Assessment of Local Adaptive Capacity of Mountain Farmers: A Way Forward for Sustainable Livelihood Development

This study aims to understand the perception of mountain farmers towards the local adaptive capacity at a household level in an agro-ecological landscape. An indicator-based assessment is conducted to examine the 6 determinants and 27 indicators to give a local adaptive capacity index of the villages around Govind Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, located in the Indian Himalayan region. The findings indicate that, though the connected and isolated villages have a low and very low adaptive capacity, respectively, the effect of various determinants on the local people varies among the village settlements, based on their socio-economic capacity. Despite the government endeavours to build the livelihood of mountain farmers through different programmes and policies, it still lacks proactive decision-making. The study suggests for an integrated assessment and sustainable enhancement of the landscape as a whole, with a focus on community-level adaptation strategies. It draws attention to the need for enhanced collaboration between research institutions, government and private sectors with the mountain community in the centre.

Establishing an Autonomous Village through Bumdes (Village-Owned Enterprise) to Enhance Local Economic Activity

Rural development has become major focus in Indonesia’s development plan. Especially in term of village development which aimed to build self-reliance, to increase socio-economic capacity, and to empower the community. One of the government’s missions is to develop rural areas by optimizing the economic potential of a village to increase its productivity and the diversity of existing businesses. Furthermore, to improve the availability of infrastructure and facilities, to support the rural economy institutions, to support the production effectivity and marketing strategy in order to improve the economic growth. This study aims to explore the role of BUMDES in Jongbiru Village, Kediri Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia in order to optimise the local economic potential. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach which conducted in Jongbiru Village, Gampengrejo, Kediri Regency. The data collection used in-depth interviews with key informants, documentation, and observations on the research subjects. The key informants included in this research such as the chief of village, BUMDES Manager, and business actors in Jongbiru Village. Moreover, this research used source triangulation to make sure all data collected is valid and reliable. The findings show that intervention is needed to create a BUMDES that plays more effective roles on supporting village development. Moreover, community participation (i.e.: small medium enterprises owner) is crucial to develop the welfare of local. Further, last but not least, measurable and feasible planning are needed to support a village to be resilient and autonomous.

The Necessity for Revisiting Direct Corporate Human Rights Obligations in the Current Business and Human Rights Treaty Process

The international community has awoken to the reality that transnational corporations (TNCs) do not only control more resources than a good number of states. They wield enormous influence in the corporate world which greatly impacts on local cultures and initiatives. Many of these TNCs, who operate in developing states, engage in activities which frequently result in human rights abuses. Several states rely on the resources extracted by these large corporations as the main stay of their economies. Consequently, they lack the economic capacity and political will to effectively regulate the activities of the TNCs, leaving these entities to perpetrate human rights abuses in the local communities with impunity. Although the Human Rights Council, through the Inter-governmental working group on Business and Human Rights, has begun a treaty process on business and human rights to address these issues, the work of the IGWG, so far, has not adequately responded the root cause of the corporate impunity, which is their unwillingness and inability to hold corporate entities accountable for their harmful activities. Thus, this paper proposes that the issue of direct human rights obligations on corporate entities should be revisited in order to ensure that corporate entities do not escape accountability for human rights harm resulting from their activities.

Implementation of Halal Product Assurance in the Pharmaceutical Sector in Indonesia

The goal of this research is to determine and assess the implementation of halal certification for the pharmaceutical business in accordance with Law Number 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance, as well as the variables that hinder and support its implementation. The impact of the JPH Law on the process value chain and supply chain of drugs and vaccines results in a total change in the pharmaceutical industry, including changes in ingredients resulting in reprocessing of quality, safety, and efficacy, changes in the distribution process, addition of personnel or staff, decreased economic capacity of the industry due to increased production costs, and there is a decrease in the industry's economic capacity due to increased costs of production. The halal status of a product has become a must-have for all consumers, particularly Muslims. Some parties, particularly the pharmaceutical business, continue to oppose to the existence of Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee. The supply of special facilities, such as rooms, equipment, and human resources, will significantly raise costs, resulting in higher drug prices and a reduction in people's access to the items they truly require for health care. Currently, the pharmaceutical sector must import 95 percent or more of its raw materials, totaling 150,000 items, in order to make about 30,000 different types of pharmaceuticals in the country.

Water and the Circular Economy: Learning from Nature

This paper examines the hydrological cycle and its implications for the production capacity of two countries, China and the United States. While it takes a macro-level view, it illustrates the relevance of understanding the circularity of nature as exemplified by the hydrological cycle, for urban and regional circular economy considerations. Taking the circularity of nature as a starting point is a departure from common circular economy conceptions, which take an anthropocentric perspective rather than a nature based one. We calculate the amount of solar energy available for freshwater evaporation and the allocation of freshwater to its key uses in the domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors. Our calculations indicate that the capacity to generate economic output can be accurately described by the embodied solar energy distribution that determines the availability of freshwater for allocation to different uses. This illustrates the need to take environmental/physical conditions more fully into account in economic development decisions at every level, from local to regional, national, and global. We begin our analysis with a review of circular economy concepts and argue that they reveal a limited understanding of the circularity of nature evident in energy and material cycles and their economic capacity implications. Achieving further expansions of economic capacity may increasingly depend on an improved understanding of nature’s circularity, especially when competing resource pressures and land-use constraint exacerbate economic capacity limits. Our findings suggest three particularly important lessons for decision makers: first, the efficiency increases needed to realize growing economic output will require circular economy models that consider the efficient processing capacity of nature rather than relying solely on technological solutions; second, the non-use of resources may be as valuable or more than their use; and third, price policies can be effective in steering resource use and non-use in the right direction.

