123 Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of multi-enzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets for growing and finishing pigs

Abstract Objective was to determine the effects of supplementing corn-soybean meal-based diets with a multi-enzyme on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (BW = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multi-enzyme. The multi-enzyme used supplied at least 1,250, 860, 4,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC (2012) recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 diet or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The NC1 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 3%. The NC2 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW; Phase 1: 34–50 kg, Phase 2: 50–75 kg, Phase 3: 75–100 kg, and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility was determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in ADG and ADFI. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (PPPP > 0.10). Supplemental multi-enzyme increased (P = 0.047) the ATTD of GE for NC2 diet. In conclusion, the NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤ 5% in multi-enzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance pigs.

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PSXVI-29 Late-Breaking: Effect of dietary organic acids supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in weaned pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.701 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 383-383

Author(s):

Jinyoung Lee ◽

Jong Woong Kim ◽

Heidi Hall ◽

Martin Nyachoti

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Gut Health ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Two Phases

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different organic acid (OA) mixtures on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in weaned pigs. A total of 56 weaned pigs (7.93 ± 1.04 kg BW) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicates per treatment for a 35-d study conducted over two phases; phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and phase 2 (d 14 to 35). Each pen had two pigs balanced for sex. Diets consisted of 1) a corn-soybean meal-basal without any additive (negative control, NC); 2) NC + formic and propionic acids (TRT1); 3) NC + butyric, formic, and propionic acids (TRT2); and 4) NC + antibiotic (positive control, PC). Individual pig body weight and feed disappearance were recorded weekly. At the end of each phase, blood and feces were sampled. The female pig in each pen was euthanized on d 35 to collect digesta and intestinal tissue. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. During the overall period, ADG tended to be lower (P = 0.069) in the TRT2 group than in the PC group. Diet had no effect on ADFI during the overall period, but G:F of pigs fed the PC and TRT1 diets tended to be higher (P = 0.059) than that of the NC diet. No effects of OA supplementation were observed on nutrient digestibility and blood cytokine. Jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in TRT1-fed pigs than that of NC-fed pigs. Pigs fed the TRT2 diet had a higher (P < 0.05) fecal abundance of Bifidobacteria than those fed the PC diet in phase 1. In conclusion, dietary OA supplementation had positive effects on growth performance and gut health but no effect on nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs.

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Effects of Substitution of Corn with Ground Brown Rice on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Gut Microbiota of Growing-Finishing Pigs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020375 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 375

Author(s):

Sheena Kim ◽

Jin Ho Cho ◽

Younghoon Kim ◽

Hyeun Bum Kim ◽

Minho Song

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Dietary Treatments

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with brown rice on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbiota of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 100 growing pigs (23.80 ± 2.96 kg BW; 10 weeks of age) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (5 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = BW) as follows: corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON) and replacing corn with 50% (GBR50), 75% (GBR75), and 100% (GBR100) of ground brown rice. Each trial phase was for 6 weeks. During the growing period, there were no differences on growth performance and nutrient digestibility among dietary treatments. Similarly, no differences were found on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of pigs during the finishing period among dietary treatments. As a result of the beta diversity analysis, microbial populations were not clustered between CON and GBR100 during the growing phase, but clustered into two distinct groups of CON and GBR100 during the finishing phase. In conclusion, brown rice can be added to the diets of growing-finishing pigs by replacing corn up to 100% without negatively affecting growth performance of the pigs; additionally, this may have an effect on changes in pig intestinal microbiota if continued for a long time.

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20 Effect of Adding Bioactive Peptide in Combination of Pharmaceutical Zinc Oxide or Organic Acids on Growth Performance, Hematology Profile, and Nutrient Digestibility in Nursery Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 22-23

Author(s):

Richard A Mudarra ◽

Tsung Cheng Cheng Tsai ◽

Kristopher Bottoms ◽

Thomas S Shieh ◽

Casey Bradly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Random Effect ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Bioactive Peptide ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Cell Counts ◽

