scholarly journals COVID -19: REPLICATION INHIBITORS AS PROMISING THERAPY FOR SYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Haghamad Allzain ◽  
Yassir Hamadalnil
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Rational Treatment ◽  
Short Course

COVID-19 is unprecedented pandemic threading the mankind existence in the recent time, with globally reported (256,966,237) confirmed cases, including (5,151,643) death, as of 22 of November 2021(WHO. 2021). The COVID-19 vaccine doses administered globally were (7,408,870,760) doses as of 22 of November 2021 (WHO. 2021). Strategy to face this serious threat include prevention of getting infection and rational treatment of symptomatic infected ones. Treatment can adopt one or all of the three strategies; prohibiting the virus from entry into the human cells, halt replication of the virus inside the human cells, and neutralizing the inflammatory and other effects of the virus pathogencity. Replication inhibitors are important tool in the tools box against COVID-19, however they are not substitute for vaccination against COVID-19 and other adopted preventive measurements. Still prevention is the best medicine for any disease. The aim of this review is to further explore the replication inhibitors as emerging tools for treatment of symptomatic cases of COVID-19. Many encouraging results have emerged from recent clinical trials. This may help to bridge the gap in existence knowledge and stimulate further discussion to enhance conducting more clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 and repurpose already existing other viral replicating indictors for treatment of COVID-19.  Remdesivir, Molnupiravir and Paxlovid are promising viral replicating inhibitors drugs for treatment of symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Since Molnupiravir and Paxlovid   are given orally as five days short course, are significantly of great value for low-income countries

scholarly journals Mean Corpuscular Volume as a Marker for Adherence to Zidovudine-Containing Therapy in HIV-Infected Adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph O Mugisha ◽  
Katherine Donegan ◽  
Sarah Fidler ◽  
Gita Ramjee ◽  
Andrew Hodson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Cart Initiation ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Objectives: To assess whether mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is useful in detecting non-adherence to AZTcontaining therapy. Design: Observational study within randomised controlled trial. Methods: We combined data from two treatment arms in SPARTAC, an RCT of short-course cART in primary HIV infection, classifying participants as responders (HIV-RNA decrease ≥1 log10 or reaching <400copies/ml) or nonresponders following cART initiation. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of using different percentage increases in MCV for accurately differentiating between responders and non-responders. We further examined changes in MCV levels up to 24 weeks after protocol-indicated cART cessation. Results: Of 119 participants included in this analysis, 73 (61%) were women, 71 of whom were randomised in Africa. Ninety-eight (88%) and 84 (85%) were classified as responders at 4 and 12 weeks respectively following cART initiation. MCV increased by a mean 3% and 1% at week 4, and 14% and <1% at 12 weeks for responders and non-responders. A 2% MCV increase at 4 weeks had 62% sensitivity and specificity for identifying virological response. At 12 weeks, an 8% increase had 89% sensitivity and specificity. In responders, MCV remained lower for individuals in African compared to non-African sites throughout and rose from 85 vs 90 fL at cART start to 96 vs 103 fL at 12 weeks post-initiation then fell to 88 vs 93 fL and 86 vs 89 fL at 12 and 48 weeks post-cessation. Conclusion: In low-income countries, where HIV RNA may be unavailable, 12-weekly MCV measurements may be useful in monitoring adherence to AZT-containing regimens.

scholarly journals Zinc and childhood infections: From the laboratory to new treatment recommendations

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tor A. Strand ◽  
Maria Mathisen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Childhood Infections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Zinc Nutrition ◽  
New Treatment

Zinc is an essential nutrient particularly important for growing children and for those who experience frequent infections. Many children in developing countries have inadequate zinc nutrition that impairs their immune system. Diarrhea and pneumonia are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children of low-income countries. Zinc deficiency increases the susceptibility to these infections and administration of zinc to children with diarrhea and, possibly, pneumonia speeds up recovery. Furthermore, zinc given to otherwise healthy children also reduces the incidence of diarrhea and pneumonia. Thus, thousands of lives can be saved every year by giving zinc to prevent childhood infections or by providing zinc to children with ongoing infections. This paper gives a brief outline of the history of zinc research and reviews existing evidence from clinical trials on the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of oral zinc on childhood pneumonia and diarrhea

Practical issues in relation to clinical trials in children in low-income countries: experience from the front line

