Underinvestment in Education: How Much Growth has Pakistan Foregone? (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 453-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Birdsall ◽  
David Ross ◽  
Richard Sabot
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Enrollment Rates ◽  
Education Enrollment ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
East Asian Economies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Investments In Education

In this paper we address the following question: How great have been the costs to Pakistan, in tenns of income growth foregone over the last three decades, of relatively low investments in education, and especially in the education of girls? We use the results of an econometric analysis of the relationship between education and economic growth in a cross-section of countries to compare Pakistan's actual rate of growth and recent levels of output with what they might have been had Pakistan achieved education enrollment rates observed in three rapidly growing East Asian economies: Indonesia, Republic of Koreal and Malaysia. Our analysis suggests that foregone income growth has been large. For example, if female enrollment in primary school had been as high as male enrollment in 196~i.e. 46 percent instead of 13 percent, we estimate that Pakistan's 1985 per capita income would have been more than 15 percent greater than it was. (In 1960, male enrollment rates in primary school in Indonesia, Korea and Malaysia were 58,83 and 89 percent, respectively.) We recognise that education investments have social as well as economic benefits, e.g. the lower infant mortality rates of better-educated mothers, and that gains in income growth alone are a poor measure of overall development.

The Relationship Between Poverty and COVID-19 Infection and Case-Fatality Rates in Germany during the First Wave of the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ettensperger
Keyword(s):  
Job Training ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
District Level ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Training Variable ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between poverty and the infection and case-fatality rates of COVID-19 has emerged as a controversial but understudied topic. In previous studies and reports from the UK and US evidence emerged that poverty-related indicators had a significant statistical effect on case and mortality rates on district level. For Germany, it has largely been assumed that poverty is an equally relevant factor influencing the transmission rates of the outbreak. This was mostly due to anecdotal evidence from local outbreaks in meat processing plants and reported incidents of infection clusters in poorer city districts. This paper addresses the lack of statistical evidence and investigates thoroughly the link between poverty-related indicators and detected infection and mortality rates of the outbreak using multivariate, multilevel regression while also considering the urban-rural divide of the country. As proxies for poverty the unemployment rate, the per capita presence of general practitioners (physicians), per capita GDP, and the rate of employees with no professional job training is evaluated in relation to the accumulated case and mortality numbers on district level taken from RKI data of June and July 2020. Interestingly, the study finds no general evidence for a poverty-related effect on mortality for German districts during the first wave in the first half of 2020. Furthermore, only employment in low qualification jobs approximated by the job training variable consistently affected case numbers in urban districts in the expected direction.

scholarly journals Nedarbo lygio sąsajos su ekonominiais rodikliais Lietuvoje

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Kiaušienė ◽  
Inga Vidrevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Research Assessment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
Territorial Differentiation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

High unemployment rate is one of the most pressing social and economic problems which are preventing residents make good use of the economic benefits. Although one of the main purposes of the European Union and Lithuania – to increase employment, statistical data show that the unemployment rate remains relatively high and in different regions of Lithuania is not the same. The aim of the work - analyse changes the level of unemployment in the regions of Lithuania and to determine a link between the level of unemployment and to economic indicators. The methodics of research: assessment of the territorial unemployment rate differentiation consists of three phases: 1) identify the territorial differentiation of unemployment and the reasons identified in the employment and labor market policies to reduce unemployment; 2) examined the unemployment trend in Lithuania; 3) set the relationship between the level of unemployment and selected economic indicators. For reserach was used the secondary data of Lithuanian Department of Statistics. The period of research 2009–2014 year. The results of research showed that unemployment rate in the analyzed period changed mostly in counties of Klaipeda, Telsiai and Panevezys. The unemployment rate in the four counties – Panevezys, Siauliai, Telsiai and Utena was higher than our overall national average. We have analyzed the relationship between unemployment and foreign direct investment per capita, material investments per capita, Lithuanian goods exports per capita. It confirmed that chosen economic indicators had a significant impact on the unemployment rate only in some counties during the analyzed period.

scholarly journals Association between Cardiovascular Mortality and Economic Development: A Spatio-Temporal Study for Prefectures in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Augusto Baptista ◽  
Kaoru Kakinuma ◽  
Bernardo Lanza Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Health Planning ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Temporal Study ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Choropleth Map ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cvd Mortality

In this paper, we use a bivariate choropleth map to investigate the relationship between mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, by sex, in Japanese prefectures from 1996 to 2015. The overall results show a decline in age-standardized CVD mortality rates in all prefectures, for both men and women, and suggest that GDP per capita has varied over the period. We also observed that the relationship between CVD mortality rates and GDP per capita at the prefecture level does not have an overall pattern of the same or inverse association, but is instead a heterogeneous relationship. We argue that this study provides useful clues to policy makers for establishing effective measures for public health planning and the prevention of deaths from CVD. As demonstrated by this study, mapping of the CVD burden in Japan helps to clarify regional differences in life expectancy and health status across regions and identify prefectures where more targeted policy attention may be needed.

Interstate Migration and Economic Growth: A Simultaneous Equations Approach

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1241-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Gober-Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Simultaneous Equations ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Income Growth ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Relationship

An objective of this study is to outline a migrant disaggregation procedure that compares the characteristics of those entering, leaving, or remaining in a state during a specified period of time so that migration induced changes in population composition can be evaluated. This index of migrant selectivity is then integrated as an endogenous variable, along with net migration and per capita income growth, into a system of simultaneous equations which recognizes the interdependent nature of the relationship between migration and per capita income growth. Exogenous variables represent various aspects of regional attractiveness, and they include growth in nonagricultural employment, unemployment, fertility, educational attainment, climate, and population density. The analysis is conducted for US states during the time period 1965 to 1970.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

Zachowania nabywców na rynku certyfikowanej żywności dla niemowląt i małych dzieci

2016 ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
Dominika Kuberska ◽  
Karolina Suchta
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Baby Food ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study was to unveil the specifics of consumer behavior on the certified baby food market, in particular with regard to their determinants. A questionnaire was used as a tool to conduct this study. A unique nature of the relationship between the buyer and the consumer on the market (a mother and a child) could have influenced the results obtained. Price is not the key determinant of behavior of buyers on the market. In addition, there is no correlation between the net income per capita and household expenditure on certified baby food.

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