scholarly journals Epidemiology and genotyping of Anaplasma marginale and co-infection with piroplasms and other Anaplasmataceae in cattle and buffaloes from Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira AL-Hosary ◽  
Cristian Răileanu ◽  
Oliver Tauchmann ◽  
Susanne Fischer ◽  
Ard M. Nijhof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Smear ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the main cause of bovine anaplasmosis in tropical and subtropical regions. In Egypt, data regarding the prevalence of A. marginale in ruminant hosts and of the circulating genotypes is lacking. This study therefore aimed to (i) investigate the presence, epidemiology and genotypes of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes in Egypt, (ii) to evaluate suitable diagnostic tools and (iii) to identify co-infections of A. marginale with other selected tick-borne pathogens. Methods Blood samples were collected from 394 animals (309 cattle and 85 buffaloes) from three different areas in Egypt. For the detection of A. marginale infection, several tests were compared for their sensitivity and specificity: blood smear analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), PCR, real-time PCR and reverse line blot (RLB) assay. Co-infections with A. marginale, piroplasms and other Anaplasmataceae were surveyed by RLB while A. marginale genotypes were identified by amplifying and sequencing the partial msp1α gene. Results Anaplasma marginale DNA was amplified by qPCR in 68.3% of cattle and 29.4% of buffaloes. RLB showed infection with A. marginale in 50.2% of cattle and 42.5% of buffaloes. Blood smear analysis detected this agent in 16.2% of cattle and 2.4% of buffaloes. ELISA showed specific antibodies against A. marginale in 54.9% of cattle. Anaplasma marginale was associated, in cattle and buffaloes, with several tick-borne pathogens (Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia occultans and Anaplasma platys). A significant difference of A. marginale infection level was noticed in cattle, where animals between 3–5-years-old had a higher prevalence (79.2%) compared to those older than 5 years (36.4%) and younger than 3 years (59.7%) and one year (64.5%), respectively (P = 0.002281). Microsatellite analysis identified 15 different genotypes. Conclusions The epidemiological findings revealed high prevalence of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes in all the investigated areas. The circulation of diverse genotypes was observed, most of these A. marginale genotypes being specific for Egypt. The qPCR assay was confirmed to be the most sensitive tool for detection of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes even in the carrier state, highlighting the importance of using suitable diagnostic tests.

scholarly journals Prevalence of tick-transmitted pathogens in cattle reveals that Theileria parva, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale are endemic in Burundi

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Nyabongo ◽  
Esther G. Kanduma ◽  
Richard P. Bishop ◽  
Eunice Machuka ◽  
Alice Njeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Theileria Parva ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) constitute a major constraint for livestock development in sub-Saharan Africa, with East Coast fever (ECF) being the most devastating TBD of cattle. However, in Burundi, detailed information is lacking on the current prevalence of TBDs and on the associated economic losses from mortality and morbidity in cattle as well as the costs associated with TBD control and treatment. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the prevalence and spatial distribution of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in cattle across the major agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Burundi. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted in ten communes spanning the five main AEZs in Burundi, blood samples were taken from 828 cattle from 305 farms between October and December 2017. Evidence of Theileria parva infection was assessed by antibody level, measured using a polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by a T. parva-specific p104 gene-based nested PCR. Antibodies against Theileria mutans infection were detected using the 32-kDa antigen-based indirect ELISA, while the 200-kDa antigen and the major surface protein 5 (MSP5)-based indirect ELISA were used to detect antibodies against Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. Results The prevalence of T. parva across the ten communes sampled ranged from 77.5 to 93.1% and from 67.8 to 90.0% based on the ELISA and PCR analysis, respectively. A statistically significant difference in infection was observed between calves and adult cattle; however, T. parva infection levels were not significantly associated with sex and breed. The seroprevalence indicating exposure to T. mutans, B. bigemina and A. marginale ranged from 30 to 92.1%, 33.7 to 90% and 50 to 96.2%, respectively. Mixed infections of TBPs were detected in 82.91% of cattle sampled, with 11 different combinations of pathogen species detected . Conclusions The findings indicate that T. parva, A. marginale and B. bigemina infections are endemic in Burundi. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of TBPs will facilitate the design of effective targeted strategies to control these diseases. There is a need for further investigations of the distribution of tick vectors and the population structure of TBPs in order to identify the key epidemiological factors contributing to TBD outbreaks in Burundi.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against Anaplasma marginale

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio R. Madruga ◽  
Ana Paula C. Marques ◽  
Cássia Rejane B. Leal ◽  
Cristiano M.E. Carvalho ◽  
Flábio R. Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate

