scholarly journals Price Hikes, Economic Reforms and Causality in Money, Income and Prices: Evidence from Pakistan

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168
Author(s):  
Fazal Husain ◽  
Abdul Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Money Income ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Stochastic Properties

This study extends the analysis of causality by Husain and Rashid (2008) by examining the shift in the variables due to the price hikes in Pakistan in the early 1970s. We investigate the causal relations between real money and real income, between nominal money and nominal income, and between nominal money and prices using the annual data set from 1959-60 to 2003-04. Moreover, we examine the stochastic properties of the variables used in the analysis, and take care of the shifts in the series due to price hikes and liberalisation measures through dummy variables. The results indicate significant shifts in the variables during the sample period. In this context, the shift that occurred due to price hikes in the early 1970s seems to be more important to be incorporated in the analysis. The study finds the active role of money as the leading variable in changing prices without any feedback. In the earlier studies on income the feedback mechanism of money is found missing perhaps because of overlooking the shift in the macro economic variables in the early 1970s. JEL classification: E3, E4, N3 Keywords: Money, Income, Prices, Price Hikes, Causal Relations, Pakistan

scholarly journals Gender and Ultimatum in Pakistan: Revisited

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Naeem ◽  
Asad Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Data Analysis ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Confirmatory Data Analysis

Razzaque (2009) studied the role of gender in the ultimatum game by running experiments on students in various cities in Pakistan. He used standard confirmatory data analysis techniques, which work well in familiar contexts, where relevant hypotheses of interest are known in advance. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate that exploratory data analysis is much better suited to the study of experimental data where the goal is to discover patterns of interest. Our exploratory re-analysis of the original data set of Razzaque (2009) leads to several new insights. While we re-confirm the main finding of Razzaque regarding the greater generosity of males, additional analysis suggests that this is driven by student subculture in Pakistan, and would not generalise to the population at large. In addition, we find strong effect of urbanisation. Our exploratory data analysis also offers considerable additional insights into the learning process that takes place over the course of a sequence of games. JEL Classification: C78, C81, C91, J16 Keywords: Ultimatum Game, Gender Differences, Exploratory Data Analysis

Regional and Local Development

2009 ◽  
pp. 35-58
Author(s):  
Gioacchino Garofoli
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Local System ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Endogenous Development ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Productive Systems

- (Paper first received, April 2009; in final form, July 2009) The paper deals with the changing features of regional development in the last decades and the changing research approach to them, seeking to identify the contributions of Italian scholars to the international debate. The ‘regional development divide' of the 1970s induced Italian scholars to shift to analysis of new models of productive organisation underlying the active role of the territory in the development process. A crucial role was played by the model of industrial districts, which stressed that development can be achieved on the basis of SMEs and on specific local resources. The paper also deals with the ‘local productive systems' determined by a close interaction between economy, society and territory which produces external economies and collective efficiency. The paper concludes by drawing some policy lessons for backward regions.Keywords: local system, industrial district, endogenous development, external economiesJEL Classification: O18, O20, O30, R12, R58

scholarly journals Unraveling the role of governance mechanisms in online ratings: The case of Spanish chain-affiliated hotels

2020 ◽  
pp. 234094442092441
Author(s):  
Marta Fernández-Barcala ◽  
Manuel González-Díaz ◽  
Susana López-Bayón
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Agency Problems ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Category Size ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Organizational Fit ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Online Ratings ◽  
Management Contracts

This article studies how the choice of the mechanism of governance affects online ratings of hotels, empirically exploring the conditions under which various governance mechanisms improve (or damage) them. We emphasize that no governance mode is universally superior. However, when the mechanism of governance fits hotel characteristics, online ratings improve. We argue that such characteristics (i.e., hotel category, size, and age) determine the severity of agency problems (e.g., managerial shirking and free-riding) and the performance of governance choice. We test several organizational fit hypotheses on a data set of 2,328 hotels operating in Spain. Our results support the fit argument, because they show the superiority of franchise and management contracts (i.e., hybrids) for enhancing online ratings, as opposed to vertical integration, when category rises and size increases. Furthermore, we find evidence that maintenance does not appear to be a major problem in leasing. JEL CLASSIFICATION: D23; L25; L83

scholarly journals The effect of downsizing on innovation outputs: The role of resource slack and constraints

2020 ◽  
pp. 031289622097060
Author(s):  
Boumediene Ramdani ◽  
Cherif Guermat ◽  
Kamel Mellahi
Keyword(s):  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Organisational Innovation ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Resource Slack ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Moderating Role

Although the practice of downsizing is prevalent, its effects on organisational outcomes remain poorly understood. This article examines how and when downsizing affects organisational innovation. Using a unique data set of UK firms over a period of 22 years, we test the effect of downsizing on innovation outputs by considering the moderating role of resource slack and constraints. We argue and empirically demonstrate that downsizing has a dual effect on innovation, contingent on the firm’s level of resources. Our results reveal that downsizing affects innovation outputs positively in firms experiencing resource slack and negatively in firms experiencing resource constraints. We also show that the effect is more immediate in resource-constrained firms. Theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed. JEL Classification: J63, L25, M51, O32

scholarly journals The Role of the Canadian Media During the Initial Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Topic Modelling Approach Using Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News Articles