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 848-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Molyneux ◽  
Don Mathanga ◽  
Desiree Witte ◽  
Malcolm Molyneux
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Front Line

scholarly journals Current Status of HIV-1 Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1026
Author(s):  
Anna Hargrave ◽  
Abu Salim Mustafa ◽  
Asma Hanif ◽  
Javed H. Tunio ◽  
Shumaila Nida M. Hanif
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Health Challenge ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Global Health Challenge

HIV-1 infection and its progression to AIDS remains a significant global health challenge, particularly for low-income countries. Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infections has proven to be immensely challenging with complex biological acquisition and infection, unforeseen clinical trial disappointments, and funding issues. This paper discusses important landmarks of progress in HIV-1 vaccine development, various vaccine strategies, and clinical trials.

scholarly journals Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries Hosting Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. e2134233
Author(s):  
Reshma Ramachandran ◽  
Joseph S. Ross ◽  
Jennifer E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries

scholarly journals Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries Hosting Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshma Ramachandran ◽  
Joseph S. Ross ◽  
Jennifer E Miller
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Lower Income Countries

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid development of multiple vaccines, vaccines that were tested in clinical trials located in several countries around the world. Because prior research has shown that pharmaceuticals do not receive consistent and timely authorization for use in lower-income countries where they are tested, we conducted a cross-sectional study examining the authorization or approval and delivery for COVID-19 vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the countries where they were tested. While countries of varying incomes have largely authorized the COVID-19 vaccines tested within their populations for use, high-income countries have received proportionately more doses, enabling them to more fully vaccinate their populations. As many lower-income countries continue to experience inequitable shortfalls in COVID-19 vaccine supply amid the ongoing pandemic, efforts must be undertaken to ensure timely access in countries across all income groups, including those hosting clinical trials.

scholarly journals Challenges of clinical trials in low- and middle-income countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
Akwasi Osei
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Profit Motive ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Clinical trials have been conducted almost wholly in high-income countries until recently, yet their results may not always be valid or applicable in middle- and low-income countries. Clinical trials are now, though, increasingly being done in less wealthy countries. While this is welcome, there is a need to ensure the profit motive does not override the benefits. Partnership with local counterparts while adhering to international standards should help to maintain high-quality output from clinical trials.

Clinical Trials Overlook Diseases of Low-Income Countries

JAMA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 325 (7) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Bridget M. Kuehn
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries

scholarly journals Inhibition of Amebic Lysosomal Acidification Blocks Amebic Trogocytosis and Cell Killing

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allissia A. Gilmartin ◽  
Katherine S. Ralston ◽  
William A. Petri
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Cell Killing ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Tissue Invasion ◽  
Concanamycin A ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lysosomal Acidification

ABSTRACTEntamoeba histolyticaingests fragments of live host cells in a nibbling-like process termed amebic trogocytosis. Amebic trogocytosis is required for cell killing and contributes to tissue invasion, which is a hallmark of invasive amebic colitis. Work done prior to the discovery of amebic trogocytosis showed that acid vesicles are required for amebic cytotoxicity. In the present study, we show that acidified lysosomes are required for amebic trogocytosis and cell killing. Interference with lysosome acidification using ammonium chloride, a weak base, or concanamycin A, a vacuolar H+ATPase inhibitor, decreased amebic trogocytosis and amebic cytotoxicity. Our data suggest that the inhibitors do not impair the ingestion of an initial fragment but rather block continued trogocytosis and the ingestion of multiple fragments. The acidification inhibitors also decreased phagocytosis, but not fluid-phase endocytosis. These data suggest that amebic lysosomes play a crucial role in amebic trogocytosis, phagocytosis, and cell killing.IMPORTANCEE. histolyticais a protozoan parasite that is prevalent in low-income countries, where it causes potentially fatal diarrhea, dysentery, and liver abscesses. Tissue destruction is a hallmark of invasiveE. histolyticainfection. The parasite is highly cytotoxic to a wide range of human cells, and parasite cytotoxic activity is likely to drive tissue destruction.E. histolyticais able to kill human cells through amebic trogocytosis. This process also contributes to tissue invasion. Trogocytosis has been observed in other organisms; however, little is known about the mechanism in any system. We show that interference with lysosomal acidification impairs amebic trogocytosis, phagocytosis, and cell killing, indicating that amebic lysosomes are critically important for these processes.

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