scholarly journals The New Institutional Economics Approach to Economic Development: A Discussion of Social, Political, Legal, and Economic Institutions

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4II) ◽  
pp. 965-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Azfar
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Asian Financial Crisis ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
The World

The last 50 years of development economics have seen hopes for global development raised high and dashed time and again. While there has been positive, sometimes even impressive, growth in many countries, in most of the world experience has not matched expectations. The accumulation of physical capital and human capital, liberalisation and privatisation have all been proposed as the elixirs of growth. While all these arguments have some merit, by themselves they are incomplete solutions to the problem of development. The disappointing performance of the post-Communist transition, the slow growth of the 1970s and 80s in Africa and Latin America, and the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s were all rooted in poor governance. Good governance involves aligning the incentives of agents with the interests of principals in both economic and political spheres. This paper describes some insights from New Institutional Economics on how best to design these incentives.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Unemployment of Higher Educated Manpower in Iran

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Ghasem Sameei
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Growth Economic

The importance and value of educated manpower (human capital) has become an important issue in economic development of countries throughout the world. In fact, effective use of physical capital itself is dependent upon human capital. Through a survey study, the present paper aimed at investigating the causes of unemployment of higher educated manpower (HEM) in Iran. The results of the study indicated that administrative, educational, economical and socio-cultural factors respectively have an influential effect on unemployment of HEM. The study has offered some implications to policy makers.Keywords: Higher educated manpower, Human capital, Economic growth, Economic development

PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF FOREIGN INVESTORS IN UZBEKISTAN: PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Dilshod Xalimjonov ◽  
◽  
Akmal Abduvokhidov
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
The World ◽  
Socio Economic Development

Investments play an important role in the process of sustainable socio-economic development of any state. Investments-from tangible assets to mutual and human capital-are carried out in various ways, making a significant contribution to the growth of the efficiency of the investor-company. In the course of the development of globalization and integration processes in the world economy, the interest and its theoretical justification of the international movement of capital by scientists and economists is becoming increasingly widespread.

Immigration Wave: Soviet Jew Exodus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assaf Razin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Soviet Jews ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Residential Capital

The disunion of the Soviet Union and the destruction of communism in the USSR 1987-1991 triggered the recent emigration wave of Soviet Jews to various parts of the world, primarily to Israel. The professional, social, attitudinal and behavioral characteristics of the 1990s Jewish exodus cohort proved to be distinctive. Immigrants came mostly from urban areas, with advanced education systems. Immigration produced massive investments, both in residential structures and in non-residential capital. These investments were so substantial that they increased the capital to labor ratio and facilitated economic growth, aided by the remarkable human capital brought by the immigrants. The massive investments in physical capital and infrastructures were financed by capital imports as immigrants themselves fled their former homes almost penniless and credit constrained so that they hardly saved.

scholarly journals Mutual Effects of Land Distribution and Economic Development: Evidence from Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Azadi ◽  
Eric Vanhaute
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
The Political ◽  
Land Distribution ◽  
Land Inequality ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Different Dimensions

Land plays an important role in the economies of developing countries, and many theories connecting land inequality with different dimensions of economic development already exist. Even though efficacious land distribution allows societies to transition from poverty to a human capital-based developed economy, ongoing issues related to property rights, inequality, and the political economy of land distribution are unavoidable. The general objective of this paper is to explore the nexus between land distribution and economic development. The specific objectives are to: (i) identify which land distribution programs/activities contribute to economic development; (ii) investigate the role of stakeholders in land distribution programs that affect the growth of productivity; and (iii) assess the deficiencies of current land distribution policies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to explore how economic development theories contribute to decreasing income inequality. This paper provides an overview of land distribution history and the main economic development theories. It also highlights the links between land distribution and the main elements of economic development. Finally, it provides a comparative review of the most recent empirical works regarding the characteristics, limitations, and potential (mutual) effects of land distribution and economic development settings on developing countries worldwide.

scholarly journals Gender Discrimination and Its Impacts in Macro-Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Savitri Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
National Economy ◽  
World Population ◽  
Educational Equality ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The World