10.2196/25242 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. e25242
Author(s):  
Janhavi Patel ◽  
Harsheev Desai ◽  
Ali Okhowat
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Topic Modelling ◽  
Data Set ◽  
News Reporting ◽  
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ◽  
Public Health Information

Background Beginning as a local epidemic, COVID-19 has since rapidly evolved into a pandemic. As countries around the world battle this outbreak, mass media has played an active role in disseminating public health information. Objective The aim of this study was to get a better understanding of the role that the Canadian media played during the pandemic and to investigate the patterns of topics covered by media news reporting. Methods We used a data set consisting of news articles published on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) website between December 2019 and May 2020. We then used Python software to analyze the data using Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modelling. Subsequently, we used the pyLDAvis tool to plot these topics on a 2D plane through multidimensional scaling and divided these topics into different themes. Results After removing articles that were published before the year 2019, we identified 6771 relevant news articles. According to the CV coherence value, we divided these articles into 15 topics, which were categorized into 6 themes. The three most popular themes were case reporting and testing (n=1738), Canadian response to the pandemic (n=1259), and changes to social life (n=1171), which accounted for 25.67%, 18.59%, and 17.29% of the total articles, respectively. Conclusions Understanding the Canadian media’s reporting on the COVID-19 pandemic shows that the Canadian pandemic response is a product of consistent government communication, as well as the public’s understanding of and adherence to protocols.

scholarly journals Banking Sector Consolidation and Stability in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Kiemo ◽  
Cyrus Mugo
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Stability Conditions ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Lerner Index ◽  
Market Driven

This paper sought to examine the evaluation of competition and stability conditions in the Kenya banking sector amidst adoption various aspects of consolidation. This was achieved by exploring evolution of competition and stability conditions using bank-level and peer-level annual data from 2001 to 2017 for 37 banks. The paper adopted three-step estimation approach; first, estimated two competition measures Lerner Index and Panzar-Rosse H statistics to assess evolution of competition conditions. Secondly, constructed two stability measures Altman Z - Score and Bankometer S - Score to assess evolution of stability conditions. Thirdly, using panel GMM estimators introduced the estimated competition measures as explanatory variables and re-examined stability conditions to evaluate the role of competition in promoting banking sector stability. The study findings indicate competition conditions have increased and can be characterized as monopolistic competition. The banking sector stability conditions are high and sound, though downward trending. Increase in level of competition promotes stability conditions. The paper concludes that, adoption of various aspect of banking sector consolidation has led to improved competition and stability conditions in Kenya. Banking sectors players should continue implementing and adopting various policies that promote competition and stability such as market driven consolidations. JEL classification numbers: G2, G01, G33. Keywords: Bank Stability, Consolidation, Competition, Market Power, Lerner Index, Altman Z-Score, Bankometer S-Score, H-statistics.

Role of spectrin in membrane fusion and in shape change of human erythrocyte ghost

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
Hideo Hayashi ◽  
Yoshikazu Hirai ◽  
John T. Penniston
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Human Erythrocyte ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Bank Blood ◽  
Human Erythrocyte Ghost

Spectrin is a membrane associated protein most of which properties have been tentatively elucidated. A main role of the protein has been assumed to give a supporting structure to inside of the membrane. As reported previously, however, the isolated spectrin molecule underwent self assemble to form such as fibrous, meshwork, dispersed or aggregated arrangements depending upon the buffer suspended and was suggested to play an active role in the membrane conformational changes. In this study, the role of spectrin and actin was examined in terms of the molecular arrangements on the erythrocyte membrane surface with correlation to the functional states of the ghosts.Human erythrocyte ghosts were prepared from either freshly drawn or stocked bank blood by the method of Dodge et al with a slight modification as described before. Anti-spectrin antibody was raised against rabbit by injection of purified spectrin and partially purified.

Elucidation of block boundaries as the dissolution channels in hydrated cement

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
N.V. Belov ◽  
U.I. Papiashwili ◽  
B.E. Yudovich
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hardened Cement ◽  
Hydrated Cement ◽  
Hardened Cement Paste

It has been almost universally adopted that dissolution of solids proceeds with development of uniform, continuous frontiers of reaction.However this point of view is doubtful / 1 /. E.g. we have proved the active role of the block (grain) boundaries in the main phases of cement, these boundaries being the areas of hydrate phases' nucleation / 2 /. It has brought to the supposition that the dissolution frontier of cement particles in water is discrete. It seems also probable that the dissolution proceeds through the channels, which serve both for the liquid phase movement and for the drainage of the incongruant solution products. These channels can be appeared along the block boundaries.In order to demonsrate it, we have offered the method of phase-contrast impregnation of the hardened cement paste with the solution of methyl metacrylahe and benzoyl peroxide. The viscosity of this solution is equal to that of water.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

Russia’s Market of Mergers and Acquisitions: Stages, Features and Prospects

2009 ◽  
pp. 23-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Radygin
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Corporate Control ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Access Data

The article deals with key tendencies in the development of Russia’s market of mergers and acquisitions in the first decade of the 21st century. Quantitative parameters are analyzed by using available in the open access data bases for the years 2003-2008 taking into consideration new tendencies relating to 2008 financial crisis. An active role of the state played in the market of corporate control represents an important factor. Special attention is given to issues of development of Russia’s system of legal norms regulating the market of mergers and acquisitions.

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