scholarly journals There for the Reaping: The Ethics of Harvesting Online Data for Research Purposes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Zia ◽  
Celina De Lancey ◽  
Priscilla Regan ◽  
Jacquelyn Burkell
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Online Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Online Spaces ◽  
Ethics Guidelines ◽  
Research Ethics Guidelines

Online social environments offer a rich source of data that researchers can harvest to gain insight into a wide range of social issues. This type of research is sometimes considered as observation of public behaviour, and therefore exempt from ethical review. This type of research, however, raises ethical issues with respect to the public/private nature of online spaces, consent, and anonymity in the online environment. This project examines research ethics guidelines for recommendations regarding the use of harvested online data, identifying best practices for researchers who engage in this type of research. Les media sociaux offrent une riche source de données que les chercheurs peuvent récolter pour mieux comprendre un large éventail de problèmes sociaux. Ce type de recherche est parfois considéré comme une observation du comportement du public, et donc exempt de tout examen éthique. Ce type de recherche, cependant, soulève des problèmes éthiques en ce qui concerne la nature publique / privée des espaces en ligne, le consentement et l'anonymat dans l'environnement en ligne. Ce projet examine les lignes directrices en matière d'éthique de la recherche pour des recommandations concernant l'utilisation des données récoltées en ligne, identifiant les meilleures pratiques pour les chercheurs qui s'engagent dans ce type de recherche.

scholarly journals Assessment of the opportunities for increasing the availability of EU data on consumer product-related injuries

2020 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2020-043677
Author(s):  
Anita Radovnikovic ◽  
Otmar Geiss ◽  
Stylianos Kephalopoulos ◽  
Vittorio Reina ◽  
Josefa Barrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Access ◽  
Online News ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Consumer Product ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Online Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range

The availability of data on consumer products-related accidents and injuries is of interest to a wide range of stakeholders, such as consumer product safety and injury prevention policymakers, market surveillance authorities, consumer organisations, standardisation organisations, manufacturers and the public. While the amount of information available and potentially of use for product safety is considerable in some European Union (EU) countries, its usability at EU level is difficult due to high fragmentation of the data sources, the diversity of data collection methods and increasing data protection concerns. To satisfy the policy need for more timely information on consumer product-related incidents, apart from injury data that have been historically collected by the public health sector, a number of 'alternative' data sources were assessed as potential sources of interest. This study explores the opportunities for enhancing the availability of data of consumer product-related injuries, arising from selected existing and 'alternative' data sources, widely present in Europe, such as firefighters’ and poison centres’ records, mortality statistics, consumer complaints, insurance companies’ registers, manufacturers’ incident registers and online news sources. These data sources, coupled with the use of IT technologies, such as interlinking by remote data access, could fill in the existing information gap. Strengths and weaknesses of selected data sources, with a view to support a common data platform, are evaluated and presented. Conducting the study relied on the literature review, extensive use of the surveys, interviews, workshops with experts and online data-mining pilot study.

THE RISE OF PROFESSIONALISM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-360
Author(s):  
M. L. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Special Competence ◽  
Better Than

The particular relation that professionalism bears to individualism and to the subjective illusion deserves to be noted. Their special competence empowers professionals and experts to act in situations where laymen feel incompetent or baffled. In fact, the assumption by the public that the expert is competent creates a sort of pragmatic compulsion for the expert: to certify his worth in the eyes of the laity, he must act. Deferentially requested to intervene by his clients, the expert practitioner is compelled to do something; from this point of view, anything is better than nothing. As Freidson remarks: "Indeed, so impressed is he by the perplexity of his clients and by his apparent capacity to deal with those perplexities, that the practitioner comes to consider himself an expert not only in the problems he is trained to deal with but in all human problems." Most particularly in the personal professions, the behavior of the expert asserts, ideologically, that a variety of ills—and, in particular, those that can most affect the person—have individual remedies. This reinforces the optimistic illusion of ideological individualism: personal problems of all kinds are purely private and admit, as such, individual and ad hoc solutions. In the predominant ideological way of addressing social issues and social relations experienced by individuals, therefore, structural causes, as well as collective action upon those causes, are relegated to a vaguely utopian realm. At the same time, the practitioner's "compulsion to act" reiterates to the layman that education confers superior powers upon the individual and superior mastery over physical and social environments.

scholarly journals The ESRC's 2010 Framework for Research Ethics: Fit for Research Purpose?