Gender refers to the complex social construction of men’s and women’s identities. Sex and gender are different. The biological or physical construction is sex, which is created by nature. Gender is  purely a social construct. Gender Equality is a concept that is yet to be materialized. Around the world different individuals and groups of people are marginalized and discriminated on the basis of various factors, but discrimination against women is universal. Due to this, women are not able to use their full potential or assert their rights to live healthy life, and it has a deep impact in economic development. Gender equality is not only matter of human right but also basic of economic development. Gender inequality is a severe obstacle to socio-economic development, human capital development and income generation. Gender inequality is harmful to long term development and growth. Unequal gender will never alone be sufficient for poverty reduction and economic development. Gender discrimination not only affects females but males as well. The discriminatory practices do not only affect individuals but national economy and world economy as a whole. Due to stereotypical division of work most men are over loaded with economic duties, while women are being limited to household works only. Fifty per cent of the world population is over-loaded with economic duties, while fifty per cent of the brain is underutilized. The economic value of the household work which is done by females is not calculated and reflected in a country’s economy. This devalues the effort and work done by females and also is loss for the national economy. Education and development goes together, for a better balance of gender, educational equality is must. Education is key factor to promote human capital, which ensures economic growth. Formal education, trainings, study programs improves the capacity of individuals to live a decent life, which is the basic of development. Gender will never alone be sufficient for development. Gender equality is not only matter of human right but also basis of economic development.

scholarly journals Poverty Human Capital and Economic Development Nexus: A Case Study of Multan Division

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salyha Zulfiqar Ali Shah ◽  
Imran Sharif Chaudhry ◽  
Fatima Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

Countries across the world have acknowledged that poverty alleviation has to be of critical importance among the objectives of economic development. This paper sheds light on the Multan division, as one the important division of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The primary data was collected through a household survey during the year 2019.The study concluded that occupation of the household head in the primary sector and household size are significant and positively associated with household poverty. However, human capital of the household is found to be significant and negatively related to household poverty in the Multan division. Economic development or per capita income of the households are found to be significant and positively related with human capital of the households.

scholarly journals Institutions as the Main Determinant in Economic Growth

ETIKONOMI ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari Nugroho ◽  
N. Haidy Ahmad Pasay ◽  
Arie Damayanti ◽  
Maddaremmeng Andi Panennungi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
The World ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model

The studies on human capital and technological progress have given incredible insights on how countries in the world differ from one another. Yet there are more than those two reasons to account for differences among countries. There is a third reason why a country would differ in terms of its economic development progress, namely institutional factors. Hence developing institutional indices would give a deeper explanation than a mere theory. On the other hand, we can corroborate the institutional index with the general theory that low-quality institutions will impact an economy negatively. This study seeks to broaden the understanding of causes of economic growth by incorporating institutional index into a semi-endogenous growth model and finds a relationship between that index with human capital and technological progress

Human Capital Formation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-228
Author(s):  
Paul Adjei Onyina
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Capital Development

This chapter focuses on the drivers of human capital development in the fourth industrial revolution by examining the role of women. It discusses the role of women in economic development since 570BC. Women are ignored in most important areas in society whereas men are found at the frontline. However, available empirical analyses suggest that when women are empowered, they are able to turn the tables in their favour. The chapter outlines development role played by selected women across time and uses data from studies to show poor representation of women on international bodies and parliamentary seats. Selected women that have led and continue to lead various countries all over the world are presented. This chapter argues that women are important stakeholders in economic freedom. The chapter suggests encouraging society and men in particular to help women become front line participants in the human capital development for the fourth industrial revolution.

Emerging Technology Transfer, Economic Development and Policy in Africa

2010 ◽  
pp. 399-413
Author(s):  
Alfred Kisubi ◽  
Chi Anyansi-Archibong ◽  
Ngozi C. Kamalu ◽  
Johnson A. Kamalu ◽  
Michael U. Adikwu
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
New Model ◽  
Incremental Value ◽  
Research And Education

No nation can succeed economically without a strong and solid scientific educational base particularly in this era of knowledge economy. In many developing nations, the resources to develop both the human capital and infrastructure for education are inadequate. Specifically, in Africa, the intellectual capabilities on nanotechnology and microelectronics research and education are still evolving and some foundation technologies like electricity and ICT needed to drive and support them are not available. Lack of management efficiency and good governance continue to stall progress in the continent. In these matrixed four sub-chapters, these issues are discussed including a new model, Generic and Incremental Value (GIV), proposed for African development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document