scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Symbiotic and Acidifier on Growth Performance and Nutrients Digestibility in Growing Pigs Crossbreed

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Danung Nur Adli ◽  
Osfar Sjofjan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Nutrients Digestibility

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of dietary probiotic enhanced liquid acidifier combined with mannan-rich fraction on growth performance, nutrients digestibility in growing pigs. Thirty [(Duroc×Yorkshire)×Landrace] pigs with the average initial BW of 36.75±1.57 kg were allocated into three treatments by a randomized complete block design. There were five pens per treatment with six pigs per pen. Dietary treatments include: 1) CON (basal diet); 2) T1 (basal diet+probiotic 0.1%) and 3) T2 (basal diet+probiotic+mannan rich fraction 0.2%). the data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using of SAS University Version 4.0. The model included the effects of block (replication) and treatment. Pen served as the experimental unit. During the entire experimental period of 6 weeks, results showed that addition of complex probiotic at the level of 0.2% to diet increased ADG significantly (p<0.05). Also, digestibility of DM and N tended to increase. To sum up, results in this experiment indicated that dietary [(probiotik×acidifier)×mannan-rich-fraction]  supplementation had a positive effect on growing pigs performance and nutrient digestibility

scholarly journals Effects of Substitution of Corn with Ground Brown Rice on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Gut Microbiota of Growing-Finishing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Sheena Kim ◽  
Jin Ho Cho ◽  
Younghoon Kim ◽  
Hyeun Bum Kim ◽  
Minho Song
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with brown rice on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbiota of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 100 growing pigs (23.80 ± 2.96 kg BW; 10 weeks of age) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (5 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = BW) as follows: corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON) and replacing corn with 50% (GBR50), 75% (GBR75), and 100% (GBR100) of ground brown rice. Each trial phase was for 6 weeks. During the growing period, there were no differences on growth performance and nutrient digestibility among dietary treatments. Similarly, no differences were found on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of pigs during the finishing period among dietary treatments. As a result of the beta diversity analysis, microbial populations were not clustered between CON and GBR100 during the growing phase, but clustered into two distinct groups of CON and GBR100 during the finishing phase. In conclusion, brown rice can be added to the diets of growing-finishing pigs by replacing corn up to 100% without negatively affecting growth performance of the pigs; additionally, this may have an effect on changes in pig intestinal microbiota if continued for a long time.

Effect of flavor supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and carcass quality in growing–finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Xiang Ao ◽  
Yan Lei ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Blood Profiles

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of different flavors (apple and anise) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and carcass quality in growing–finishing pigs. A total of 96 growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 28.2 ± 0.7 kg were randomly assigned to one of the following three treatments: (1) CON, basal diet; (2) APF, basal diet + 0.05% apple flavor; (3) ANF, basal diet + 0.05% anise flavor, according to their BW and sex in this 15 wk experiment. There were eight replications (pens) per treatment and four pigs per pen (two barrows and two gilts). During week 0–5, pigs fed ANF diets had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake than those fed CON and APF diets. Dietary ANF treatment increased (p < 0.05) ADG during 0–15 wk compared with CON treatment. At the end of 5 wk, the apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen in ANF treatment was improved (p < 0.05) compared with that in CON treatment. Dietary treatments did not affect the studied traits of carcass and meat quality. The inclusion of anise flavor increased ADG, but apple flavor had no effect on growth performance in growing–finishing pigs.

scholarly journals PSIX-10 Effects of SID Lysine:Calorie NE ratio on the Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of DNA 600 Sired Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 181-181
Author(s):  
Brittany Carrender ◽  
Hayden E Williams ◽  
Mandy Gerhart ◽  
Kyle Coble ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 2,673 mixed sex pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 21.4 kg BW) were used in a 117-d study to evaluate the effects of increasing SID Lysine:Calorie NE ratio on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of DNA sired pigs. Pens of pigs (30 pigs/pen) were blocked by BW and location and allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 18 pens per treatment. Treatments were 90%, 95%, 100%, or 105% of the 2016 PIC recommended SID Lysine:Calorie NE ratio for finishing gilts. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete-block design with pen as the experimental unit. Overall (d 0-117), increasing Lysine:Calorie NE tended to improve ADG (Linear; P = 0.077) and G:F (Linear; P = 0.053). Although there was an increase in ADG with increasing SID Lysine:Calorie NE, there was no evidence for a difference (P &gt; 0.100) in final BW. The lack of BW response is most likely due to the lower (Quadratic; P &lt; 0.008) removal rate as SID Lysine:Calorie NE increased. Carcass ADG (Linear; P &lt; 0.064) tended to improve as SID Lysine: Calorie NE increased. An improvement in carcass G:F (Quadratic; P &lt; 0.004) was observed as SID Lysine:Calorie NE increased to 100% PIC (2016) recommendations, with little improvement observed thereafter. No significant differences were observed in carcass yield, loin depth, back fat, or % lean. These results suggests that DNA sired pigs fed increasing SID Lysine:Calorie NE ratios tended to have improved growth performance with no impact on carcass quality.

