The Relationship Between Poverty and COVID-19 Infection and Case-Fatality Rates in Germany during the First Wave of the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ettensperger
Keyword(s):  
Job Training ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
District Level ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Training Variable ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between poverty and the infection and case-fatality rates of COVID-19 has emerged as a controversial but understudied topic. In previous studies and reports from the UK and US evidence emerged that poverty-related indicators had a significant statistical effect on case and mortality rates on district level. For Germany, it has largely been assumed that poverty is an equally relevant factor influencing the transmission rates of the outbreak. This was mostly due to anecdotal evidence from local outbreaks in meat processing plants and reported incidents of infection clusters in poorer city districts. This paper addresses the lack of statistical evidence and investigates thoroughly the link between poverty-related indicators and detected infection and mortality rates of the outbreak using multivariate, multilevel regression while also considering the urban-rural divide of the country. As proxies for poverty the unemployment rate, the per capita presence of general practitioners (physicians), per capita GDP, and the rate of employees with no professional job training is evaluated in relation to the accumulated case and mortality numbers on district level taken from RKI data of June and July 2020. Interestingly, the study finds no general evidence for a poverty-related effect on mortality for German districts during the first wave in the first half of 2020. Furthermore, only employment in low qualification jobs approximated by the job training variable consistently affected case numbers in urban districts in the expected direction.

scholarly journals The Link between Poverty and COVID-19 Case and Mortality Rates in Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ettensperger
Keyword(s):  
Job Training ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
District Level ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Statistical Effect ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Training Variable ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk

The effects of poverty on the case and mortality rates of Covid-19 has emerged as a controversial but understudied topic. In previous studies and reports from the UK and US evidence emerged that poverty related indicators had a significant statistical effect on case and mortality rates on district level. For Germany, it has largely been assumed that poverty is an equally relevant factor influencing the transmission rates of the outbreak mostly due to anecdotal evidence from local outbreaks in meat processing plants and reported incidents in poorer city districts. This paper addresses the lack of statistical evidence and investigates thoroughly the link between poverty related indicators and case and mortality rates of the outbreak using multivariate, multilevel regression while also considering the urban-rural divide of the country. As proxies for poverty the unemployment rate, the per capita presence of general practitioners (physicians), per capita GDP, and the rate of employees with no professional job training is evaluated in relation to the accumulated case and mortality numbers on district level taken from RKI data of June and July 2020. Interestingly, the study finds no evidence for a poverty-related effect on mortality for German districts. Furthermore, only employment in low qualification jobs approximated by the job training variable consistently affected case numbers in urban districts in the expected direction.

scholarly journals Oxygen and Mortality in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Comparative Analysis of Supplemental Oxygen Policies and Health Outcomes Across 26 Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Mansab ◽  
Harry Donnelly ◽  
Albrecht Kussner ◽  
James Neil ◽  
Sohail Bhatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
National Mortality ◽  
Bivariate Association ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mortality Estimates

Introduction: Hypoxia is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, some countries have reduced access to supplemental oxygen, whereas other nations have maintained and even improved access to supplemental oxygen. We examined whether variation in the nationally determined oxygen guidelines had any association with national mortality rates in COVID-19.Methods: Three independent investigators searched for, identified, and extracted the nationally recommended target oxygen levels for the commencement of oxygen in COVID-19 pneumonia from the 29 worst affected countries. Mortality estimates were calculated from three independent sources. We then applied both parametric (Pearson's R) and non-parametric (Kendall's Tau B) tests of bivariate association to determine the relationship between case fatality rate (CFR) and target SpO2, and also between potential confounders and CFR.Results: Of the 26 nations included, 15 had employed conservative oxygen strategies to manage COVID-19 pneumonia. Of them, Belgium, France, USA, Canada, China, Germany, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, and the UK guidelines advised commencing oxygen when oxygen saturations (SpO2) fell to 91% or less. A statistically significant correlation was found between SpO2 and CFR both parametrically (R = −0.53, P < 0.01) and non-parametrically (−0.474, P < 0.01).Conclusion: Our study highlights the disparity in oxygen provision for COVID-19 patients between the nations analysed. In those nations that pursued a conservative oxygen strategy, there was an association with higher national mortality rates. We discuss the potential reasons for such an association.