A rapid indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for measuring antibodies against Anaplasma marginale using a partially soluble antigen prepared from semi-purified initial bodies from erythrocytes with 80.0% of rickettsiaemia. This technique utilized alkaline phosphatase and p-nitrophenyl phosphate as reaction indicators. The high sensitivity (100.0%) was confirmed with sera from 100 calves experimentally-infected with A. marginale. All of these animals showed seroconversion before or at the same time of the first rickettsiaemia or even when it was not detected. Also the elevated specificity (94.0%) was confirmed by the low percentage of cross-reactions with sera from animals experimentally-infected with Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis (1.4 and 6.6%, respectively). Performances of ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) with 324 sera from enzootically stable area did not show statistical difference (P>0.05), since the former showed 96.9% and the latter 97.2% of positive reactions. The advantage of this ELISA is a shorter execution time than others developed until now, allowing more samples to be analyzed.

scholarly journals Incidência de Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina e Babesia bovis em bezerros no semiárido paraibano

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria M.M. Costa ◽  
Múcio Flávio B. Ribeiro ◽  
Giuliana A.F.P. Duarte ◽  
João Fábio Soares ◽  
Sergio S. Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Babesia Bigemina

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou a incidência de infecções naturais pelos agentes da tristeza parasitária bovina (TPB), Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina, em bezerros nascidos em cinco fazendas do semiárido paraibano. Em cada fazenda, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 6 a 14 bezerros a cada 14 dias durante os primeiros 12 meses de vida de cada animal. As amostras de sangue foram processadas por microhematócrito e testadas por PCR para detecção de DNA de A. marginale, B. bovis e B. bigemina. Em paralelo, foram quantificadas as infestações por carrapatos nos bovinos nas cinco fazendas, assim como as populações de tabanídeos em três fazendas. De 41 bezerros monitorados durante o primeiro ano de vida, 25 (61,0%) apresentaram PCR positivo para A. marginale, 7 (17,1%) para B. bigemina e 3 (7,3%) para B. bovis. Os valores de incidência da infecção por A. marginale variaram de 83,3% a 100% em quatro fazendas. A infecção por B. bigemina ocorreu em bezerros de apenas duas fazendas (incidências de 12,5% e 85,7%) e a por B. bovis em apenas uma (incidência de 42,8%). Em uma fazenda os 14 bezerros permaneceram negativos para A. marginale, B. bigemina e B. bovis durante os 12 meses de acompanhamento. Os resultados de PCR foram confirmados por sequenciamento de DNA de produtos amplificados. A presença de carrapatos Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus foi verificada somente em duas propriedades, nas quais houve infecção por A. marginale, B. bigemina e B. bovis (este último agente em apenas uma delas). Foram capturados 930 tabanídeos no estudo, a maioria durante os períodos de chuvas na região; 70,7% dos tabanídeos corresponderam a Tabanus claripennis. Houve associação significativa entre PCR positivo para A. marginale ou B. bigemina e menores valores de hematócrito. Este estudo demonstra que, mesmo avaliando apenas cinco propriedades rurais, a incidência dos agentes da TPB ocorreu de forma heterogênea na região, corroborando o status de área de instabilidade enzoótica para TPB previamente relatado para o semiárido paraibano.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Babesia sp. in Persistently Infected Cattle

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Antonio Alvarez ◽  
Carmen Rojas ◽  
Julio V. Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
International Health ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Persistently Infected

Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens are considered by International health authorities (OIE) as the principal species of Babesia that cause bovine babesiosis. Animals that recover from a babesial primo infection may remain as persistent carriers with no clinical signs of disease and can be the source of infection for ticks that are able to acquire Babesia parasites from infected cattle and to transmit Babesia parasites to susceptible cattle. Several procedures that have been developed for parasite detection and diagnosis of this infectious carrier state constitute the basis for this review: A brief description of the direct microscopic detection of Babesia-infected erytrocytes; PCR-based diagnostic assays, which are very sensitive particularly in detecting Babesia in carrier cattle; in-vitro culture methods, used to demonstrate presence of carrier infections of Babesia sp.; animal inoculation, particularly for B. divergens isolation are discussed. Alternatively, persistently infected animals can be tested for specific antibabesial antibodies by using indirect serological assays. Serological procedures are not necessarily consistent in identifying persistently infected animals and have the disadvantage of presenting with cross reactions between antibodies to Babesia sp.

scholarly journals Assessing the Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Serological Detection of Bovine Babesiosis in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dickson Stuart Tayebwa ◽  
Amany Magdy Beshbishy ◽  
Gaber El-Saber Batiha ◽  
Mariam Komugisha ◽  
Byaruhanga Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Strip ◽  
Spherical Body ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Immunochromatographic Test ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Eastern Uganda ◽  
Good Agreement

