neurology and the Community

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-233
Author(s):  
T.J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Population Health ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
The 19Th Century

Neurology has a proud tradition, built on the established principles of medicine, the scientific method of the 17th century and the clinical approach of the French and later the English schools of neurology in the 19th century and the first half of this century. In the post World War II era neurology was advanced by the development of neurological training centers, the discovery of new pharmacological and neurosurgical therapies, and most recently by in the exciting advances in neurogenetics. These changes have broadened and advanced the scope of our discipline by focusing on the disease processes that affect the nervous system. I would like to suggest an additional conceptual framework to broaden it further. That concept is a population health perspective that should place our various approaches in closer relationship to the communities they serve.

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