scholarly journals 123 Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of multi-enzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets for growing and finishing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 69-70
Author(s):  
Kevin S Jerez Bogota ◽  
Christian Sanchez ◽  
Jimena Ibagon ◽  
Maamer Jlali ◽  
Pierre Cozannet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
P Content ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract Objective was to determine the effects of supplementing corn-soybean meal-based diets with a multi-enzyme on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (BW = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multi-enzyme. The multi-enzyme used supplied at least 1,250, 860, 4,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC (2012) recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 diet or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The NC1 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 3%. The NC2 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW; Phase 1: 34–50 kg, Phase 2: 50–75 kg, Phase 3: 75–100 kg, and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility was determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in ADG and ADFI. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (PPPP > 0.10). Supplemental multi-enzyme increased (P = 0.047) the ATTD of GE for NC2 diet. In conclusion, the NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤ 5% in multi-enzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance pigs.

scholarly journals 158 Effect of fumonisin-contaminated corn on growth performance of 9- to 28-kg nursery pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
Zhong-Xing Rao ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
R Program ◽  
Blocking Factor ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Factor Data ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 350 pigs (241×600; DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 8.9 kg) were used in a 28-d study to determine the effect of fumonisin-contaminated corn on growth performance of nursery pigs. Dietary treatments consisted of fumonisin-contaminated corn blended with low fumonisin corn to provide analyzed toxin (FB1 + FB2) levels in the final diet of 7.2, 14.7, 21.9, 32.7, and 35.1 ppm. There were 5 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial weight as the blocking factor. Data were analyzed using lme package in R program with pen as the experimental unit. From d 0 to 28, increasing fumonisin decreased (linear, P&lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW. Although responses tested linear, the greatest reduction in ADG and G:F was observed in pigs fed 32.7 and 35.1 ppm of fumonisin. Increasing fumonisin increased serum sphinganine to sphingosine (Sa:So) ratios (linear, P&lt; 0.001) on day 14 and 28. Serum Sa:So ratio appears to be a useful biomarker indicating fumonisin intoxication. These results suggest that for 9- to 28-kg nursery pigs, diets containing 32 ppm of fumonisin or greater decreased growth performance and increased serum Sa:So ratio. Further research is warranted to determine the effects of fumonisin concentrations between 22 and 32 ppm.

Influence of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant on mineral digestibility and bone ash in young growing pigs fed diets with different concentrations of phytate-bound phosphorus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine D Espinosa ◽  
Maryane S F Oliveira ◽  
Deepak E Velayudhan ◽  
Yueming Dersjant-Li ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Total P ◽  
Fecal Collection

