scholarly journals The Determinants of the Domestic Prices of Imports

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mati Lal Pal
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
The Impact

Imports play a key role in the economy of Pakistan, especially since they provide a large share of the nation's industrial raw materials and most of its capital goods. Scarce foreign exchange is rationed and allocated among different types of commodities through an elaborate licensing system. To cope with the needs of the economy there has been liberalisation of imports in recent times. Proposals for further liberalisation and alternative proposals for rationing foreign exchange through an import surcharge system or an exchange auc¬tioning system have also been put forward. But, in the absence of empirical evidence regarding scarcity value of foreign exchange and the domestic prices of imports, the impact of these changes on the import sector and there from on the economy could not be definitely estimated. Different assumptions have been made regarding these magnitudes resulting in very different conclusions about the impact of various policies. A study of the facts is necessary under these circumstances, and so we have embarked on an empirical study regarding the determinants of the domestic prices of imports.

scholarly journals Modified Nanoclays/Straw Fillers as Functional Additives of Natural Rubber Biocomposites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 799
Author(s):  
Justyna Miedzianowska ◽  
Marcin Masłowski ◽  
Przemysław Rybiński ◽  
Krzysztof Strzelec
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Damping Properties ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Functional Additives ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Elastomeric Materials ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
The Impact

Increasingly, raw materials of natural origin are used as fillers in polymer composites. Such biocomposites have satisfactory properties. To ensure above-average functional properties, modifications of biofillers with other materials are also used. The presented research work aimed to produce and characterize elastomeric materials with a straw-based filler and four different types of montmorillonite. The main research goal was to obtain improved functional parameters of vulcanizates based on natural rubber. A series of composites filled with straw and certain types of modified and unmodified nano-clays in various ratios and amounts were prepared. Then, they were subjected to a series of tests to assess the impact of the hybrids used on the final product. It has been shown that the addition of optimal amounts of biofillers can, inter alia, increase the tensile strength of the composite, improve damping properties, extend the burning time of the material and affect the course of vulcanization or cross-linking density.

scholarly journals Lawyer disciplinary processes: an empirical study of solicitors’ misconduct cases in England and Wales in 2015

Legal Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Boon ◽  
Avis Whyte
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Future ◽  
Regulatory Institutions ◽  
Disciplinary System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practice Regulation

AbstractThe Legal Services Act 2007 effected major changes in the disciplinary system for solicitors in England and Wales. Both the practice regulator, the Solicitors Regulation Authority, and a disciplinary body, the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal, were reconstituted as independent bodies and given new powers. Our concern is the impact of the Act on the disciplinary system for solicitors. Examination of this issue involves consideration of changes to regulatory institutions and the mechanics of practice regulation. Drawing on Foucault's notion of governmentality, empirical evidence drawn from disciplinary cases handled by the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal and the Solicitors Regulation Authority in 2015 is used to explore potentially different conceptions of discipline informing the work of the regulatory institutions. The conclusion considers the implications of our findings for the future of the professional disciplinary system.

SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI LIMBAH PLASTIK JENIS HDPE (High Density Polyetylene) DAN RANTING/CABANG KARET (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg)

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Sari Mirad Noor
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
High Density ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact

The need of log increace rapidly, mean while forest product decrease, so efficiency on wood process should be done wisely, in the other hand plastic waste is uncompossed material, become an environmental problems. This research aims to determine the impact of particles of type HDPE plastic wastes and twigs/branches of rubber on some physical and mechanical properties of wood. Physical properties have been tested for water content, density, thickness, and water absorption. Although mechanical properties tests were tough Broken/Module of Rufture (MOR) and the preservation of architecture/modulus of elasticity (MOE).     The raw materials used are polyethylene of high density of waste plastic and rubber adhesive urea formaldehyde branch branch. Experimental design used the randomized Completely Design (RCD) 5 x 4, in which each treatment became much like 5 times replicated).The treatment used is the diversity of the composition of the waste of plastic of different types of polyethylene of high density provides a significant effect on the content of water, water absorption, the density and the development of thickness. With regard to the persistence and the fracture of the arch determination not to give a significant effect.Keywords: physical and mechanical properties, particle board, HDPE plastic waste, branch/twig of  rubber.