scholarly journals Untangling factors associated with country-specific COVID-19 incidence, mortality and case fatality rates during the first quarter of 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lev Shagam
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Model Case ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractAt early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic which we are experiencing, the publicly reported incidence, mortality and case fatality rates (CFR) vary significantly between countries. Here we aim to untangle factors that are associated with the differences during the first quarter of the year 2020. Number of performed COVID-19 tests has a strong correlation with country-specific incidence (p < 2 × 10−16) and mortality rate (p = 5.1 × 10−8). Using multivariate linear regression we show that incidence and mortality rates correlate significantly with GDP per capita (p = 2.6 × 10−15 and 7.0 × 10−4, respectively), country-specific duration of the outbreak (2.6 × 10−4 and 0.0019), fraction of citizens over 65 years old (p = 0.0049 and 3.8 × 10−4) and level of press freedom (p = 0.021 and 0.019) which cumulatively explain 80% of variability of incidence and more than 60% of variability of mortality of the disease during the period analyzed. Country hemisphere demonstrated significant correlation only with mortality (p = 0.17 and 0.036) whereas population density (p = 0.94 and p = 0.75) and latitude (p = 0.61 and 0.059) did not reach significance in our model. Case fatality rate is shown to rise as the outbreak progresses (p=0.028). We rank countries by COVID-19 mortality corrected for incidence and the factors that were shown to affect it, and by CFR corrected for outbreak duration, yielding very similar results. Among the countries where the outbreak started after the 15th of February and with at least 1000 registered patients during the period analyzed, the lowest corrected CFR are seen in Israel, South Africa and Chile. The ranking results should be considered with caution as they do not consider all confounding factors or data reporting biases.

scholarly journals Abrupt increase in the UK coronavirus death-case ratio in December 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Wallace ◽  
Graeme J Ackland
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
Death Case ◽  
High Death ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Government Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave

1AbstractObjectiveto determine the statistical relationship between reported deaths and infections in the UK coronavirus outbreakDesignPublicly available UK government data is used to determine a relationship between reported cases and deaths, taking into account various UK regions, age profiles and prevalence of the variant of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7.Main Outcome MeasuresEstablishing a simple statistical relationship between detected cases and subsequent mortality.ResultsThroughout October and November 2020, deaths in England are well described as 1/55th of detected cases from 12 days previously. After that, the relationship no longer holds and deaths are significantly higher. This is especially true in regions affected by the VOC B.1.1.7ConclusionsIn early December, some new factor emerged to increase the case-fatality rate in the UK.Summary BoxWhat is already known on this topicThe infection-mortality ratio enables one to predict future deaths based on current infections. Incomplete monitoring of infection may be sufficient to predict future trends.What the study addsFor the specific case of the second wave of coronavirus infection in the UK, we show a clear mathematical relationship between detected infections (positive tests) and subsequent deaths. This relationship begins to fail in December, with unexpectedly high death rates. This may be correlated in time and region with the emergence of the Variant of Concern B 1.1.7.

scholarly journals Institutionalisation and schizophrenia in Japan: Social environments and negative symptoms

2003 ◽  
Vol 183 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwao Oshima ◽  
Yoshio Mino ◽  
Yoshimasa Inomata
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Psychiatric Beds ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
British Research

BackgroundThe number of psychiatric beds per capita in Japan is the highest in the world, and a replication of earlier British research is needed to identify possible means of improving the mental health system.AimsTo describe the current situation of psychiatric hospitals in Japan and to examine the relationship between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and social environments.MethodIn-patients with schizophrenia were randomly selected from 139 hospitals. Data were obtained for 2758 participants using several scales, including the Manchester Scale and social environment scales.ResultsNegative symptom scales showed a significant correlation with under stimulating social environments in hospitals.ConclusionsThis study confirms the results from the UK and provides evidence for the importance of community-based care and for providing more-stimulating rehabilitation environments.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic and Health-related Determinants of COVID-19 Prevalence and Case Fatality Rate in Indonesia

Populasi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Mochamad Iqbal Nurmansyah ◽  
Nia Musniati ◽  
Elia Nur Ayunin ◽  
Catur Rosidati ◽  
Ibrahim Isa Koire
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
P Value ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Spearman Correlation Test ◽  
The Relationship