High Zinc

Abstract To evaluate the effect of bioactive peptide (P) in combination with high level of zinc (HZ) or acidifiers on growth performance, complete blood cell counts (CBC) and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs, a total of 288 weaned pigs (PIC1050xDNA600) were stratified by initial BW within gender and allotted to 1of 7 treatments. Treatments for phase 1&2 were: 1) nutrient adequate positive control with HZ (PC), 2) nutrient deficient negative control with HZ (NC, -0.13% SID Lysine by reducing fish meal), 3) NC+0.25% peptide (0.25PZ), 4) NC+0.5% peptide (0.5PZ), 5) NC+0.25% peptide with standard zinc (0.25P), 6) NC+0.5% peptide with standard zinc (0.5P), 7) as 5 + 0.1% sodium butyrate and 0.5% benzoic acid (PSB). All pigs were fed a common low Zn diet (197 ppm) during phase 3. The whole blood was obtained from a close-to-average pen-BW pig repeatedly at weaning, and at the end of phase 2 and 3 to determine CBC. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker to determine nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedures of SAS as a RCBD with treatment as fixed effect, and BW block as random effect. In overall phase 1&2, pigs fed PSB had similar ADG and BW when compared to pigs fed 0.25PZ and both were greater than NC pigs (Table 1). With the same inclusion rate of peptide, pigs fed a high zinc diet had greater BW and ADG than pigs fed a standard zinc diet. PSB pigs had the greatest G:F ratio and nitrogen digestibility among treatments. Increasing peptide in high zinc diets gradually decreased Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. This study indicates that the improvement in growth performance from pigs fed peptide is pharmaceutical zinc dependent and acidifiers can be an alternative to replace ZnO without affecting growth performance.

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Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing and finishing pigs fed multienzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 602-615

Author(s):

Kevin Jerez-Bogota ◽

Cristian Sánchez ◽

Jimena Ibagon ◽

Maamer Jlali ◽

Pierre Cozannet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Control Diet ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Ash Content ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Bone Ash ◽

Diet Type

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing corn–soybean meal-based diets with a multienzyme on growth performance, bone mineralization, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients of growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (body weight [BW] = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multienzyme. The multienzyme used supplied at least 1,800, 1,244, 6,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase, and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC diet was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The PC diet had greater net energy (NE) and standardized ileal digestible amino acids (AA) content than NC1 diet by 3%, and than NC2 diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW: Phase 1: 34–50 kg; Phase 2: 50–75 kg; Phase 3: 75–100 kg; and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization were determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (P < 0.05) ADG and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) than those fed PC diet. Pigs fed PC diet had greater (P < 0.05) bone ash content and ATTD of P than those fed NC1 diet. The ATTD of GE for PC diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that for NC2 diet, and tended to be greater (P < 0.10) than that for NC1 diet. Multienzyme interacted (P < 0.05) with negative control diet type on overall ADG and AID of GE such that multienzyme did not affect overall ADG and AID of GE for the NC1 diet, but increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG and AID of GE for NC2 diet by 5.09 and 8.74%, respectively. Multienzyme did not interact with negative control diet type on overall G:F, bone ash content, AID of AA, and ATTD of nutrients. Multienzyme increased (P < 0.05) overall G:F, AID of methionine, ATTD of GE and P, and tended to increase (P = 0.056) bone ash content. The ADG, bone ash content, and ATTD of GE and P for the multienzyme-supplemented diets were similar to (P > 0.10) PC diet. Thus, NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤5% in multienzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance and bone ash of pigs.

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Effect of Dietary Symbiotic and Acidifier on Growth Performance and Nutrients Digestibility in Growing Pigs Crossbreed

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Indonesia (JITPI) Indonesian Journal of Animal Science and Technology ◽

10.29303/jitpi.v6i2.75 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Danung Nur Adli ◽

Osfar Sjofjan

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Nutrients Digestibility

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of dietary probiotic enhanced liquid acidifier combined with mannan-rich fraction on growth performance, nutrients digestibility in growing pigs. Thirty [(Duroc×Yorkshire)×Landrace] pigs with the average initial BW of 36.75±1.57 kg were allocated into three treatments by a randomized complete block design. There were five pens per treatment with six pigs per pen. Dietary treatments include: 1) CON (basal diet); 2) T1 (basal diet+probiotic 0.1%) and 3) T2 (basal diet+probiotic+mannan rich fraction 0.2%). the data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using of SAS University Version 4.0. The model included the effects of block (replication) and treatment. Pen served as the experimental unit. During the entire experimental period of 6 weeks, results showed that addition of complex probiotic at the level of 0.2% to diet increased ADG significantly (p<0.05). Also, digestibility of DM and N tended to increase. To sum up, results in this experiment indicated that dietary [(probiotik×acidifier)×mannan-rich-fraction] supplementation had a positive effect on growing pigs performance and nutrient digestibility

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129 Effect of phytase on growth performance and carcass classification in growing-finishing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 51-52

Author(s):

Caio A Silva ◽

Cleandro P Dias ◽

Marco A Callegari ◽

Kelly L Souza ◽

Adsos Passos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Optimal Dosage ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Initial Body Weight ◽

Quadratic Effect ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Final Weight