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Stanley ◽  
Sue Wise
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Consultation Process ◽  
Ethics Framework ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ethics Guidelines ◽  
Research Ethics Guidelines

The ESRC's (2010) Framework for Research Ethics extends the remit of its 2005 research ethics framework in three significant ways: the system is to be fully mandatory and it will no longer be possible to make the case that no out of the ordinary ethical issues arise; the Research Ethics Committees (RECs) set up under the ESRC's 2005 document have extended remit, including reviewing all research proposals accepted by the ESRC and other funding bodies; and funding will depend on the REC review, with its purview extending through a project's life. The 2010 document is reviewed in detail and the conclusion is drawn that it is not fit for purpose. Six wider issues raised by the FRE document are discussed: the consultation process by the ESRC was insufficient and the informed consent of the social science community was not obtained; the ethics creep involved will involve unnecessary bureaucratisation; the RECs will operate without expert discipline-specific knowledge using unethical generalist criteria; the overall effects long-term will be deleterious to the research base; the FRE document unacceptably ignores the professional associations and their research ethics guidelines; and the ESRC's system of the expert peer review of funding applications will be undermined.

Reflexivity in Research Practice: Informed Consent with Children at School and at Home

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley Davies
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Ethical Approach ◽  
Ethics Guidelines ◽  
Research Ethics Guidelines

Informed consent is a key consideration in ethical research, particularly research conducted with children. Devising an approach to and obtaining informed consent is a complex task involving multiple considerations. The examples used in this paper are derived from a study investigating how children constitute family members and close relationships. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section suggests that researchers should take a reflexive approach to their professional research practice and addresses how a researcher's professional location determines their particular ethical approach. Consideration is given to how the researcher's particular ethical approach can be achieved in consultation with academic thought and research ethics guidelines, which often offer contradictory advice on important ethical issues. The second section of the paper addresses how researchers negotiate their approach to informed consent in particular research contexts which offer challenges to the researcher's thinking about research participants or chosen procedures for obtaining and maintaining that informed consent is upheld. The paper concludes by arguing that the researcher can incorporate academic thought and aspects of the research ethics guidelines in an approach to informed consent that simultaneously values the research participants and the ethical practices operating in the research setting. Such an approach involves careful negotiation and consideration of the interests of all stakeholders in the research process.

Ethical Issues in Pediatric Surgery: A National Survey of Pediatricians and Pediatric Surgeons

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Shaw ◽  
Judson G. Randolph ◽  
Barbara Manard
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Surgery ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ethical Choices

The findings reported in this article are based on a nationwide survey of the attitudes and practices of pediatric surgeons and pediatricians with respect to some of the difficult ethical choices confronting them in medical practice. Four hundred fifty-seven physicians completed a questionnaire in the spring of 1975 in which they reacted to a wide range of issues that have been of increasing concern to the public, as well as to the medical profession. The survey attempts to identify some areas of physician consensus as well as some of the factors, personal and professional, influencing physicians' attitudes. The survey and its statistical analysis are intended to provide current sociological data and are not intended by the authors as an endorsement of any particular point of view or course of action.

scholarly journals Facilitators, barriers and ethical values related to the coordination of return-to-work among employees on sick leave due to common mental disorders: a protocol for a qualitative study (the CORE-project)

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e032463
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Björk Brämberg ◽  
Lars Sandman ◽  
Therese Hellman ◽  
Lydia Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Return To Work ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Wide Range

