scholarly journals Nutrient digestibility of fishmeal rations in primates

2021 ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
N. V. Gaponov ◽  
L. N. Gamko
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Protein Feed ◽  
By Products ◽  
Male Rhesus

The results of the study on effects of fishmeal on nutrient digestibility and intake in primates are given in the paper. Fishmeal is a feeding stuff, manufactured from fish, marine mammals, invertebrates not suitable for human consumption and by-products of their processing. Fishmeal nutrient composition includes natural substances and minerals, including phosphorus, calcium, iodine, selenium, several essential amino acids, as well as vitamins А, D and В complex. Fishmeal is known to be rich in digestible energy and proteins. One kilogram of fishmeal contains 700 grams of raw protein and up to 15 MJ of digestible energy. It should be noted that fishmeal is easily digested by animals. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data in publications on use of fishmeal as high protein feed in rations of primates. In this regard, the aim of the study was to analyze the effects of fishmeal on digestibility of mixed feed nutrients in male rhesus-macaques and to use the obtained results for understanding of prospects of fishmeal further use for feeding primates. The chemical composition and nutritional value of the total mixed ration was determined. The economic effectiveness of the fishmeal use in the rations of primates was calculated. Based on the experimental data, it was established that the inclusion of fishmeal (18% out of total) into the diet contributes to the improvement of feed intake in experimental primates and reduces the costs of complete granular feed.

scholarly journals Bacterial Diversity Analysis and Evaluation Proteins Hydrolysis During the Acid Whey and Fish Waste Fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Alba C. Mayta-Apaza ◽  
Israel García-Cano ◽  
Konrad Dabrowski ◽  
Rafael Jiménez-Flores
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fish Waste ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Dynamic Variations ◽  
Acid Whey ◽  
By Products

The disposal of acid whey (Aw), a by-product from fermented products, is a problem for the dairy industry. The fishery industry faces a similar dilemma, disposing of nearly 50% of fish processed for human consumption. Economically feasible and science-based alternatives are needed to overcome this problem. One possible solution is to add value to the remaining nutrients from these by-products. This study focuses on the breakdown of nutrients in controlled fermentations of Aw, fish waste (F), molasses (M), and a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain (Lr). The aim was to assess the dynamic variations in microbial diversity and the biochemical changes that occur during fermentation. Four treatments were compared (AwF, AwFM, AwFLr, and AwFMLr), and the fermentation lasted 14 days at 22.5 °C. Samples were taken every other day. Colorimetric tests for peptide concentrations, pH, and microbial ecology by 16S-v4 rRNA amplicon using Illumina MiSeq were conducted. The results of the microbial ecology showed elevated levels of alpha and beta diversity in the samples at day zero. By day 2 of fermentation, pH dropped, and the availability of a different set of nutrients was reflected in the microbial diversity. The fermentation started to stabilize and was driven by the Firmicutes phylum, which dominated the microbial community by day 14. Moreover, there was a significant increase (3.6 times) in peptides when comparing day 0 with day 14, making this treatment practical and feasible for protein hydrolysis. This study valorizes two nutrient-dense by-products and provides an alternative to the current handling of these materials.

scholarly journals The Effect of 12 Hz Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Visual Memory of Male Macaque Monkeys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoomeh Kazemi ◽  
◽  
Hamed Aliyari ◽  
Elaheh Tekieh ◽  
Hassan Tavacoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Extremely Low Frequency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Male Rhesus

Introduction: Today, humans leave in a world surrounded by electromagnetic fields. Numerous studies have been carried out to discover the biological, physiological, and behavioral effects of electromagnetic fields on humans and animals. Given the biological similarities between monkeys and humans, the goal of the present research was to examine Visual Memory (VM), hormonal, genomic, and anatomic changes, and changes of the amygdala function in the male rhesus macaques who exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF/MF). Materials and methods: Four male Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used. For the behavioral tests the animals were needed to be fasting for 17 hours, and for the behavioral tests such as visual memory, cooperation of the animal was necessary. Using the radiation protocol, two of the monkeys were exposed to 12-Hz electromagnetic fields with a magnitude of 0.7 microtesla (electromagnetic radiation) four hours a day for a month. Before and after the exposure, a visual memory test was conducted using a coated device (visible reward) on a movable stand. Ten mL of blood was obtained from the femoral artery of the monkeys and half of it was used to examine cortisol serum levels using MyBioSource kits (made in the USA). The other half of blood samples were used to extract lymphocytes for assaying expressions of Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) genes before and after radiation using the PCR method. Anatomic studies of the amygdala were carried out based on pre- and post-radiation Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Findings: Research results indicated that visual memory in male primates increased significantly at the 12Hz frequency. Hormonal analysis at the 12Hz frequency showed a decrease in cortisol serum levels. However, visual memory and serum cortisol levels did not change considerably in male primates in the control group. There was no considerable amygdala volumetric difference at the 12 Hz frequency. The expression of the GR genes decreased at 12Hz compared to the control group. Conclusion: In short, these results indicated that ELF may have a beneficial value for memory enhancement as indicated by the fact that exposure to the 12 HZ ELF can enhance visual memory. This may be due to a decrease in plasma cortisol, and/or expression of GR genes. Moreover, direct involvement of the amygdala in this regard cannot be recommended.

scholarly journals Apparent digestibility of juveniles of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus fed diets with different protein levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e52236
Author(s):  
Cesar Augusto Alves Gonçalves ◽  
Jackson Pantoja-Lima ◽  
Márcia Regina Fragoso Machado-Bussons ◽  
João Paulo Ferreira Rufino
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Four Levels

