Serological Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in East Shewa and Arsi Zones, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an economically important disease of small ruminants with a rapidly expanding geographical distribution. There are fragmented reports to the occurrence and distribution of the disease in Ethiopia. A total of 700 serum samples were collected from goats and sheep to detect the presence of antibody against PPR virus using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA). An overall PPR seropositivity was reported to be 48.43% in the area. There is no statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of the disease between sheep and goats (50.85% and 46.68%), respectively. However, there was statistically significant variation (P<0.05) in the seroprevalence of the disease in young (33.9%) and adult (55.8%) age categories. The seroprevalence in male and female was 42.07% and 50.09%, respectively, where the variation was statistically not significant (P>0.05). High seroprevalence of Peste des petites ruminants in the study area indicated the virus circulation and endemicity of the disease. The disease causes substantial economic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmers. Therefore, control measures should be put in place to minimize the loss associated with the disease.

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Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle of Punjab, Pakistan and assessment of risk factors

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1130 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ahsan Anjum ◽

Asim Aslam ◽

Raheela Akhtar ◽

Tahir Yaqub ◽

Junaid Naseer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Control Measures ◽

Export Market ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an important infectious disease of respiratory system of cattle, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. A cross sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang districts of Punjab to determine the prevalence of CBPP. A total of 560 serum samples were examined for the specific antibodies against M. mycoides subspecies mycoides, using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associated risk factors that were evaluated include age, gender and breed. In this study, the overall seroprevalence was 8.75%. The seroprevalence of CBPP in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang were 8.26, 8.20 and 10.06%, respectively, but no significance difference (P less than 0.05) was observed. Among the assessed potential predisposing factors, gender and breed were not significantly associated with the serological status of the animal (P greater than 0.05), in which the age affected significantly the positivity to CBPP (P less than 0.05). The highest seropositivity was observed in animals of more than 7 years of age (32.08%) followed by in 4-7 years of age (8.16%) and lowest in animals of less than 4 years old (0.79%). This study confirms the presence of CBPP in the state which could be a threat to livestock export market and warrants the implementation of control measures to mitigate the economic losses associated with the disease.

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Sheep Brucellosis in Kuwait: A Large-Scale Serosurvey, Identification of Brucella Species and Zoonotic Significance

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci7030132 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 132 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yousef Al-Sherida ◽

Adel H. El-Gohary ◽

Amro Mohamed ◽

Mohamed El-Diasty ◽

Gamal Wareth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Health Impact ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

High Prevalence ◽

History Of ◽

Combined Action

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease of major concern in humans of Kuwait, and B. melitensis causes most human cases. The disease is endemic in small ruminants, cattle, and camels for decades, causing substantial economic losses in livestock production. However, a nationwide large-scale investigation of brucellosis in the small ruminant population has not been done in the past two decades. A serosurvey of sheep brucellosis in the five districts of Kuwait with most animal production farms was done between 2016 and 2019. In total, 67,054 serum samples from 233 sheep herds were collected and tested. Additionally, milk and tissue samples were collected from 46 seropositive cases for bacteriology. Thirty persons from seven seropositive farms were tested by serology. The incidence of seropositive cases was 7% in districts devoid of vaccination, while it was 4.7% in farms with history of vaccination. The serosurvey revealed that 89% of non-vaccinated herds (n = 181) were seropositive by Rose Bengal test (RBT), buffered acidified plate antigen test (BAPAT), and complement fixation test (CFT). Prevalence of 100% was reported for non-vaccinated sheep herds from Al-Wafrah and Al-Jahra districts, followed by those from Al-Salmi (88.24%), Al-Abdali (86.7%) and Kabd (75.6%). Implementation of vaccination with B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccine and test-and-slaughters in 20 herds reduced the seroprevalence to 33.3% and 25% in herds from Al-Jahra and AL-Wafrah, respectively. B. melitensis was isolated from 20 samples (43.5%). More than half of the examined animal owners (56.6%) tested positive for Brucella using RBT, BAPAT and CFT. The high numbers of infected herds and high prevalence in herdsmen are alarming. Thus, control measures have to be ensured immediately. The epidemiological situation in Kuwait is similar to those of the neighboring countries and the combined action of these states is needed. The understanding of the economic and public health impact of brucellosis in Kuwait needs to grow.

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Performance of an Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) in Comparison to Some Commonly Used Serological Tests for the Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms7120591 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 591

Author(s):

Serhan ◽

Khan ◽

Gasim ◽

Alketbi ◽

De Massis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Ruminants ◽

Control Measures ◽

Camelus Dromedarius ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Lower Sensitivity ◽

Immunochromatographic Test ◽

Dromedary Camels ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fluorescence Polarization Assay

Serological tests may represent an essential tool for the diagnosis of camel brucellosis; however, concerns arise in the scientific community regarding the direct transposition from cattle and small ruminants without adequate validation. The present study was made to compare four serological tests for the diagnosis of brucellosis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). In terms of sensitivity, our results show that the Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) shows the higher value of sensitivity, 98.67% (95% Confidence Level (C.L): 94.36%–99.99%), followed by the Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA) with 95.05% (95% C.L: 88.23%–99.51%), then the Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA) with 94.94% (95% C.L: 88.25%–99.45%) and, finally, the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) with 68.95% (95% C.L: 56.55%–80.69%), which is the only test showing a significantly lower sensitivity compared to the others. On the other hand, our study revealed no significant difference in terms of specificity between all the tests under study, with a range from 99.06% (95% C.L: 98.34%–99.64%) for the ICT to 99.92% (95% C.L: 99.64%–100%) for the RBT. The ICT was found to be comparable in terms of sensitivity and specificity with the most commonly used tests for camel brucellosis. The results of the present study are of paramount importance for designing surveillance and control measures for brucellosis in camel populations.