Strategies of the village community to survive in a changing environment: survive or change

Traditional ecological knowledge becomes difficult to apply in areas where natural resources have been degraded. This is experienced by people living on degraded peatlands in Tumbang Nusa, Central Kalimantan Province. They are confused to determine the appropriate livelihood. This paper aims to analyse the community’s understanding of peatlands and the causes of their destruction, as well as livelihood options to survive on degraded peatlands. Data are collected from 24 randomly selected families and analysed descriptively qualitatively. The analysis shows that the respondents are aware that their peatlands have been degraded and the reason is the unsuitable program that is applied on peatlands. Options for survival can be grouped into two. Around 58% of respondents remain on their ancestral livelihoods and do not cultivate on the peatland, and 42% of respondents chose to occupy the peatlands. They farm on peatlands with considerable risk, raise livestock and do business. Some are still catching fish in the river. Respondents’ choice of livelihood bases on their knowledge of peatland, calculation of potential failure, family’s economic capacity, and outside assistance. The study recommends the importance of providing communities with knowledge about social and environmental safeguards to help them determine their livelihoods with minimal risk.

TRANSITIONAL EXPERIENCES OF TERTIARY EDUCATION SUBSIDY GRANTEES: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

This is a qualitative research describing the transitional experiences of Tertiary Education Subsidy grantees in Eastern Visayas. The participants were fifteen (15) purposively selected key informants from different SUCs in Region VIII. Using thematic analysis, the results revealed that prior to inclusion to the Tertiary Education Subsidy Grant the participants experience financial difficulties in sustaining their school and household needs; as a TES grantee, participants indicated a positive impact of the grant to their family and personal economic capacity; participants reported the problems they encountered such as delayed release of fund and difficulty in the enrolment of new cash card; the grantees claimed that they were thankful for the said grant and expressed their gratitude to the government. KEYWORDS: TES Grantees, transitional experiences, personality adjustments, subsidy

Peranan Penanaman Modal Asing Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Petumbuhan Ekonomi di Sumatera Selatan Menuju Sumatera Selatan Maju

The economic development of a country, especially the developing country such as Indonesia and the regions in particular are largely determined by the growth rate of foreign investment. The social welfare of the community is strongly influenced by economic capacity to increase income fairly and evenly. The goverment of South Sumatera provinsial is also making efforts to attract investors, especially foreign investors to carry act in investment activities in South Sumatera, which as expected to have positive impact or development of the regional business in order to spur the growth of regional business, for example to advance the handicraft industry and micro, small and medium enterpires (MSME/UMKM) to increase people’s economy which will lead to increase and aqual distribution of people’s welfare in south sumatera towards andvanced South Sumatera.

PERMANENT ESTABLISHMENT. THE CRISIS OF THE ARTICLE 5 OECD MC IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

The rise of the digital economy, breaking with business models that require a physical presence to develop their activities, has dislodged the traditional concept of permanent establishment set out in Article 5 OECD MC. In the light of the precept’s loopholes, large multinationals have engaged in abusive practices to relocate their profits, thus avoiding contributing in the States where the income is generated in accordance with their economic capacity. In this paper, we examine the concept of permanent establishment included in art. 5 OECD MC, its typology following the BEPS Project’s modifications and the different scenarios that do not constitute a permanent establishment. We also explore whether its legal regime continues to be useful in today’s context or whether, on the contrary, the moment has come to abandon the concept of permanent establishment entirely due to the problems generated by today’s article 5 OECD MC, unable to respond to the challenges posed by the digital economy.

Future Competition Law In Indonesia: Analysis Of The Phenomenon Of Disruptive Innovation

This research aims to analyze the legal status of the existence of disruptive innovation in relation to the competition act, as well as outline the policy direction of business competition regulations. In conducting this research the author uses normative research methods, by utilizing secondary data. Legal issues related to business competition in recent years have culminated in the presence of innovations that can change the paradigm of producers and consumers towards market activity habits, which are accustomed to conducting direct transactions. The emergence of modern technology has created a new, fourth industrial revolution that combines automation and computing with the internet of things. Disruptive innovation is able to enable producers to offer their products and services in an easy and effective way through online-based offerings so as to provide consumers with a variety of product choices so that they can determine their needs easily and according to economic capacity. This paradigm shift must be balanced with regulations that can limit the legal corridors that have been adjusted so as to create prosperity for consumers and producers. It can be concluded that the existence of disruptive innovation has made competition acts very intensive, for consumers, making it easier for consumers to make choices according to economic capacity. In connection with the legal politics of business competition regulation, the law must be directed as a means of social control and a means of social engineering in order to make business competition effective and efficient by still paying attention to Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution as the basis for policy direction..