‘Hollowing out’ the Local State: Compulsory Competitive Tendering and the Restructuring of British Public Sector Services

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1437-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Patterson ◽  
P L Pinch
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Local State ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Competitive Tendering ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Impact

The process of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) for the provision of local-government services has forced significant changes to the way in which such services have been provided, whether such services have been contracted out or remain in-house, and has spawned a considerable literature on the impact of these changes on the quality, reach, and cost of public services. The primary focus of this literature has been on service users (or ‘consumers’) and the local taxpayer. In this paper, however, we attempt an analysis of these changes in terms of their impact on the nature of work within public sector services. Empirical evidence of geographical and sectoral variations in the degree of success of the private sector in winning contracts is considered, and explanations for these variations are offered. In particular, the discussion focuses on variations in the form of work in different sectors and the treatment of workers in different places and in different types of services, through a study of the labour processes involved and a consideration of the diverse potential for different fractions of capital to benefit from the introduction of CCT. Last, the concept of ‘hollowing out’ is reworked in order to further assist the theorisation of employment and other contemporary changes in the local state.

scholarly journals Determinants of foreign exchange risk management in Latin American firms

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-524
Author(s):  
César Augusto Giraldo-Prieto ◽  
Cristina De Fuentes ◽  
Francisco Sogorb-Mira
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Foreign Exchange Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Exchange Risk ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify whether Latin American (LA) firms are adopting any hedging strategy when designing foreign exchange risk (FXR) measures. To that end, the authors explore the impact of several drivers of FXR management. Design/methodology/approach The sample consists of 342 non-financial listed firms established in a group of representative countries of the LA region and covers the period from 2008 to 2016. Hypothesis testing is performed through a Logit model that measures the likelihood to adopt hedging practices. In addition, a Tobit test offers further insights into the derivatives users. Findings The authors corroborate capital structure-related hypotheses such as tax goals, financial distress, liquidity and growth opportunities. In addition, both ownership concentration and income tax payable seem to be negative and significant determinants of FXR coverage. Originality/value Results reported in this study are relevant for the LA region with high tradition in raw materials and commodities exports. The results show that LA firms still make limited use of derivatives and there is still much room for improvement. Hence, additional efforts to promote FXR hedging should be desirable, to meet authorities’ recommendations (OECD et al., 2007). Further research exploring corporate governance relationships and differences between large and small firms might be helpful.

scholarly journals Implementation of Halal Product Assurance in the Pharmaceutical Sector in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Resti Dian Luthviati ◽  
Suviwat Jenvitchuwong
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sector ◽  
Total Change ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Distribution Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Capacity

The goal of this research is to determine and assess the implementation of halal certification for the pharmaceutical business in accordance with Law Number 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance, as well as the variables that hinder and support its implementation. The impact of the JPH Law on the process value chain and supply chain of drugs and vaccines results in a total change in the pharmaceutical industry, including changes in ingredients resulting in reprocessing of quality, safety, and efficacy, changes in the distribution process, addition of personnel or staff, decreased economic capacity of the industry due to increased production costs, and there is a decrease in the industry's economic capacity due to increased costs of production. The halal status of a product has become a must-have for all consumers, particularly Muslims. Some parties, particularly the pharmaceutical business, continue to oppose to the existence of Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee. The supply of special facilities, such as rooms, equipment, and human resources, will significantly raise costs, resulting in higher drug prices and a reduction in people's access to the items they truly require for health care. Currently, the pharmaceutical sector must import 95 percent or more of its raw materials, totaling 150,000 items, in order to make about 30,000 different types of pharmaceuticals in the country.

scholarly journals MSMEs IN TIMES OF CRISIS. EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Tulus Tambunan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Asian Financial Crisis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Channels ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