Abstract A 20-d experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that phytase increases nutrient digestibility, bone ash, and growth performance of pigs fed diets containing 0.23%, 0.29%, or 0.35% phytate-bound P. Within each level of phytate, 5 diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of a novel phytase (PhyG). Three reference diets were formulated by adding a commercial Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) at 1,000 FTU/kg to diets containing 0.23, 0.29, or 0.35% phytate-bound P. A randomized complete block design with 144 individually-housed pigs (12.70 ± 4.01 kg), 18 diets, and 8 replicate pigs per diet was used. Pigs were adapted to diets for 15 d followed by 4 days of fecal collection. Femurs were collected on the last day of the experiment. Results indicated that diets containing 0.35% phytate-bound P had reduced (P &lt; 0.01) digestibility of Ca, P, Mg, and K compared with diets containing less phytate-bound P. Due to increased concentration of total P in diets with high phytate, concentrations, apparent total tract digestible P and bone ash were increased by PhyG to a greater extent in diets with 0.29 or 0.35% phytate-bound P than in diets with 0.23% phytate-bound P (interaction, P &lt; 0.05). At 1,000 FTU/kg, PhyG increased P digestibility and bone P more (P &lt; 0.05) than PhyB. The novel phytase increased (P &lt; 0.01) pig growth performance, and pigs fed diets containing 0.35 or 0.29% phytate-bound P performed better (P &lt; 0.01) than pigs fed the 0.23% phytate-bound P diets. In conclusion, the novel phytase (i.e., PhyG) is effective in increasing bone ash, mineral digestibility, and growth performance of pigs regardless of dietary phytate level.

scholarly journals Digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations and amino acid digestibility of dried yeast and soybean meal for growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Sol Park ◽  
Ayodeji Simeon Aderibigbe ◽  
Darryl Ragland ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Energy values and amino acid (AA) digestibility of dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) were determined in 2 experiments with growing pigs. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in DY and SBM. Thirty barrows with a mean initial body weight (BW) of 20.6 kg (SD = 1.04) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A reference diet was prepared with corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5 and 10% DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the reference diet. The ratio of corn, canola meal, and soybean oil was kept consistent across the experimental diets. Each experimental period consisted of 5-d adaptation and 5-d quantitative collection of feces and urine. Test ingredient-associated DE or ME intake (kcal/d) was regressed against test ingredient intake [kg dry matter (DM)/d] to estimate the DE or ME in test ingredients as the slope of linear regression model. The DE in DY was estimated at 3,933 kcal/kg DM, which was not different from the estimated DE in SBM at 4,020 kcal/kg DM. Similarly, there was no difference between DY and SBM in the estimated ME (3,431 and 3,756 kcal/kg DM, respectively). Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in DY and SBM. Twenty-one barrows with a mean initial BW of 20.0 kg (SD = 1.31) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and assigned to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two semi-purified diets containing DY or SBM as the sole nitrogen source and one nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were prepared. The NFD was used to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Pigs were fed the 3 diets for 5 d as adaptation, followed by 2 d of feeding with ileal digesta collection. The SID of AA, except Gly and Pro, in DY were less (P &lt; 0.05) than in SBM. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.1% for Thr to 85.2% for Arg, and those in SBM ranged from 83.9% for Thr to 91.8% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values of DY are not different from those of SBM, whereas AA in DY are less digestible than in SBM. The estimated DE and ME as well as the SID of AA in DY and SBM can be used in diet formulation for growing pigs using these ingredients.

scholarly journals PSIV-B-42 Late-Breaking: Effects of dietary inactivated probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune responses of weaned pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 327-328
Author(s):  
Joowon Kang ◽  
Jong Pyo Chae ◽  
S-H Kim ◽  
J-W Kim ◽  
Sangwoo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Biotechnology Research ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary inactivated probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune responses of weaned pigs. A total of 96 weaned pigs (initial BW = 6.95 ± 0.25 kg) were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments with increasing levels of inactive probiotics (4 pigs/replicate; 6 replicates/treatment; 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4%; CON, T1, T2, and T3) in a randomized complete block design (BW and sex as blocks). The inactivated probiotics used in this experiment was a commercial product (CJ CheilJedang Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, Korea) containing 1 x 106 CFU/g on stains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments for 4 weeks. During the last week of the experimental period, pigs were fed their respective dietary treatments containing 0.2% chromic oxide. Fecal samples were collected by rectal palpation daily for the last 3 days after the 4-day adjustment period during the last week of experiment. Blood was collected from randomly selected one pig each pen on d 1, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning. Measurements were growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), TNF-α, TGF-β, CRP, and cortisol by ELISA. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The inactivated probiotics increased ADG (471, 501, and 513 vs. 428 g/d; P &lt; 0.05) and G:F (0.65, 0.69, and 0.71 vs. 0.58 g/g; P &lt; 0.05) during overall experimental period compared with CON. The inactivated probiotics increased ATTD of GE (86.87, 87.29, and 88.53 vs. 85.25%; P &lt; 0.05) compared with CON. The inactivated probiotics decreased TNF-α (600, 542, and 523 vs. 849 pg/ml; P &lt; 0.05) and cortisol (5.58, 5.56, and 5.44 vs. 7.25 ng/ml; P &lt; 0.05) on d 7 compared with CON. In conclusion, addition of inactivated probiotics improved growth performance, and nutrient digestibility, and modified immune responses.