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Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone in the Republic of Niger

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v80i1.544 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Souaibou Farougou ◽

Mariama Gagara ◽

Guy A. Mensah

Keyword(s):

Arid Zone ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Effective Control ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Republic

The study aimed to determine the prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone (Niamey, Tillabéry and Tahoua) of the Republic of Niger. A serological survey was conducted and 519 serum samples were collected from 253 unvaccinated sheep and 266 unvaccinated goats. The sample included 340 female animals (168 sheep and 172 goats) and 160 kids and lambs (78 lambs and 82 kids). A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay yielded an overall seroprevalence of 45.0%. The prevalence in sheep was 42.0% compared with 47.9% in goats. The seroprevalence observed amongst small ruminants in Tahoua (49.8%) and Tillabéry (46.6%) was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than that observed in animals from Niamey (25.1%). It was also higher (p = 0.04) in sheep younger than two years (51.8%) than in adults (37.6%). Conversely, the seroprevalence showed no significant difference between male animals (35.8% in sheep; 50.1% in goats) and female animals (45.1% in sheep; 46.4% in goats). The prevalence of the disease observed amongst the sheep and goat populations confirms the continued danger of this disease in the areas studied. It is therefore necessary to develop strategies such as improving livestock services, providing effective vaccines and implementing a vaccination programme for an effective control of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Toxoplasma gondii in goats from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil: risks factors and epidemiology

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612012000100009 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 42-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Guilherme Garcia ◽

Cristina Sotomaior ◽

Aguinaldo José do Nascimento ◽

Italmar Teodorico Navarro ◽

Vanete Thomaz Soccol

Keyword(s):

Toxoplasma Gondii ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Human Infection ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Eastern State ◽

One Year ◽

Immunofluorescence Antibody Test

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan with wide geographical distribution and minimal parasitic specificity that affects many species of wild and domestic animals. In livestock, especially in small ruminants like goats, toxoplasmosis can cause abortion and the birth of weak animals, leading to economic losses to farmers, and is a major source of human infection. This is a seroepidemiological study of toxoplasmosis in goats in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Sera from 405 goats from the metropolitan mesoregion of Curitiba, eastern state, were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Information on properties and goat characteristics was also collected using questionnaires. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 39.41 and 35.96% by ELISA and IFAT, respectively. T. gondii antibody prevalence increased with age. The risk factors for T. gondii infection in goats were: age over one year; exposure to cats, type of management and purpose of breeding. Other epidemiological factors and relevant control measures are discussed in the current study.

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The First Seroprevalence Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus among Sahel Goat in Yobe State, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Medicine and Health ◽

10.9734/ajmah/2020/v18i430197 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

Babagana Alhaji Bukar ◽

Abdul-Dahiru El-Yuguda ◽

Lawal Said

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Seroprevalence Rate ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sahel Goat

Peste des petits ruminants is among the most common viral disease conditions of small ruminants, whose status has not yet been reported in Yobe State, Nigeria. Thus, this study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of this disease among Sahel goats in Yobe State, Nigeria, using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Out of 460 serum samples collected, 255/460 (55.4%) were positive for PPR antibodies. Seroprevalence rates of 56.1%, 55.4% and 54.6% were recorded in Bursari, Bade and Nangere Local Government Areas (LGAs) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) observed in the PPRV seroprevalence rates among the three LGAs. Sahel goats older than 18 months had a significantly higher (p<0.0001) Sero-prevalence of 65.2% compared to the 35.3% observed among younger ones (<18 months). The sex-wise distribution of the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) seroprevalence rate showed that female Sahel goats had 60.0% and the males had 44.6%. The detection of the PPRV among Sahel goats from all the LGAs sampled suggests that PPRV is endemic in the study area. It is therefore recommended that PPR vaccination be instituted in the study areas.

