Consumer Goods Or Capital Goods—Supply Consistency In Development Planning (Notes and Comments)

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
G. C. Hufbauer
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Domestic Savings ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Private Savings ◽  
Inventory Accumulation ◽  
Savings Rates

Everyone who has heard of Harrod-Domar realises that growth targets imply something about savings rates. But growth targets also imply something about the availability of capital goods. The business of economic planning, as Winston points out [1], is to ensure compatibility between the Harrod-Domar and the Mahalanobis constraints. If domestic savings exceed the availability of domestic plus foreign capital goods, two "despised alternatives" confront the economy: inventory accumulation or slower growth. To avoid this unhappy predicament, Winston outlines three remedial policies. Our purpose is to suggest that the Harrod-Domar and Mahalanobis constraints may not be independent. Remedial policies aimed at that larger capital goods supply may affect the private and public savings rates and the growth of income. These suggestions are hardly novel [2]. They turn on re¬placing the proportional savings function with a classical savings function (i.e., one which specifies private savings rates by economic sector), on distinguishing tax rates by type of domestic production and imports, and on stipulating a connection between consumer-goods production and import of raw materials for the consumer industries.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF IMPORT IN INDONESIA: A CONTRIBUTION AND SHARE “PERANAN” ASSESSMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-199
Author(s):  
Fatima Tuzzahara Alkaf
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Total Import ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Very High ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the import structure to total import in Indonesia and also to determine the share of import structures in Indonesia on economic growth during the period 1997-2018. The analysis of this research is conducted by applying descriptive qualitative analysis. During the study period, it was found that the structure of imports that contributed a lot to total imports in a row was imports of raw materials followed by imports of capital goods after that import of consumer goods. Furthermore, the share of the import structure in Indonesia towards Gross Domestic Product (GDP), whose major role is the import of raw/auxiliary materials followed by imports of capital goods and then imports of consumer goods. So it can be concluded that Indonesia's dependence on imported goods is still very high, especially imports of raw materials and capital goods.

scholarly journals Ramsey Taxation in the Solow-Uzawa Growth Model with Public Goods

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Wei-Bin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Optimal Taxation ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
The Public ◽  
Neoclassical Growth

This paper examines issues related to optimal taxation similar to those addressed by Ramsey in his celebrated 1927 paper. Rather than determining taxes on commodities with given revenue to minimize the decrement of utility may be minimum in the Ramsey approach, this model determines optimal taxation to maximize utility with revenue as endogenous variable. We analyze optimal taxation in neoclassical growth theory. We introduce a public sector to the Solow-Uzawa neoclassical growth model. The economy is composed of the public, capital goods and consumer goods sectors. Public goods enter into the utility function. The public sector is financially supported by the government’s revenue from taxing consumption of capital goods and consumer goods. We derive the optimal taxation rule and construct the dynamics of the national economy. The model describes nonlinear dynamic interactions among national and sectoral growth, economic structural change, wealth/capital accumulation, and optimal tax rates in perfect competitive markets with the government intervention. We carry out comparative analysis to analyze effects of changes in some parameters on the tax rates and other economic variables.

A Note on Growth and Structural Change in Pakistan's Manufacturing Industry 1954-1964 (Notes & Comments)

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Eysbnbach
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Simple Analysis ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Manufacturing Growth

Lewis and Soligo studied the growth and structural change in Pakistan's manufacturing using a simple analysis of patterns of manufacturing growth [3]. Then, employing their results to re-examine the generally accepted view of Pakis¬tan's industrial growth, they found that import substitution had not been largely confined to consumer-goods industries [3, p. 108] and concluded that it would be difficult to accept the widely held hypothesis that distortions in industrial growth had resulted from the protectionist policies pursued [3, p. 111]. More specifically, they rejected the hypothesis of Power and Radhu that the greater protection accorded the consumer-goods industries would encourage the growth of domestic consumer-goods production using imported capital goods and raw materials [3, p. 96].

ASYMMETRIC RESPONSE OF DISAGGREGATED IMPORT DEMAND TO EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS: A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
KHURRUM S. MUGHAL ◽  
SADDAM ILYAS ◽  
YASIR TARIQ MOHMAND ◽  
FAHEEM ASLAM ◽  
MUKHTAR-UL- HASAN
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Open Economy ◽  
Import Demand ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Exchange Rate Movements

Net importing countries are very susceptible to changes in the value of their currency. Pakistan, being a small open economy, faces a constant pressure in its current account and BOP, which leads to unavoidable stress on its exchange rate. Exchange rate movements affect the cost of imports directly which have been studied extensively in empirical literature. However, these studies ignore the possibility of asymmetric effects of exchange rate and its impact on import demand in Pakistan. An appreciation in exchange rate may have a different impact on demand for imports than depreciations depending upon the level of rigidity in consumer preferences as well as the availability of substitutes for consumer goods, capital goods and raw materials. We use quarterly data of Pakistan’s consumer goods, capital goods and raw material imports from 2005:Q1 to 2018:Q4 and employ a relatively recent econometric methodology, namely, Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) technique. The results confirm the existence of asymmetric impact of exchange rate in the long-run. The appreciation of currency has more pronounced impact in increasing imports relative to the depreciation of it in decreasing imports. There are further differences of this effect within imports across consumer goods, capital goods and raw materials. We present policy implications of this asymmetric effect of exchange rate on disaggregated consumer imports.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF SHARIA ECONOMIC LAW ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MURABAHAH ACCOUNT AT MANDIRI SYARIAH BANK BANDAR LAMPUNG CITY

PRANATA HUKUM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Heru Fadli ◽  
Khumedi Ja'fa ◽  
Iskandar Syukur
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
Economic Law ◽  
Capital Financing ◽  
As If

