scholarly journals Serological diagnosis of persistent infection with Anaplasma marginale bacteria in cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Hasanain AJ. Al-gharban
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Hypochromic Anemia ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Significant Difference

Bovine anaplasmosis is one of the tick-borne diseases caused by Anaplasma marginale bacteria which can cause high economic losses to livestock. Cattle that recovered from acute infection become carriers without clinical signs related to the disease and these bacteria can persist for lifetime in the blood. The present study was conducted to detect antibodies of persistently infected cattle with A. marginale in Wasit province/ Iraq. A total of 100 blood samples were collected randomly from cattle over one year old. Blood smears were prepared, stained with Giemsa,s stain and subjected to microscopic examination for detection of Anaplasma marginale bacteria within an infected RBCs, while serum samples were tested by a competitive enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay test (cELISA) for detection of antibodies in persistently infected cases . Mythic 18 Vet system was used as blood analysis for blood parameters measurement. Results of blood smear examination revealed 13 acute cases, while ELISA detected 35% of carriers. Whereas, the hematological parameters showed that the acutely infected cattle had the macrocytic hypochromic anemia, the persistently infected cattle displaed the microcytic hypochromic and the normocytic hypochromic anemia. Results of blood analysis revealed a significant difference (P˂0.05) in hematological parameters of acute and chronic cases. It has been concluded that cELISA is a reliable screening test for detection of antibodies specific to Anaplasma marginale bacteria.

scholarly journals Prevalence of tick-transmitted pathogens in cattle reveals that Theileria parva, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale are endemic in Burundi

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Nyabongo ◽  
Esther G. Kanduma ◽  
Richard P. Bishop ◽  
Eunice Machuka ◽  
Alice Njeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Theileria Parva ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) constitute a major constraint for livestock development in sub-Saharan Africa, with East Coast fever (ECF) being the most devastating TBD of cattle. However, in Burundi, detailed information is lacking on the current prevalence of TBDs and on the associated economic losses from mortality and morbidity in cattle as well as the costs associated with TBD control and treatment. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the prevalence and spatial distribution of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in cattle across the major agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Burundi. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted in ten communes spanning the five main AEZs in Burundi, blood samples were taken from 828 cattle from 305 farms between October and December 2017. Evidence of Theileria parva infection was assessed by antibody level, measured using a polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by a T. parva-specific p104 gene-based nested PCR. Antibodies against Theileria mutans infection were detected using the 32-kDa antigen-based indirect ELISA, while the 200-kDa antigen and the major surface protein 5 (MSP5)-based indirect ELISA were used to detect antibodies against Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. Results The prevalence of T. parva across the ten communes sampled ranged from 77.5 to 93.1% and from 67.8 to 90.0% based on the ELISA and PCR analysis, respectively. A statistically significant difference in infection was observed between calves and adult cattle; however, T. parva infection levels were not significantly associated with sex and breed. The seroprevalence indicating exposure to T. mutans, B. bigemina and A. marginale ranged from 30 to 92.1%, 33.7 to 90% and 50 to 96.2%, respectively. Mixed infections of TBPs were detected in 82.91% of cattle sampled, with 11 different combinations of pathogen species detected . Conclusions The findings indicate that T. parva, A. marginale and B. bigemina infections are endemic in Burundi. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of TBPs will facilitate the design of effective targeted strategies to control these diseases. There is a need for further investigations of the distribution of tick vectors and the population structure of TBPs in order to identify the key epidemiological factors contributing to TBD outbreaks in Burundi.

scholarly journals Serological Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in East Shewa and Arsi Zones, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Gari ◽  
Biressaw Serda ◽  
Dejene Negesa ◽  
Fethu Lemma ◽  
Hagos Asgedom
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Important Disease