scholarly journals PSIX-28 Effects of dietary flavor in experimental and commercial nursery diets on growth performance of weaned pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 352-353
Author(s):  
Soyun Kim ◽  
Jeongjae Lee ◽  
Sheena Kim ◽  
Byeonghyeon Kim ◽  
Joowon Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of dietary flavor as a feed additive on growth performance of weaned pigs. The flavor used in experiments was a commercial product (Luctarom®, Lucta Guangzhou, China) containing milky cream flavor. In Exp. 1, 72 weaned pigs (initial BW = 6.51 ± 0.21 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen; 9 replicates/treatment): an experimental diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON1) and CON1 supplemented with 0.05% flavor (FLA). In Exp. 2, 72 weaned pigs (initial BW = 6.66 ± 0.32 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen; 9 replicates/treatment): a commercial diet based on corn and soybean meal with spray dried plasma, fish meal, and zinc oxide (CON2) and CON2 supplemented with FLA. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatment for 6 weeks. Growth performance was measured on day 1, 7, 14, 21, and 42 after weaning. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS. The statistical model for every measurement included dietary effect and BW as a covariate in a randomized complete block design (block = BW). In Exp. 1, pigs fed FLA tended to increase ADG (0.493 vs. 0.451 kg/d; P &lt; 0.10) during the experimental period compared with those fed CON1. However, there were no differences in ADFI and G:F between CON1 and FLA. In Exp. 2, pigs fed FLA had greater ADG (0.548 vs. 0.463 kg/d; P &lt; 0.05) and tended to increase ADFI (0.870 vs. 0.753 kg/d; P &lt; 0.10) during the experimental period than those fed CON2. However, there was no difference in G:F between CON2 and FLA. In conclusion, the addition of dietary flavor in experimental and commercial nursery diets improved growth performance of weaned pigs.

scholarly journals Extra-phosphoric effects of super dosing phytase on growth performance of pigs is not solely due to release of myo-inositol

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3898-3906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Lu ◽  
Aaron J Cowieson ◽  
Jonathan W Wilson ◽  
Kolapo M Ajuwon ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of myo-inositol and phytase on growth performance, plasma metabolites, and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. In experiment 1, 96 growing pigs with average initial body weight (BW) of 26.2 kg were used in a 25-d growth performance study. Pigs were assigned to four dietary treatments with three pigs per pen and eight replicate pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The four treatments were control diet (CD); CD + 2 g/kg inositol; CD + 1,000 FYT/kg phytase and CD + 3,000 FYT/kg phytase. Pigs were weighed individually every week. On day 25, blood sample was collected from one pig per pen to measure plasma metabolites concentrations. In experiment 2, 16 barrows (initial BW 34.8 ± 8.2 kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas. Pigs were allotted to four blocks based on BW and assigned to a quadruplicate 4 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with same four dietary treatments and two periods. Ileal digesta samples were collected from each pig on days 6 and 7 of each period to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. Phytase supplementation increased final BW and average daily gain (ADG) compared with CD (P < 0.05) with no effects on average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed (G:F) was higher in 3,000 FYT/kg phytase (P < 0.05). Inositol supplementation had no effects on growth performance. Plasma myo-inositol concentration was increased by inositol supplementation, and 3,000 FYT/kg phytase increased myo-inositol in the plasma by 97.2% (P < 0.05). Plasma P concentration was increased by 1,000 or 3,000 FYT/kg phytase with no effects on alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glucose, triglycerides (TAG), calcium (Ca), and urea concentrations. Phytase supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the phytate-P concentration in the ileal digesta and increased the digestibility of phytate-P and total P with no effects on the AID of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), nitrogen (N), and Ca. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of 3,000 FYT/kg phytase on feed efficiency may due to the increased release of both myo-inositol and phosphorus (P), and may not be solely due to myo-inositol release by this level of phytase.

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