In Uganda, bovine babesiosis continues to cause losses to the livestock industry because of shortages of cheap, quick, and reliable diagnostic tools to guide prescription measures. In this study, the presence of antibodies to Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in 401 bovine blood samples obtained from eastern and central areas of Uganda were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and immunochromatographic test strips (ICTs). The ELISA and ICT test used targeted the B. bigemina C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein (RAP-1/CT17) and B. bovis spherical body protein-4 (SPB-4). Using ELISA, single-ICT and dual-ICT, positive samples for B. bovis were detected in 25 (6.2%), 17 (4.3%), and 14 (3.7%) samples respectively, and positive samples for B. bigemina were detected in 34 (8.4%), 27 (6.7%), and 25 (6.2%), respectively. Additionally, a total of 13 animals (3.2%) had a mixed infection. The correlation between ELISA and single-ICT strips results revealed slight agreement with kappa values ranging from 0.088 to 0.191 between both methods, while the comparison between dual-ICT and single-ICT results showed very good agreement with kappa values >0.80. This study documented the seroprevalence of bovine babesiosis in central and eastern Uganda, and showed that ICT could, after further optimization, be a useful rapid diagnostic test for the diagnosis of bovine babesiosis in field settings.

First Report on Molecular Identification of Babesia bigemina in a Nervous Signs Evident Naturally Infected Holstein-Friesian Cattle from Central India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Agrawal ◽  
G. Das ◽  
A. Jaiswal ◽  
A.K. Jayraw ◽  
G.P. Jatav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Central India ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Thin Blood Smear ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Holstein Friesian

Background: Bovine babesiosis caused by an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoon responsible for the most prevalent and costly tick borne diseases (TBD’s) of cattle throughout the globe. Cerebral babesiosis of bovine is fatal and mainly caused by Babesia bovis. To the knowledge of author, there is no confirm molecular report of Babeisa bigemina caused cerebral babesiosis in cattle. Therefore, authors want to report Babesia bigemina caused cerebral babesiosis on record. Methods: In the year 2015, a Holstein-Friesian cow aged 3 years and weighing approximately 300 kg, was attended at Jabalpur, (M.P.) with the clinical signs of high rise in temperature (104°F), recumbency, severe dysponea, peculiar sound during open mouth breathing, pale color of eye conjunctiva and mucous membrane of vagina, convulsions, sever anaemia, paddling of legs at frequent interval. After preparation of peripheral thin blood smear from animal at the site of collection and fixation with methanol, blood sample brought to Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H, Jabalpur and stained by standard protocol for Giemsa staining. Genomic DNA was isolated from the collected blood sample using QIAamp® DNA blood mini kit following the manufacturer’s recommendations and PCR was performed. Conclusion: The thin blood smear examination revealed the presence of Babesia parasite. The species of Babesia was confirmed by molecular amplification of genomic DNA as B. bigemina. This might be the first confirmed report of cerebral babesiosis caused by B. bigemina from Central India.

scholarly journals Dynamics of natural infection by Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in dairy cattle from an enzootic instability area in Northeastern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco de Assis Leite Souza ◽  
Alexandra de Siqueira Cajado Liarte ◽  
Karina Neoob de Carvalho Castro ◽  
Eduardo Esmeraldo Augusto Beserra ◽  
Jéssica Cristianne Mazer Bernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Babesia Spp

Abstract This study aimed to determine the dynamics of natural infection in the transmission of Babesia spp. to cattle in an enzootic instability area in Northeastern Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 30 calves located on two dairy farms to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and the timing of the primo-infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their association with climatic factors and management practices. On Farm A, the determination of primo-infection was observed on average at 249.4 (±24.42) days of age for B. bigemina and at 252.6 (±17.07) days of age for B. bovis; there was no significant difference between the times of infection (P> 0.05). The infection coincided with a period of high rainfall in the region. On Farm B, primo-infection infection was not observed. There was no infection by Babesia spp. on Farm B due to the intensive use of acaricides that led to an absence of ticks. There was no significant difference between the average PCV of animals from Farms A and B (P> 0.05). The management practices on the properties, in addition to the weather conditions influenced the exposure of the animals to disease vectors and may have contributed to the maintenance of this enzootic area in Northeastern Brazil.

scholarly journals Cepas atenuadas de Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina e de Anaplasma centrale como imunógenos no controle da tristeza parasitária bovina

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Sastre Sacco ◽  
Raul Henrique Kessler ◽  
Cláudio Roberto Madruga
Keyword(s):  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Anaplasma Centrale

Neste trabalho foram avaliadas cepas atenuadas de Babesia bovis e B. bigemina e Anaplasma centrale como imunógenos a serem utilizados no controle da Tristeza Parasitária Bovina. O processo de imunização demonstrou ser inócuo, imunogênico e eficiente, pelo menos no que diz respeito às babesias, pois protegeu os animais vacinados frente ao desafio com cepas heterólogas virulentas a campo, que provocou doença clínica e morte nos animais do grupo controle. O desafio a campo pelo Anaplasma marginale não se mostrou muito virulento ou patogênico, não sendo possível concluir que a imunização com A. centrale proteja os animais contra anaplasmose.

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