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Prevalence and Financial Significance of Bovine Fasciolosis in Oda-Bultum District, West Hararge, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal ◽

10.33258/birex.v1i4.483 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 103-111

Author(s):

Kebede Ayele Terefe

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Significant Variation ◽

Age Groups ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Adult Age ◽

Economic Significance ◽

Significant Difference

A study was conducted from November 2010 to February 2011 to determine the prevalence and estimate the economic loss of bovine fasciolosis in OdaBultum district based on the carpological examination and abattoir survey. Out of total of 384 fecal samples taken from cattle and examined, 182 (47.39%) were found positive for fasciolosis ,prevalence on months basis revealed higher prevalence rate (48.78%) in January and the lower (43.47%) was observed in November. No statistically significant variation (p>0.05) was observed in the monthly occurrence of the disease. Among the three localities (Godahora, Odaroba and Odabiyyo) from which fecal samples were taken higher infection rate (48.75%) was recorded in Odabiyyo while the lowest (46.27%) was noted at Odaroba. Statistical analysis of the result revealed no significant differences in prevalence among the three localities. Prevalence among the age groups showed 48.32% and 46.75% in young and adult age groups, respectively. No statistically significant difference in prevalence was seen between the two age group (p>0.05). Prevalence on the basis of sexes indicated 50% in male and 45.53 in females but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). A four month post mortem examination of 197 cattle slaughtered at baddessa town municipal abattoir revealed the overall prevalence of 47.68%. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant variation in monthly prevalence during the study period (p>0.05). Analysis of economic losses associated with liver condemnation in the study abattoir indicated a total of 13,498 ETB has been estimated to be lost each year in the abattoir as a result of fasciolosis. The current study has indicated that disease is of considerable economic significance therefore, calls for implementation of an appropriate control measures.

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Global Distribution and Genetic Heterogeneity of Border Disease Virus

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13060950 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 950

Author(s):

Cecilia Righi ◽

Stefano Petrini ◽

Ilaria Pierini ◽

Monica Giammarioli ◽

Gian Mario De Mia

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Control Measures ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Border Disease Virus ◽

Diarrhea Virus ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Border Disease

Border disease virus (BDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Interspecies transmission of BDV between sheep, cattle, and pigs occurs regularly, sometimes making diagnosis a challenge. BDV can yield substantial economic losses, including prenatal and postnatal infections in lambs, which are the primary source of infection and maintenance of the virus in the population. Since BDV is antigenically and genetically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), it might pose a significant risk to cattle, influencing BVDV eradication campaigns. Similarly, the presence of BDV in swine herds due to pestivirus spillover between small ruminants and pigs might cause uncertainty in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) diagnostics. Therefore, knowledge of BDV epidemiology in different geographical regions will help prevent its spread and optimize control measures. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that various BDV genotypes are predominant in different countries. This review provides an overview of the spread of BDV world-wide in different host species.

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in domestic pigs raised from Cuba

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-021-07245-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julio César Castillo-Cuenca ◽

Álvaro Martínez-Moreno ◽

José Manuel Diaz-Cao ◽

Angel Entrena-García ◽

Jorge Fraga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Toxoplasma Gondii ◽

Meat Products ◽

Control Measures ◽

Health Concern ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Weaning Pigs ◽

Associated Risk Factors

AbstractA cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in pigs in the largest pork-producing region in Cuba. Serum samples from 420 pigs, including 210 sows and 210 post-weaning pigs, were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 56 animals (13.3%, 95% CI: 10.1–16.6). A generalized estimating equations model revealed that the risk factors associated with higher seropositivity in pigs were altitude (higher in farm’s location < 250 m above sea level (masl) versus ≥ 250 masl) and age (higher in sows compared to post-weaning pigs). The results indicated that this protozoan parasite is widely distributed on pig farms in the study area, which is a public health concern since the consumption of raw or undercooked pork meat products containing tissue cysts is considered one of the main routes of T. gondii transmission worldwide. Control measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of exposure to T. gondii in pigs in Cuba.

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Sero-epidemiological survey of bluetongue disease in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan

Irish Veterinary Journal ◽

10.1186/s13620-021-00186-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Molhima M. Elmahi ◽

Mohammed O. Hussien ◽

Abdel Rahim E. Karrar ◽

Amira M. Elhassan ◽

Abdel Rahim M. El Hussein

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Animal Health ◽

Water Source ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Eastern Sudan

Abstract Background Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminant and camelid species which is transmitted by Culicoides spp. The causative agent of BT is bluetongue virus (BTV) that belongs to genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. The clinical disease is seen mainly in sheep but mostly sub-clinical infections of BT are seen in cattle, goats and camelids. The clinical reaction of camels to infection is usually not apparent. The disease is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade and high mortality and morbidity rates associated with bluetongue outbreaks. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan and to identify the potential risk factors associated with the infection. A cross sectional study using a structured questionnaire survey was conducted during 2015–2016. A total of 210 serum samples were collected randomly from camels from 8 localities of Kassala State. The serum samples were screened for the presence of BTV specific immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Results Seropositivity to BTV IgG was detected in 165 of 210 camels’ sera accounting for a prevalence of 78.6%. Potential risk factors to BTV infection were associated with sex (OR = 0.061, p-value = 0.001) and seasonal river as water source for drinking (OR = 32.257, p-value = 0.0108). Conclusions Sex and seasonal river as water source for drinking were considered as potential risk factors for seropositivity to BTV in camels. The high prevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan, necessitates further epidemiological studies of BTV infection in camels and other ruminant species to better be able to control BT disease in this region.

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