Indonesia is a country with the highest COVID-19 confirmed cases and mortality rate among southeast Asian countries. This study was conducted to identify the correlation between sociodemographic factors and the number of confirmed cases and mortality rates due to COVID-19 in Indonesia. This research is an ecological study where secondary data published by the Indonesian government was used. Spearman correlation were used in this study. This study showed that sociodemographic conditions in Indonesia varied greatly. Spearman correlation test results showed that a significant relationship (p-value < 0.05) between the number of COVID-19 confirmation cases with population density, population growth, decreased mobility outside the home, hypertension and diabetes prevalence, number of health workers (general practitioners, specialist doctors, and nurses) as well as the number of COVID-19 specialized hospitals. Significant correlations (p-value < 0.05) were also shown by the relationship between COVID-19 mortality rates and a dense population, a large decrease in mobility to the workplace, number of smokers, and number of health workers. Equitable development is expected to reduce sociodemographic and health disparities so that each region has good preparedness in dealing with outbreaks without the occurrence of areas that are more severely affected by outbreaks compared to other regions.

scholarly journals Association between Cardiovascular Mortality and Economic Development: A Spatio-Temporal Study for Prefectures in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Augusto Baptista ◽  
Kaoru Kakinuma ◽  
Bernardo Lanza Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Health Planning ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Temporal Study ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Choropleth Map ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cvd Mortality

In this paper, we use a bivariate choropleth map to investigate the relationship between mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, by sex, in Japanese prefectures from 1996 to 2015. The overall results show a decline in age-standardized CVD mortality rates in all prefectures, for both men and women, and suggest that GDP per capita has varied over the period. We also observed that the relationship between CVD mortality rates and GDP per capita at the prefecture level does not have an overall pattern of the same or inverse association, but is instead a heterogeneous relationship. We argue that this study provides useful clues to policy makers for establishing effective measures for public health planning and the prevention of deaths from CVD. As demonstrated by this study, mapping of the CVD burden in Japan helps to clarify regional differences in life expectancy and health status across regions and identify prefectures where more targeted policy attention may be needed.

Underinvestment in Education: How Much Growth has Pakistan Foregone? (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 453-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Birdsall ◽  
David Ross ◽  
Richard Sabot
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Enrollment Rates ◽  
Education Enrollment ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
East Asian Economies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Investments In Education

In this paper we address the following question: How great have been the costs to Pakistan, in tenns of income growth foregone over the last three decades, of relatively low investments in education, and especially in the education of girls? We use the results of an econometric analysis of the relationship between education and economic growth in a cross-section of countries to compare Pakistan's actual rate of growth and recent levels of output with what they might have been had Pakistan achieved education enrollment rates observed in three rapidly growing East Asian economies: Indonesia, Republic of Koreal and Malaysia. Our analysis suggests that foregone income growth has been large. For example, if female enrollment in primary school had been as high as male enrollment in 196~i.e. 46 percent instead of 13 percent, we estimate that Pakistan's 1985 per capita income would have been more than 15 percent greater than it was. (In 1960, male enrollment rates in primary school in Indonesia, Korea and Malaysia were 58,83 and 89 percent, respectively.) We recognise that education investments have social as well as economic benefits, e.g. the lower infant mortality rates of better-educated mothers, and that gains in income growth alone are a poor measure of overall development.

scholarly journals Effect of Altitude on Covid-19 Mortality in Ecuador: an Ecological Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADRIANA CAMPOS ◽  
BRIDGET SCHEVECK ◽  
JEEGAN PARIKH ◽  
SANTIAGO HERNANDEZ-BOJORGE ◽  
ENRIQUE TERAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Multivariate Linear Model ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Correlation Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Province Level

Abstract BackgroundThe SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has claimed nearly 900,000 lives worldwide and infected more than 27 million people. Researchers worldwide are studying ways to decrease SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 related deaths. Several studies found altitude having a negative association with both COVID-19 incidence and deaths. Ecuadorian data was used to explore the relationship between altitude and COVID-19. MethodsThis is an ecological study examining province-level data. To explore a relationship between altitude and COVID-19, this study utilized publicly available COVID-19 data and population statistics. ANOVA, correlation statistics, and a multivariate linear model explored the relationship between different Ecuadorian altitudes against incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rates. Populations statistics attributed to COVID-19 were included in the linear model to control for confounding factors. ResultsRegional differences were observed for incidence, mortality, and case fatality rate suggesting an association between altitude and SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 disease severity. In both the correlation analysis and linear model altitude showed a statistically significant negative correlation between altitude and COVID-19 mortality. ConclusionAltitude may have an effect on COVID-19 mortality rates. More research is needed to understand why altitude may have a protective effect against COVID-19 mortality and how this may be applicable in a clinical setting.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document