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an economically important disease of small ruminants with a rapidly expanding geographical distribution. There are fragmented reports to the occurrence and distribution of the disease in Ethiopia. A total of 700 serum samples were collected from goats and sheep to detect the presence of antibody against PPR virus using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA). An overall PPR seropositivity was reported to be 48.43% in the area. There is no statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of the disease between sheep and goats (50.85% and 46.68%), respectively. However, there was statistically significant variation (P<0.05) in the seroprevalence of the disease in young (33.9%) and adult (55.8%) age categories. The seroprevalence in male and female was 42.07% and 50.09%, respectively, where the variation was statistically not significant (P>0.05). High seroprevalence of Peste des petites ruminants in the study area indicated the virus circulation and endemicity of the disease. The disease causes substantial economic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmers. Therefore, control measures should be put in place to minimize the loss associated with the disease.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and genotyping of Anaplasma marginale and co-infection with piroplasms and other Anaplasmataceae in cattle and buffaloes from Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira AL-Hosary ◽  
Cristian Răileanu ◽  
Oliver Tauchmann ◽  
Susanne Fischer ◽  
Ard M. Nijhof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Smear ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the main cause of bovine anaplasmosis in tropical and subtropical regions. In Egypt, data regarding the prevalence of A. marginale in ruminant hosts and of the circulating genotypes is lacking. This study therefore aimed to (i) investigate the presence, epidemiology and genotypes of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes in Egypt, (ii) to evaluate suitable diagnostic tools and (iii) to identify co-infections of A. marginale with other selected tick-borne pathogens. Methods Blood samples were collected from 394 animals (309 cattle and 85 buffaloes) from three different areas in Egypt. For the detection of A. marginale infection, several tests were compared for their sensitivity and specificity: blood smear analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), PCR, real-time PCR and reverse line blot (RLB) assay. Co-infections with A. marginale, piroplasms and other Anaplasmataceae were surveyed by RLB while A. marginale genotypes were identified by amplifying and sequencing the partial msp1α gene. Results Anaplasma marginale DNA was amplified by qPCR in 68.3% of cattle and 29.4% of buffaloes. RLB showed infection with A. marginale in 50.2% of cattle and 42.5% of buffaloes. Blood smear analysis detected this agent in 16.2% of cattle and 2.4% of buffaloes. ELISA showed specific antibodies against A. marginale in 54.9% of cattle. Anaplasma marginale was associated, in cattle and buffaloes, with several tick-borne pathogens (Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia occultans and Anaplasma platys). A significant difference of A. marginale infection level was noticed in cattle, where animals between 3–5-years-old had a higher prevalence (79.2%) compared to those older than 5 years (36.4%) and younger than 3 years (59.7%) and one year (64.5%), respectively (P = 0.002281). Microsatellite analysis identified 15 different genotypes. Conclusions The epidemiological findings revealed high prevalence of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes in all the investigated areas. The circulation of diverse genotypes was observed, most of these A. marginale genotypes being specific for Egypt. The qPCR assay was confirmed to be the most sensitive tool for detection of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes even in the carrier state, highlighting the importance of using suitable diagnostic tests.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cross Protective Efficacy of Commercial Vaccines against Mannheimia haemolytica in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Waffa A. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protection Efficacy

Mannheimia haemolytica together with Pasteurella multocida represents as a major bacterial causative agent of cattle, sheep and goats respiratory diseases and its one of the most important causes for economic losses to these animals .Commercially available vaccines were used to prevent infections caused by P. multocida and M. haemolytica. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the cross protection efficacy of two vaccines to protect mice against M.haemolytica, studying humeral immunity, using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Forty five mice were divided into three equal groups, group one and two were inoculated subcutaneously  4μl\JOVAPAST® and 1μl of Al-kindy vaccines respectively, while the third group was with 0.5 ml sub cutaneous PBS. LD50for M.haemolytica was estimated as 2× 106 cfu \ml and challenge test was conducted by dropping 0.05 ml 2× 106 cfu \ml intranasally after three weeks of immunization for the three groups. The results of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, showed significant increase of antibody titters at (P<0.01) in (group 1 and 2) after first and second weeks post immunization, in comparison with control group. Also, the re-isolation of M.haemolytica from lungs tissue of all groups after challenged were positive with significant difference between control and immunized group, control group was 4× 108 cfu ∕ml which was higher than immunized group one and group two,which were 2.5×104 cfu∕ml and 3,5×105 cfu∕ml respectively after 24 hour of vaccine. In conclusion, the two commercial vaccines showed good cross protection efficacy against M. haemolytica, but JOVAPAST® vaccine showed higher efficacy than Alkindy vaccine, as that it contain  two  heterologous  killed strains and providing the basis for production a vaccine from the two  pathogen of local strains. 

scholarly journals Detection of Anti-Echinococcus granulosus Antibodies in Humans: An Update from Pakistan

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Huma Khan ◽  
Haroon Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Afzal ◽  
Usman Ayub Awan ◽  
Muhammad Khurram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Indirect Hemagglutination ◽  
Indirect Hemagglutination Test ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Lato

Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato that causes economic losses by affecting livestock and also poses a public health threat worldwide. The present study is the first retrospective report on the seroprevalence of anti-E. granulosus antibodies in humans in Pakistan. The study used data from 93 blood analysis reports of patients suspected of having CE from different medical centers in Lahore, Pakistan. Out of 93 sera samples, 20 (21.5%) were seropositive, and higher seropositivity (17.2%) was recorded with the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) than with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The findings indicated that age, gender, and year had no significant relationship with the seropositivity of CE. The current study provides directions towards the management of the disease in the near future in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effects of long-term storage of bovine ear notch samples on the ability of 2 diagnostic assays to identify calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Khan ◽  
J. H. Vorster ◽  
M. Van Vuuren ◽  
P. Mapham
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Term Storage

Research aimed at optimising diagnostic laboratory procedures is central to the development of effective bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) control programmes. BVDV is a singlestranded RNA virus that crosses the placenta to infect foetuses, resulting in reproductive losses due to foetal death or persistently infected calves that die early in life. Persistently infected animals are widely accepted to be the primary reservoir of BVDV and the largest source of infection. This poses important challenges to overall animal/herd health and can cause major losses to the cattle industry. Long-term storage of bovine ear notch samples from calves persistently infected with BVDV may adversely affect the ability of diagnostic assays to detect the virus efficiently. In order to test this hypothesis, ear notch samples from 7 animals were divided into 2 groups. One set was subjected to prompt formalin fixation and the other set stored either as fresh samples without preservatives at –2 °C, or soaked overnight in phosphate buffered saline followed by freezing of the supernatant fluid at –2 °C. Frozen ear notches and ear notch supernatant yielded positive results with an antigen- capture, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) for the duration of the study (6 months) and optical density (OD) values remained significantly within range. There was no significant difference between storing fresh ear notch samples or PBS at –2 °C. However, positive immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining on formalin fixed ear notches started to fade between Day 17 and Day 29 when stored at room temperature. It was concluded that fresh ear notches could safely be stored at –2 °C for a period of 6 months prior to testing for BVD viral antigens.

scholarly journals Serological cross-reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and an Ehrlichia species in naturally and experimentally infected cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Batol Al-Adhami ◽  
W. Brad Scandrett ◽  
Vladislav A. Lobanov ◽  
Alvin A. Gajadhar
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Bovine Anaplasmosis ◽  
Major Surface

Seroconversion and cross-reactivity in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale or a recently described Ehrlichia species (BOV2010 from British Columbia, Canada) were investigated. The study used 76 samples from 20 animals, a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for bovine anaplasmosis, and an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Blood smear examination and/or polymerase chain reaction assay were performed to confirm or rule out the presence of Anaplasma or Ehrlichia. Samples comprised 3 groups. Group 1 consisted of 24 samples from 9 cattle naturally infected with Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010. Group 2 had 13 samples from 3 A. marginale–infected cattle from Manitoba, Canada. Group 3 had 39 samples, consisting of 26 from 5 calves experimentally infected with Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010, 10 from 2 calves experimentally infected with A. marginale from cattle (Manitoba) or bison (Saskatchewan), and 3 from an uninfected calf. All samples from cattle naturally or experimentally infected with Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010 or A. marginale were seropositive for A. marginale by both cELISA and IFAT, except 3 calves euthanized at 28 and 33 days post-inoculation (DPI) that did not seroconvert. Antibodies were detected in 2 experimental animals inoculated with Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010, as early as 28 and 33 DPI by the cELISA and IFAT, respectively, and by 42 DPI for both tests. The current study demonstrates that the specificity of the recombinant major surface protein 5 (MSP5) antigen is not restricted to Anaplasma spp., which reduces the utility of the test for serological diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis in regions where Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010–infected cattle might exist.

scholarly journals A Comparative study of the Sero-prevalence of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus among Districts of Different Agro-Ecological Zones in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Mdetele ◽  
Misago Seth ◽  
Mwemezi Kabululu ◽  
Gerald Misinzo ◽  
Erick Komba
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Semi Arid

