scholarly journals Solving Organisational Problems with Intranet Technology

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1021-1036
Author(s):  
Sohail Jehangir Malik ◽  
Hina Nazli ◽  
Kashif Abrar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Internal Set ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Research Organisations ◽  
E Mail

Information serves as an essential intermediate input in decision-making for any business process. It is an essential requirement not only for effective and efficient management but also for medium and long term planning. In this era of technological advancement the rapid growth of information flow has contributed significantly in the expansion of business, commercial, industrial, financial, educational and research organisations. Electronic communication provides the ability to overcome many organisational problems. In recent years, an easy and inexpensive access to information through the Internet and e-mail has created an atmosphere of strong competition among organisations. In this competitive environment, the organisations need an efficient, productive and competent internal set-up based on a well-informed workforce. In the absence of effective co-ordination, the expansion of an organisation may result in inter-group conflicts, unhealthy bureaucratic activities, and various complexities in decision-making [Telleen (1996)]. This applies even more to organisations in developing countries such as Pakistan that are in need of efficient ways to improve governance and enhance institutional reforms.

scholarly journals GPs’ insights about discontinuing long-term antidepressant use: a qualitative study

2021 ◽  
pp. BJGP.2020.0913
Author(s):  
Maria Donald ◽  
Riitta Partanen ◽  
Leah Sharman ◽  
Johanna Lynch ◽  
Genevieve A Dingle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Relational Context ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study ◽  
Complex Decision Making ◽  
Complex Decision ◽  
Antidepressant Use ◽  
Set Up

Background: There is considerable concern about increasing antidepressant use, with Australians among the highest users in the world. Evidence suggests this is driven by patients on long-term rather than new prescriptions. Most antidepressant prescriptions are generated in general practice and it is likely that attempts to discontinue are either not occurring or are proving unsuccessful. Aim: To explore GPs’ insights about long-term antidepressant prescribing. Design and Setting: A qualitative interview study with Australian GPs. Method: Semi-structured interviews explored GPs’ discontinuation experiences, decision-making, perceived risks and benefits, and support for patients. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Three overarching themes were identified from interviews with 22 GPs. The first, ‘Not a simple deprescribing decision’, speaks to the complex decision-making GPs undertake in determining whether a patient is ready to discontinue. The second, ‘A journey taken together’ captures a set of steps GPs take together with their patients to initiate and set-up adequate support before, during and after discontinuation. The third: ‘Supporting change in GPs’ prescribing practices’ describes what GPs would like to see change to better support them and their patients to discontinue antidepressants. Conclusions: GPs see discontinuation of long-term antidepressant use as more than a simple deprescribing decision. It begins with considering a patients’ social and relational context and is a journey involving careful preparation, tailored care and regular review. These insights suggest interventions to redress long-term use will need to take these considerations into account and be placed in a wider discussion about the use of antidepressants.

scholarly journals Supranationalism as a taboo

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-124
Author(s):  
Bruno Theodoro Luciano ◽  
André Sanches Siqueira Campos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
Structural Configurations ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Institutional Feature

This article assesses the development of Mercosur’s institutions across its 30 years of history. It aims to stress how the insertion of supranational instances in the bloc was historically disregarded by Member States, in the context of both right and left-wings governments. However, the creation of a Technical Secretariat, a Permanent Review Tribunal, and a regional parliament (Parlasur) institutionalized non-executive forums, which have become autonomous regional arenas, despite their marginalized position within the bloc’s decision-making system. Although these bodies have never seriously challenged Mercosur’s intergovernmental, and even interpresidential, institutional design, they have enabled the bloc to expand its agenda beyond the governments’ priorities. Thus, this article aimed to unveil the causes of Mercosur’s resistance to supranational institutional change. The qualitative methodological approach is based on specialized literature, but also draws on primary sources and the normative analysis of official documents and reports which have gone through a deductive assessment. First, the article will introduce the main institutional changes seen in Mercosur during its 30 years of existence. Secondly, we argue that these transformations have maintained Mercosur’s intergovernmentalism as its main institutional feature, although additional non-executive bodies were set up in the 2000s. Afterwards, it reflects upon the current circumstances of the bloc, addressing whether future institutional reforms would alter Mercosur’s structural configurations.

scholarly journals Città metropolitane e politiche urbane

2010 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Direct Election ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Good Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

More than fifteen years after the introduction of direct election, the mayors are still the most popular politicians in Italy. The personal relationship set up with the citizens and the strengthening of the city councils has restored energy and stability to the action of the municipal administrations. Nevertheless, these institutional reforms, while important, have failed to guarantee good government. The effects of the mayoral reform are, in fact, considerably different from one city to another, and from one type of policy to another. What does this variety of results derive from? The book provides an answer to this question through an investigation of the decisional processes of around a hundred "local collective assets" in six large metropolitan cities. To explain the different outcomes – in addition to the "council effect", that is, the relevance of policy, and the "sector effect", the relevance of the different decisional milieus – the authors also underscore the role of the "governance effect", namely the different approaches to decision-making and building consensus on urban policies.