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the optimal dosage of phytase fed to growing-finishing pigs. One hundred and twenty barrows, 71 d old and initial body weight 25.16 ± 2.80kg, were distributed in 40 pens according to a randomized complete block design and assigned to 5 treatments: 1. Positive control: diet formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirement of pigs (PC); 2. Negative control: PC diets formulated with 0,11% lower Ca and 0,13% lower available P (NC); 3. NC + 1,500 FYT of phytase; 4. NC + 3,000 FYT of phytase; 5. NC +4,500 FYT of phytase. The corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated to be iso-nutrient and isoenergetic, except for Ca and av. P. The 4 diets were formulated according to a growing I (71-94 days of age), growing II (95-115d), finishing I (116-143 d) and finishing II (144-156 d) phases. Carcass traits were measured and submitted to the European Carcass Classification (SEUROP). Performance and carcass data were submitted to ANOVA, and regression analysis. There was a quadratic effect on FCR (P< 0.05) in growing I phase,; better FCR (quadratic, P< 0.05) on finishing II to 1,500 and 3,000 FYT (5.56 and 0.35%, respectively); an increase of 5.43 and 1.52% DWG in finishing II (quadratic, P< 0.05) and a reduced 6.60% to 4,500FYT; an improvement the total DWG and final weight (quadratic, P< 0.05) in 6.19 and 4.52%, and 5.27 and 3.57%, for 1,500 and 3,000 FYT, respectively. Phytase supplementation did not improve Carcass weight (P >0.05). The animals fed with 4,500 FYT diet had more carcasses classified as E (between 55–60% lean meat-SEUROP) compared other groups. Doses between 1,500 and 3,000 FYT improve FCR, DWG and final LW of growing and finishing pigs.

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Influence of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant on mineral digestibility and bone ash in young growing pigs fed diets with different concentrations of phytate-bound phosphorus

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab211 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Charmaine D Espinosa ◽

Maryane S F Oliveira ◽

Deepak E Velayudhan ◽

Yueming Dersjant-Li ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

The Novel ◽

Bone Ash ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Total P ◽

Fecal Collection

Abstract A 20-d experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that phytase increases nutrient digestibility, bone ash, and growth performance of pigs fed diets containing 0.23%, 0.29%, or 0.35% phytate-bound P. Within each level of phytate, 5 diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of a novel phytase (PhyG). Three reference diets were formulated by adding a commercial Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) at 1,000 FTU/kg to diets containing 0.23, 0.29, or 0.35% phytate-bound P. A randomized complete block design with 144 individually-housed pigs (12.70 ± 4.01 kg), 18 diets, and 8 replicate pigs per diet was used. Pigs were adapted to diets for 15 d followed by 4 days of fecal collection. Femurs were collected on the last day of the experiment. Results indicated that diets containing 0.35% phytate-bound P had reduced (P < 0.01) digestibility of Ca, P, Mg, and K compared with diets containing less phytate-bound P. Due to increased concentration of total P in diets with high phytate, concentrations, apparent total tract digestible P and bone ash were increased by PhyG to a greater extent in diets with 0.29 or 0.35% phytate-bound P than in diets with 0.23% phytate-bound P (interaction, P < 0.05). At 1,000 FTU/kg, PhyG increased P digestibility and bone P more (P < 0.05) than PhyB. The novel phytase increased (P < 0.01) pig growth performance, and pigs fed diets containing 0.35 or 0.29% phytate-bound P performed better (P < 0.01) than pigs fed the 0.23% phytate-bound P diets. In conclusion, the novel phytase (i.e., PhyG) is effective in increasing bone ash, mineral digestibility, and growth performance of pigs regardless of dietary phytate level.

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Effect of dietary organic acids supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut morphology in weaned pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2021-0080 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jinyoung Lee ◽

Jong Woong Kim ◽

Heidi N. Hall ◽

Charles M. Nyachoti

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Gut Morphology ◽

Two Phases

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different organic acid (OA) mixtures on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut morphology in weaned pigs. A total of 56 weaned pigs (7.93 ± 1.04 kg body weight) were assigned to four dietary treatments with seven replicates per treatment for a 35-d study conducted over two phases; phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and phase 2 (d 14 to 35). Diets consisted of 1) a corn-soybean meal-basal diet without any additive (negative control, NC); 2) NC + formic and propionic acids (TRT1); 3) NC + butyric, formic, and propionic acids (TRT2); and 4) NC + antibiotic (positive control, PC). During the overall period, the gain to feed ratio of pigs fed the PC and TRT1 diets tended to be higher (P = 0.059) than that of the NC diet. However, OA supplementation had no effects on nutrient digestibility. Jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the TRT1 diet than those fed the NC diet. In conclusion, dietary OA supplementation tended to increase overall feed efficiency and improved gut morphology in weaned pigs.