The objective of the present study was to determine the apparent digestibility of juveniles of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus fed diets with different levels of protein. The experimental design was completely randomized, where the treatments consisted of four levels of protein in the diets (28, 32, 36 and 40%) and five replicates (water boxes) with 10 juveniles of matrinxã each. Diets were offered four times a day, and feces were collected twice a week, along 28 days, for digestibility analysis. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% significance. Differences (p<0.05) were observed in dry matter digestibility, with higher digestibility according to increasing levels of protein in the diets. This behavior was directly expressed in the digestibility of nutrients by juveniles of matrinxã, such as % ash, % crude protein, apparent digestible energy, % digestibility of apparent digestible energy and energy: protein ratio. However, this was not observed (p > 0.05) in the digestibility of % ether extract. Digestibility of N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn presented linear positive (p < 0.05) behavior, in which the use of these minerals increased with the increase in the level of protein in the diets. However, the digestibility of K, Fe and Mn reduced (p < 0.05) with increasing protein levels in the diets. Thus, it can be concluded that the rise in protein level in diets for juveniles of matrinxã improves nutrient digestibility. The results of this study indicated that 40% crude protein in the diets provided better results.

scholarly journals Production and Physicochemical Characterization of Gelatin and Collagen Hydrolysates from Turbot Skin Waste Generated by Aquaculture Activities

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Jesus Valcarcel ◽  
Javier Fraguas ◽  
Carolina Hermida-Merino ◽  
Daniel Hermida-Merino ◽  
Manuel M. Piñeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Storage And Loss Moduli ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysates ◽  
First Time ◽  
By Products

Rising trends in fish filleting are increasing the amount of processing by-products, such as skins of turbot, a flatfish of high commercial value. In line with circular economy principles, we propose the valorization of turbot skins through a two-step process: initial gelatin extraction described for the first time in turbot, followed by hydrolysis of the remaining solids to produce collagen hydrolysates. We assayed several methods for gelatin extraction, finding differences in gelatin properties depending on chemical treatment and temperature. Of all methods, the application of NaOH, sulfuric, and citric acids at 22 °C results in the highest gel strength (177 g), storage and loss moduli, and gel stability. We found no relation between mechanical properties and content of pyrrolidine amino acids, but the best performing gelatin displays higher structural integrity, with less than 30% of the material below 100 kDa. Collagen hydrolysis was more efficient with papain than alcalase, leading to a greater reduction in Mw of the hydrolysates, which contain a higher proportion of essential amino acids than gelatin and show high in vitro anti-hypertensive activity. These results highlight the suitability of turbot skin by-products as a source of gelatin and the potential of collagen hydrolysates as a functional food and feed ingredient.

scholarly journals Evaluation of undehydrated barley feed fractions and dried oat feed fractions from integrated starch-ethanol process in diets of growing pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi ◽  
Erkki Aimonen
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Extract Content ◽  
Protein Supply

The nutrient digestibility and protein utilization of undehydrated barley fractions: protein (BP), protein fibre mixture (BPF) and distillers solids (DS) at two levels of inclusion in diets fortified to equal lysine content were assayed with growing pigs in a 6 x 6 Latin square. Dried barley fibre (BF), oat protein (OP) and oat fibre (OF) from integrated starch-ethanol production were evaluated as feed ingredients for pigs in three other trials. DS and OP had a higher essential amino acids content than BP, especially with respect to lysine. All fractions had a rather high ether extract content 46-196 g/kg and their fatty acid composition is presented. BP showed higher protein digestibility than DS (0.931 vs. 0.857) and pigs on BP-diet retained more N than on DS-diet. BF showed a low digestibility of OM and CP and 0.1 inclusion of BF mixed with BP depressed CP digestibility and N-retention. A higher protein supply from cereal protein in the diet promoted N-retention but decreased protein utilization. OP had high digestibility and OF was more digestible than BF. The study confirmed the high digestibility and energy values of the proteinous grain fractions and a high protein utilization when adequately fortified with lysine. The fibrous fractions have a rather low nutrient digestibility and their use in pig diets is therefore limited.

scholarly journals L-TARTARIC ACID: PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND QUALITY CONTROL

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. D. LEIROSE ◽  
M-F GRENIER-LOUS TALOT ◽  
A. H. OLIVEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
By Products ◽  
Final Consumer

Natural substances are the basis of many types of industries and represent a growing market. The study of these products and the development of analytical methods should accompany this growth to ensure quality and provenance to consumers. An example to be discussed is the L(+)-Tartaric acid, an organic compound of molecular formula C4H6O6. This organic acid is widely applied in wine, food and pharmaceutical industry. It is obtained naturally through the fermentation of fruits, especially grape and tamarind. Synthetically, there are two ways of obtaining L(+)-tartaric acid on industrial scale. It can be synthesized by the reaction of maleic anhydride with hydrogen peroxide, which is derived from petroleum by-products. And by biotechnological synthesis, in which cis-epoxy succinic acid, also derived from petroleum, is converted into L(+)-tartaric acid by hydrolase enzyme. The market for tartaric acid is growing and is considered promising. Currently, there is a lack of legislation and specific rules that allow classification of tartaric acid according to its origin. This legal vacuum precludes quality assurance for the consumer. This lack of safety is a matter of great concern as applications of tartaric acid come directly to final consumer.

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