STRUCTURING LONG-TERM DECISIONS

1999 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 213-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH ATHERTON ◽  
SIMON FRENCH
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Alternative Methodology ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Societal Decision

The public is demanding more democratic decision making processes that take into account their opinions and views. In order to make large societal decision making processes inclusive, it is necessary to find a way of communicating the issues involved in a decision without becoming swamped with the technical aspects. Many of the societal decisions that have to be made, e.g., about the greenhouse effect and radiation, have very long-term impacts, which make them even more complex. One of the more controversial issues in evaluating long-term impacts is the choice of discount rate, or indeed whether discounting is appropriate. When the decision is societal and there are many stakeholders, the debate about the discount rate can become very heated. Using exponential discounting focuses attention on the discount rate and does not help stakeholders explore their opinions and beliefs. Atherton and French (1998) suggested an alternative methodology based upon a time-era structuring of attributes. By dividing time into distinct eras and weighting these rather than applying one discount rate over the whole lifetime of the project, a seemingly more transparent way of dealing with time preferences was developed. To further investigate the acceptability of the methodology to a broad range of people, an interactive World Wide Web page was set up. The page was not context specific and talked about an undefined project, not a particular decision situation. The subjects were asked to define the time eras themselves and to weight them. They were then asked to indicate what had motivated their weights and finally they were asked how their weights would change if the issues changed. Most subjects found the ideas easy to comprehend and commented positively about the experiment. Seventy-five per cent of the subjects divided time into increasing intervals in line with the suggestions made in Atherton and French (1998). Sixty-five per cent of them had decreasing time era weights, but their weights decreased more slowly than those prescribed by constant discounting. This paper describes the results of the experiment, indicating the implications they may have for societal decision making.

The move to Accrual Based Accounting: the challenges facing central governments

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Marty ◽  
Sylvie Trosa ◽  
Arnaud Voisin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Implementation Strategy ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Economic Rationality ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Political Decision Making

France’s decision to move to Accrual Based Accounting, triggered by the application of the Organic Law to the Finance Laws, has a tangible impact on political decision-making mechanisms. By adopting accounting and financial information standards derived from the private sector, it has the effect of reinforcing the economic rationality of public decisions. It makes it possible, in particular, to draw comparisons between public and private costs, comparisons that are necessary to set up any possible contract-based links with private suppliers. The move towards Accrual Based Accounting sets out to improve the information provided to the public operators. It also tends to limit the possibilities of arbitrations that are unfavourable to long-term investments and the maintenance of public assets. It gives parliaments, control bodies and citizens an appreciation of the policies being carried out, thus reinforcing the demands for the transparency of public accounts and the accountability of their managers. However, there is no getting away from the fact that it is a complex and costly reform, whose implementation requires a favourable political context and an appropriate implementation strategy.

scholarly journals Towards an improved decision-making process to better cope with uncertainties following a nuclear accident

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. S135-S143 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Durand ◽  
M. Maître ◽  
P. Crouaïl ◽  
T. Schneider ◽  
R. Sala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Nuclear Accident ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Recovery Management ◽  
Nuclear Crisis

An emergency situation is subject to multiple sources of uncertainties which should be identified in advance in order to improve the emergency and recovery management, and so optimally foster the living conditions of the population and the quality of their environment. In this context, the Work Package 4 of the European Research Project CONFIDENCE aimed at identifying and reducing uncertainties which could emerge in decision-making processes, in order to improve the preparedness and response after a nuclear accident. To that end, stakeholder panels have been set up in several European countries to collect their views and concerns regarding the decisions to be taken in the event of a nuclear crisis (e.g. evacuation, food restrictions, etc.). More particularly, the implementation of these panels allowed the researchers to (i) identify the main uncertainties that may hamper decision-making processes and to (ii) evaluate the influence of prior decisions made during the emergency phase over the medium to long-term evolution of the situation. Based on these discussions, the various types of uncertainties raised by the national panels have been analysed in order to suggest recommendations to better consider them and to improve the decision-making processes. This paper aims to detail the recommendations resulting from the panels discussions.

Issues of Capacity and Decision-Making in the Context of Delirium

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Treatment Team ◽  
Precipitating Factors ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Fundamental Consideration

Decision-making capacity is a fundamental consideration in working with patients in a clinical setting. One of the most common conditions affecting decision-making capacity in patients in the inpatient or long-term care setting is a form of acute, transient cognitive change known as delirium. A thorough understanding of delirium — how it can present, its predisposing and precipitating factors, and how it can be managed — will improve a speech-language pathologist's (SLPs) ability to make treatment recommendations, and to advise the treatment team on issues related to communication and patient autonomy.

The Second Start of Transformation in Ukraine?

2014 ◽  
pp. 30-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Grigoryev ◽  
E. Buryak ◽  
A. Golyashev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
Governance Quality ◽  
Political Turmoil

The Ukrainian socio-economic crisis has been developing for years and resulted in the open socio-political turmoil and armed conflict. The Ukrainian population didn’t meet objectives of the post-Soviet transformation, and people were disillusioned for years, losing trust in the state and the Future. The role of workers’ remittances in the Ukrainian economy is underestimated, since the personal consumption and stability depend strongly on them. Social inequality, oligarchic control of key national assets contributed to instability as well as regional disparity, aggravated by identity differences. Economic growth is slow due to a long-term underinvestment, and prospects of improvement are dependent on some difficult institutional reforms, macro stability, open external markets and the elites’ consensus. Recovering after socio-economic and political crisis will need not merely time, but also governance quality improvement, institutions reform, the investment climate revival - that can be attributed as the second transformation in Ukraine.

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