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PSVI-4 Effect of phytase on mineral digestibility and growth performance of pigs fed diets with pharmacological levels of Zn

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.727 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 400-401

Author(s):

Charmaine D Espinosa ◽

Deepak Velayudhan ◽

Yueming Dersjant-Li ◽

Janet Remus ◽

Hans-Henrik H Stein

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Quadratic Effects ◽

Digestible Amino Acids ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing levels of phytase increases mineral digestibility and growth performance of pigs fed diets with 3,000 mg/kg of Zn. A positive control (PC) diet that met nutrient requirements and a negative control (NC) diet that was deficient in total Ca (-0.16%), digestible P (-0.14%), metabolizable energy (-50 kcal/kg), and digestible amino acids (-0.02%) were formulated. Eight additional diets were formulated by adding 500, 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 phytase units/kg of a novel bacterial 6-phytase (PhyG) or a commercial Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) to the NC diet. A randomized complete block design with 400 weanling pigs (5.82 ± 0.70 kg), 10 diets, 4 pigs per pen, and 10 replicate pens per diet was used. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 28 d. Fecal samples were collected from 1 pig per pen on d 26 to 28. Linear and quadratic effects of PhyG and PhyB were determined using polynomial contrast statements. Contrast statements were used to compare effects of PC diet with NC diet, and to compare effects of PhyG diets with PhyB diets. Overall, pigs fed the NC diet had reduced growth performance (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the NC diet (Table 1). Linear (P < 0.01) and quadratic (P < 0.05) increases in overall average daily gain and average daily feed intake of pigs were observed as dietary concentrations of PhyG or PhyB increased. Increasing levels of PhyG or PhyB linearly increased (P < 0.01) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and Ca. PhyG increased ATTD of P more (P < 0.05) than PhyB. In conclusion, both phytases are effective in increasing mineral digestibility and growth performance in pigs fed diets with pharmacological levels of Zn; however, PhyG improved P digestibility more than PhyB.

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56 The Effect of a Developmental Bacillus Direct-fed Microbial on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Health

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.252 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 148-148

Author(s):

Karissa N Rulon ◽

Jacob A Richert ◽

Morgan T Thayer ◽

Allan P Schinckel ◽

Matthew D Asmus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Negative Control ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Nursery Pig ◽

Inclusion Rate ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Design Experiments

Abstract A developmental Bacillus based direct-fed microbial (DFM) was added to nursery pig diets to evaluate the effect on growth and health in two 35-d randomized complete block design experiments blocked on initial BW and sex. Experiment 1 used 315 weaned pigs (20.1 d of age; 6.11 kg initial BW) allotted to one of three diets: 1) Negative Control (NC; no antibiotics but with pharmacological Zn or Cu), 2) NC+DFM 0.55x109CFU, 3) NC+DFM 1.1x109CFU. Experiment 2 used 376 weaned pigs (17.8 d of age; 5.99 kg initial BW) allotted to one of four diets, the same 3 diets from Experiment 1 plus a lower inclusion rate: 4) NC+DFM 0.275x109CFU. Both studies had 15 replicates/treatment, 6–7 pigs/pen. Pigs were budget fed phase 1–3 diets (1.13 kg/pig; 2.72 kg/pig; and 6.35 kg/pig, respectively) and ad libitum fed Phase 4 diet to d35. For Experiment 1, during week 1 pigs fed the DFM tended to linearly decrease ADFI (P = 0.086) and linearly increase G:F (P = 0.085). During day 21–35 of Experiment 1 pigs fed DFM linearly increased ADG (P = 0.035) and quadratically increased ADFI (P = 0.027). Overall for experiment 1, ADG (P = 0.114) and ADFI (P = 0.104) tended to quadratically increase and G:F linearly increased (P = 0.012) with increasing concentrations of DFM. Experiment 2; during week 1 and 3 ADFI (P = 0.084, P = 0.050, respectively) quadratically increased and G:F (P = 0.081; P = 0.022, respectively) quadratically decreased as DFM increased in the diet. During d21–35 of experiment 2, ADG (P = 0.064) quadratically increased and G:F (P = 0.012) quadratically decreased as DFM increased. Overall for Experiment 2 ADFI numerically increased (4.3%) with no increase in ADG, resulting in a quadratic decrease in G:F (P = 0.010) as the DFM increased in the diet. Summarizing these two studies, the DFM product had its greatest effect increasing ADFI while inconsistently impacting gain and efficiency.

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