Ba'imurabahah is applied as a financing product to finance the purchase ofconsumer goods (consumption), working capital needs, and investment needs.Financing in the form of consumers (consumption) are asuch as the purchase ofvehicles, houses, and multipurpose goods (electronic goods, household equipment, and other consumer goods). For example, working capital financing to purchase paper raw materials for printing orders, mercantile inventory, raw material inventory, and capital goods, as well as unsustainable working capital. Likewise, financing for investment are such as to buy machinery and equipment for technological upgrades and updates. The Implementation of the MurabahahAgreement at Bank Mandiri Syariah, Bandar Lampung City was considered from the Perspective of Sharia Economic Law. In practice, Islamic Banks do not sell goods to customers, but Islamic Banks only provide an authorized amount of money to customers to buy goods for themselves. This seems as if the Islamic Bank does not want to take the risk, even though it should be the seller of the Islamic bank to be ready to face the risk of loss. Based on the results of this study, the implementation of the Murabahah Agreement at Bank Mandiri Syariah Bandar Lampung City did not fulfill one of the pillars of the contract.

Israel and East Asia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assaf Razin
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Import Restrictions

The global economy was jolted in the mid-1980s by China’s and India’s decision to abandon autarky in favour of export led growth and embrace “market communism”. Socialist India and Moslem Indonesia liberalized and emulated their neighbors’ trade participation strategy soon thereafter. Before the reforms, trade policy was characterized by high tariffs and pervasive import restrictions. Imports of manufactured consumer goods were completely banned. For capital goods, raw materials and intermediates, certain lists of goods were freely importable, but for most items where domestic substitutes were being produced, imports were only possible with import licenses. The criteria for issue of licenses were non-transparent; delays were endemic and corruption unavoidable. The economic reforms phased out import licensing, and reduced import duties.

scholarly journals Bacterial fabric: introductory studies on the application of biomimetics in the bacterial fermentation process

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulce Maria Holanda Maciel ◽  
Luísa Córdova Wandscheer ◽  
Daniela Novelli
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Future Scenario ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Market Chain ◽  
Fabric Production ◽  
The Relationship

Thinking about innovations that reduce environmental impact and offer quality consumer goods is a way of proposing a future scenario governed by eco-efficiency values. Through an exploratory bibliographic and documentary research, which qualitatively analyses Kombucha authors and fermenters, this article seeks to identify the relationship between biomimetics and bacterial fabric production as an eco-efficient product in the fashion market chain. The general objective of this case study is to explain the fermentation process to encourage the search for raw materials inserted in the sustainability proposal.

scholarly journals Prediction Study of Tianjin Port Throughput Based on GM (1, 1) Extended Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2066 (1) ◽  
pp. 012089
Author(s):  
Yahui Wang ◽  
Zhuoyi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Container Transportation ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Change Trend ◽  
Cargo Throughput

Abstract Tianjin Port is the largest comprehensive main hub port and one of the main transshipment ports for energy and raw materials transportation in northern China. It has freight business with many countries. At the same time, Tianjin Port is the first port to carry out international maritime container transportation in China’s coastal areas. Tianjin Port was built in the 1950s, and the container business has been started since 1973, In recent years, with the rapid development of large-scale, intensive and intelligent container ships in Tianjin Port, cargo throughput is an important indicator in the comprehensive evaluation of port development, which represents the development level of a port. At the same time, it also brings new tasks to the navigation guarantee work, in particular, it puts forward systematic requirements for port and wharf construction, navigation aids layout, navigation aids efficiency display and navigation aids base layout. The annual throughput of port cargo or container is one of the bases of world ports. As an output index, port enterprises, shipping companies, navigation guarantee departments and shipping economic analysis departments attach great importance to it. Therefore, the prediction of Tianjin Port cargo throughput can provide reference for Tianjin Port’s next development planning, waterway use and navigation guarantee planning and layout, navigation aids setting, wharf construction, route mapping, etc. the article constructs of Tianjin Port. The average error is 0.29%, and the prediction accuracy is first class. This model can better predict the change trend of cargo for Tianjin Port, which is a better way to analyze the change trend for Tianjin port.

Grey relational analysis between Turkey’s macroeconomic indicators and domestic savings

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Engin Duran ◽  
Burcu Uzgur Duran ◽  
Diyar Akay ◽  
Fatih Emre Boran
Keyword(s):  
Grey Relational Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Relational Analysis ◽  
Domestic Savings ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Private Savings ◽  
Grey Relational ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose It is of great importance for economy policy makers to comprehend the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and domestic savings, and to find out which indicator is more determinative on the dynamics of domestic savings. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the degree of relationship between Turkey’s domestic savings and selected macroeconomic indicators. Design/methodology/approach To examine the relationship, grey relational analysis (GRA) is applied together with the entropy method to determine the weight of the indicators according to the information level they provide. The analysis covers the data of the period from 1990 to 2014. In practice, however, the data set is used by dividing into two separate periods including before and after the 2001 crisis. Findings The results indicate that the unemployment rate and the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth stand out with a relatively high degree of relationship for the period before 2001. When examining the post-2001 period, current balance ratio and GDP growth are ascertained as indicators which have a high degree of relationship with domestic savings. Practical implications These indicators have different aspects affecting both public and private savings. Therefore, it may be beneficial to concentrate on these indicators when designing a policy in order to increase the domestic saving rate. Originality/value There are many econometric models used for investigating Turkey’s macroeconomic indicators and domestic savings causality. But before now, any study which investigates relationship between macroeconomic indicators and domestic savings by GRA could not be encountered. Using one of the newest developed theories (the grey systems theory) for this subject is the significance of this research.

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