IntroductionDiagnoses related to common mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, adjustment disorders and stress-related disorders are one of the leading causes of long-term sick leave for both women and men in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. To increase the rate of return-to-work workplace involvement in a coordinated return-to-work process has been included in recent best practice guidelines. This form of cooperation is a complex process, involving political structures and a wide range of stakeholders. The study’s first aim is to describe facilitators and barriers to the coordination of return-to-work from the perspectives of: (A) employees on sick leave due to common mental disorders, (B) employers, (C) rehabilitation coordinators, (D) physicians and (E) other stakeholders. The second aim is to identify ethical issues that arise in the coordination of return-to-work and analyse how these can be resolved.Methods and analysisThe study has a qualitative design using interviews with employees on sick leave due to common mental disorders, employers, rehabilitation coordinators, physicians and other stakeholders. The study is conducted in the Swedish primary healthcare. Employees, employers and rehabilitation coordinators are recruited via primary healthcare centres. Rehabilitation coordinators receive information about the study and those who consent to participation are asked to recruit employees and employers. Interview guides have been developed from the consolidated framework for implementation research and ethical values and norms found in Swedish healthcare, social services and workplace legislation. Data will be analysed with qualitative content analysis reflecting manifest and latent content, and ethical issues will be analysed by means of reflective equilibrium methodology.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm, Sweden (Reg.no 2018/677-31/2 and 2018/2119–32). The findings will be disseminated through publication in scientific journals, social media, seminars and national and international conferences.

Unified approach to spatial description of objects terrain departmental registries / cadastres as a perspective basis of the state system territory mapping

2019 ◽  
Vol 942 (12) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
A.M. Portnov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Description ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Map Data ◽  
Consistency Verification ◽  
Thematic Data

Using unified principles of formation and maintenance of register/cadaster with information about spatial data of landscape objects as the informational and technological basis for updating the public topographic maps and modernization of state cartographic system is proposed. The problems of informational relevancy of unified electronical cartographic basis and capacity of its renovation in case of public cadaster map data. The need to modernize the system of classification and coding of cartographic information, the use of unified standards for the coordinate description of register objects for their topological consistency, verification and updating is emphasized. Implementing such solutions is determined by economical expediency as well as necessity of providing a variety of real thematic data for wide range of consumers in the field of urban planning, territories development and completing the tasks of Governmental program “Digital economy of the Russian Federation”.

How Scientists Communicate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Scientific Communication ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Conference Presentations ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Broad Overview

What is scientific research? It is the process by which we learn about the world. For this research to have an impact, and positively contribute to society, it needs to be communicated to those who need to understand its outcomes and significance for them. Any piece of research is not complete until it has been recorded and passed on to those who need to know about it. So, good communication skills are a key attribute for researchers, and scientists today need to be able to communicate through a wide range of media, from formal scientific papers to presentations and social media, and to a range of audiences, from expert peers to stakeholders to the general public. In this book, the goals and nature of scientific communication are explored, from the history of scientific publication; through the stages of how papers are written, evaluated, and published; to what happens after publication, using examples from landmark historical papers. In addition, ethical issues relating to publication, and the damage caused by cases of fabrication and falsification, are explored. Other forms of scientific communication such as conference presentations are also considered, with a particular focus on presenting and writing for nonspecialist audiences, the media, and other stakeholders. Overall, this book provides a broad overview of the whole range of scientific communication and should be of interest to researchers and also those more broadly interested in the process how what scientists do every day translates into outcomes that contribute to society.

An Overview of Ethics and Environmental Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 697-703
Author(s):  
David B. Resnik
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter provides an overview of the ethics of environmental health, and it introduces five chapters in the related section of The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics. A wide range of ethical issues arises in managing the relationship between human health and the environment, including regulation of toxic substances, air and water pollution, waste management, agriculture, the built environment, occupational health, energy production and use, environmental justice, population control, and climate change. The values at stake in environmental health ethics include those usually mentioned in ethical debates in biomedicine and public health, such as autonomy, social utility, and justice, as well as values that address environmental concerns, such as animal welfare, stewardship of biological resources, and sustainability. Environmental health ethics, therefore, stands at the crossroads of several disciplines, including public health ethics, environmental ethics, biomedical ethics, and business ethics.

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