This descriptive study is about micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. It has two objectives: (i) to estimate the impact of the Covid 19 crisis on MSMEs and compares it with other previous problems. Second, to explore crisis mitigation (CM) measures adopted by affected MSMEs. It shows that different types of crises have different transmission channels through which such situations affected MSMEs. CM measures adopted by affected MSMEs also vary by different types of emergencies and hence various business risks. In the 1997/98 crisis, replacing imported raw materials with local raw materials was widely adopted. The 2008/09 problem was finding new customers or markets in unaffected countries or switching to the domestic market. While in the case of the Covid-19 crisis, switching temporarily to manufacturing medical devices such as masks and changing the marketing system from conventional to e-commerce are the most widely adopted strategies. There is already a lot of literature on economic crises such as the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis and the 2008 global economic crisis. The Covid 19 pandemic's reports and articles impact on the economy have emerged in the past two months. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study on how such crises affected and through what transmission channels, MSMEs. Keywords: MSMEs, 1997/98 Asian Financial Crisis, 2008/09 Global Financial Crisis, COVID-19 Crisis, CM MeasuresJEL Classification: D2, F6, G01, I1

Supporting Requirements to Code Traceability Creation by Code Comments

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (08) ◽  
pp. 1099-1118
Author(s):  
Guohua Shen ◽  
Haijuan Wang ◽  
Zhiqiu Huang ◽  
YaoShen Yu ◽  
Kai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Source Code ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Code Tracing

Requirements-to-code tracing is an important and costly task that creates trace links from requirements to source code. These trace links help engineers reduce the time and complexity of software maintenance. Code comments play an important role in software maintenance tasks. However, few studies have focused intensively on the impact of code comments on requirements-to-code trace links creation. Different types of comments have different purposes, so how different types of code comments provide different improvements for requirements-to-code trace links creation? We focus on learning whether code comments and different types of comments can improve the quality of trace links creation. This paper presents a study to evaluate the contribution of code comments and different types of code comments to the creation of trace links. More specifically, this paper first experimentally evaluates the impact of code comments on requirements-to-code trace links creation, and then divides code comments into six categories to evaluate its impact on trace links creation. The results show that the precision increases by an average of 15% (based on the same recall) after adding code comments (even for different trace links creation techniques), and the type of Purpose comments contributes more to the tracing task than the other five. This empirical study provides evidence that code comments are effective in tracing links creation, and different types of code comments contribute differently. Purpose comments can be used to improve the accuracy of requirements-to-code trace links creation.

scholarly journals Learning From Labeled And Unlabeled Data: An Empirical Study Across Techniques And Domains

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 331-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Chawla ◽  
G. Karakoulas
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Unlabeled Data ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Impact

There has been increased interest in devising learning techniques that combine unlabeled data with labeled data ? i.e. semi-supervised learning. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has been performed across various techniques and different types and amounts of labeled and unlabeled data. Moreover, most of the published work on semi-supervised learning techniques assumes that the labeled and unlabeled data come from the same distribution. It is possible for the labeling process to be associated with a selection bias such that the distributions of data points in the labeled and unlabeled sets are different. Not correcting for such bias can result in biased function approximation with potentially poor performance. In this paper, we present an empirical study of various semi-supervised learning techniques on a variety of datasets. We attempt to answer various questions such as the effect of independence or relevance amongst features, the effect of the size of the labeled and unlabeled sets and the effect of noise. We also investigate the impact of sample-selection bias on the semi-supervised learning techniques under study and implement a bivariate probit technique particularly designed to correct for such bias.

scholarly journals The Domestic Prices of Imported Commodities in Pakistan A Further Study

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohiuddin Alamgir
Keyword(s):  
Control Policy ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
East And West ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

A system of effective quantitative restrictions on the supply of imported commodities will raise domestic prices of imports to levels well above their landed cost, i.e., price plus taxes, tariffs, and a normal markup. In 1965, Pal estimated the magnitude of such scarcity premia for a number of important commodities for East and West Pakistan [1; 2]1. His study has proved very useful both in measuring the influence of quantitative restrictions on the price of imports and, equally important, in showing the structure or incidence of restriction-induced profits—their distribution among consumption, intermediate and capital goods and their incidence relative to import policy. Pal's study was unavoidably static in nature and does not allow us to trace the changes over time. The purpose of the present paper is three-fold: first, to provide a comparison with Pal's study using data collected after two years and after a number of changes in Pakistan's import policies. This part of the analysis Is based strictly on Pal's commodity list. Second, in order to examine the impact of changing import composition, we shall recompute the scarcity premia on the basis of a new list of commodities and a changed set of weights (value of imports). Finally, we shall analyse the significance of the results for import control policy.

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