Peste des petits Ruminants (PPR), a disease affecting sheep and goats, was confirmed in Tanzania in the year 2018. Since then the disease has continued to spread into different districts, causing significant socio-economic losses to livestock keepers. This study aimed at determining the sero-prevalence of PPR in 32 districts from the coastal, semi-arid and plateau ecological zones, respectively. Sera samples were collected from sheep and goats, and analysed by competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). Findings indicated that six (18.8%) districts had very high PPR sero-prevalence of which four (66.7%; Chamwino, Kondoa, Mvomero and Kilosa) belong to the semi-arid ecological zone and two (33.3%; Bagamoyo and Mkuranga) to the coastal ecological zone. Three districts (9.4%) had high PPR sero-prevalence, all from the semi-arid ecological zone. Twelve districts had low PPR sero-prevalence of which two (16.7%) were from semi-arid, one (8.3%) from coastal and nine (75.0%) from plateau ecological zones. A zero PPR sero-prevalence was recorded in three districts and eight districts from semi-arid and plateau ecological zones, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in sero-positivity between the different ecological zones, ?2 (2) = 9.121, p = 0.010, with a mean rank sero-positivity of 24.7% for coastal zone, 12.0% for plateau and 20.8% for semi-arid zone. Post hoc pairwise comparison with Bonferroni correction for multiple tests showed a statistically significant difference between plateau and semi-arid zones (p = 0.032). Although the coastal zone had a higher mean rank positivity than the plateau zone, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.083). The study suggests a zonal predisposition of PPR sero-prevalence with districts in the semi-arid and coastal zones having significantly higher values compared to those in the plateau ecological zones. Efforts for control of the disease need to concentrate in those two high risk ecological zones.

scholarly journals Frequency of antibodies to Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma vivax and Borrelia burdgorferi in cattle from the northeastern region of the state of Pará, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Guedes Junior ◽  
Flábio R. Araújo ◽  
Fábio J.M. Silva ◽  
Charles P. Rangel ◽  
José D. Barbosa Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Northeastern Region

Babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and trypanosomosis are relevant diseases, potentially causing morbidity in cattle, leading to economic losses. Borreliosis is import as a potential zoonosis. The objective of this study was to determine, by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the frequency of seropositive cattle to Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma vivax and Borrelia burgdorferi in cattle from the Northeastern region of Pará, Brazil. Sera samples from 246 female adult cattle from municipalities of Castanhal and São Miguel do Guamá were used. Crude antigens ELISAs were used to detect antibodies to all agents, except to A. marginale, to which an indirect ELISA with recombinant major surface 1a protein (MSP1a) antigen was used. Overall frequencies of seropositive animals were: B. bigemina - 99.2%; B. bovis - 98.8%; A. marginale - 68.3%; T. vivax - 93.1% and B. burgdorferi - 54.9%. The frequencies of seropositive cattle to B. bovis and B. bigemina suggest a high rate of transmission of these organisms by tick in the studied region, which can be classified as enzootically stable to these hemoprotozoans. The low frequency of seropositive cattle to A. marginale may be attributed to a lower sensitivity of the recombinant antigen ELISA utilized or a distinct rate of inoculation of this rickettsia by ticks, as compared with Babesia sp. transmission. The high frequency of seropositive cattle to T. vivax indicates that this hemoprotozoan is prevalent in herds from the Northeastern region of Pará. The rate of animal that showed homologues antibodies to B. burgdorferi indicates the presence of the tickborne spirochaetal agent in the cattle population in the studied region.

scholarly journals An evaluation of serological tests in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in naturally infected cattle in KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songelwayo L. Chisi ◽  
Yoanda Marageni ◽  
Prebashni Naidoo ◽  
Gloria Zulu ◽  
George W. Akol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Cost Efficacy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Rose

The diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) of the Rose Bengal test (RBT), the complement fixation test (CFT), the serum agglutination test (SAT), the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and the indirect ELISA (iELISA) were determined in naturally infected cattle in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa with known infectious status from culture (gold standard). Natural brucellosis infection status of animals was determined by culturing and identification of Brucella abortus biovar 1 from abomasal fluid, milk, hygroma fluid, lymph nodes or uterine discharges samples. The diagnostic specificity (DSp) of the tests mentioned above was determined using samples from known negative herds. There was no statistically significant difference between the tests in their ability to diagnose brucellosis. The RBT and iELISA had the highest DSe of 95.8%, whereas RBT and CFT had the highest DSp of 100%. In South African laboratories, the RBT and CFT serological tests are used, because of the cost efficacy of CFT when compared to the less labour intensive but more expensive iELISA.

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