scholarly journals An overview: Importance of lignin and different analytical approaches to de-lignify it from plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Zeyad Fadhil ◽  
Dheaa Shamikh Zageer ◽  
Abbas Hasan Faris ◽  
Mohammed H Al-Mashhadani
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Basic Solutions ◽  
Analytical Approaches

In this short review, it is going to discuss the chemical structure of lignin. Hence the chemical structure of lignin is phenolic high crossed linking polymer so this type of polymers has high rigidity and not so easy to decay. Thus Lignin is insoluble in most organic solvent and water but slightly soluble in basic solutions. Mono-lignols are monomers to form crosslink polymer (lignin) and there are three main types (paracoumaryl. coniferyl and sinapyl) of these monomers. Lignin’s separation process is called delignification which is the procedure of extraction lignin from botanical source. Several analytical methods have been reviewed of delignification process and the most two common approaches are kraft pulping process by utilizing alkaline solution and organosolv pulping process by utilizing organic solvents.

scholarly journals Effects of Organic Solvent on Curing Behavior and Storage Stability for Waterborne Paint Containing Catalyst Encapsulated in Micelles

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Shuji Yomo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Storage Stability ◽  
Dibutyltin Dilaurate ◽  
Film Properties ◽  
Surfactant Micelles ◽  
Catalytic Function ◽  
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Storage

In this study, a 2-pack isocyanate curing waterborne paint (without organic solvents) encapsulating dibutyltin dilaurate (hereinafter, DBTL) in nonionic surfactant micelles with an hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of 13–14 in advance releases DBTL when the micelles are collapsed at 80 °C or higher, whereby the curing progresses rapidly. On the other hand, the viscosity levels of the paint before and after being left at 40 °C for 1 h are almost the same. Organic solvents are mandatory for waterborne paints to provide paint and film properties, but they might collapse the micelles when they are formulated in the paint. In this study, we investigate whether the abovementioned paint containing organic solvents can develop switching functionality in terms of maintaining the storage stability at 40 °C and expressing a catalytic function at 80 °C to progress the curing. As a result, we find that if the solubility of the organic solvent in water at 20 °C is at least 10 g/100 mL and the boiling point is ≤200 °C, both curing and storage stability can be achieved.

DIMENSIONING OF ORTHOTROPICALLY STIFFENED CFRP SHELLS OF LARGE LAUNCH VEHICLES FOR LOAD INTRODUCTION AND STABILITY

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 601-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREAS RITTWEGER ◽  
SUSANNE CHRISTIANSON ◽  
HUBA ÖRY
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Fe Analysis ◽  
Launch Vehicles ◽  
Local Instability ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Ring Frame ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Shell Equations ◽  
Analytical Approaches

The dimensioning of an orthotropically stiffened cylindrical CFRP shell subjected to the introduction of concentrated axial loads using rapid analytical methods is presented. For stress calculation the shell equations are simplified by applying the semibending theory and integrated by employing the transfer matrix method. Analytical approaches are used for stability verification. The dimensioning considers required constraints in the force flux distribution, strength of the laminate, general instability, panel instability (from ring frame to ring frame) and local instability. The rapid analytical methods allow mass optimization. The final design is confirmed by detailed FE analysis. A comparison of the FE analysis with the analytical results is shown.

scholarly journals Tetraconatan phylogeny with special focus on Malacostraca and Branchiopoda: highlighting the strength of taxon-specific matrices in phylogenomics

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1885) ◽  
pp. 20181524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schwentner ◽  
Stefan Richter ◽  
D. Christopher Rogers ◽  
Gonzalo Giribet
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Internal Relationships ◽  
Complete Matrix ◽  
Phylogenomic Study

Understanding the evolution of Tetraconata or Pancrustacea—the clade that includes crustaceans and insects—requires a well-resolved hypothesis regarding the relationships within and among its constituent taxa. Here, we assembled a taxon-rich phylogenomic dataset focusing on crustacean lineages based solely on genomes and new-generation Illumina-generated transcriptomes, including 89 representatives of Tetraconata. This constitutes, to our knowledge, the first phylogenomic study specifically addressing internal relationships of Malacostraca (with 26 species included) and Branchiopoda (36 species). Seven matrices comprising 81–684 orthogroups and 17 690–242 530 amino acid positions were assembled and analysed under five different analytical approaches. To maximize gene occupancy and to improve resolution, taxon-specific matrices were designed for Malacostraca and Branchiopoda. Key tetraconatan taxa (i.e. Oligostraca, Multicrustacea, Branchiopoda, Malacostraca, Thecostraca, Copepoda and Hexapoda) were monophyletic and well supported. Within Branchiopoda, Phyllopoda, Diplostraca, Cladoceromorpha and Cladocera were monophyletic. Within Malacostraca, the clades Eumalacostraca, Decapoda and Reptantia were well supported. Recovery of Caridoida or Peracarida was highly dependent on the analysis for the complete matrix, but it was consistently monophyletic in the malacostracan-specific matrices. From such examples, we demonstrate that taxon-specific matrices and particular evolutionary models and analytical methods, namely CAT-GTR and Dayhoff recoding, outperform other approaches in resolving certain recalcitrant nodes in phylogenomic analyses.

Effects of organic solvents on immobilized enzyme catalyses. Chymotrypsin immobilized on porous glass

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (19) ◽  
pp. 2921-2925 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bryan Jones ◽  
Diana H. Pliura
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Porous Glass ◽  
Immobilized Enzyme ◽  
Butyl Alcohol ◽  
Solvent Concentration ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Tert Butyl Alcohol ◽  
Esterolytic Activity

The esterolytic activity of native chymotrypsin (CT) immobilized on ionically neutral porous glass beads has been studied in the presence of up to 20% (v/v) of the organic solvents methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, tert-butyl alcohol, dioxane, and DMSO. In marked contrast to the variations observed with native CT, inhibition of CT immobilized on glass (CT–glass) was independent of the nature of the organic solvent. The overall activity, as indicated by kc(app)/km(app), decreased by 35–50% as the concentration of all solvents surveyed was increased up to 20%. In general, high organic solvent concentration accelerated the rate of protein release from the insoluble catalyst. For practical applications in aqueous organic solvents CT–glass conjugates are inferior to those of the enzyme attached to Sephadex.

scholarly journals Diverse resourcing of Nerium indicum leaves for bio-utilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3 Part A) ◽  
pp. 1785-1793
Author(s):  
Dongli Ma ◽  
Yuanyuan Chen ◽  
Yong Lai ◽  
Zanpei Zhang ◽  
Ximei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Alcohol Benzene

Nerium indicum is an ornamental plant that is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions wordwide. It has toxic and medicinal properties which is closely related to the bioactive ingredients contained in Nerium indicum. In our research, the leaves of Nerium indicum was used as raw materials to study the chemical constituents and their effects. The chemical constituents of the leaves were analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS with alcohol, benzene and acetone as organic solvents. A total of 73 compounds were obtained by acetone organic solvent, 25 compounds were extracted from benzene and 146 compounds were obtained from alcohol. Rich bioactive and bioenergy components were found in all three kinds of extract, suggesting that Nerium indicum leaves are of great significance for the diverse resourcing of bio-utilization including biomedicine, bioenergy, aroma, food additives.

scholarly journals Photolysis of carboxymethylflavin in aqueous and organic solvent: a kinetic study

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (46) ◽  
pp. 26559-26571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqbal Ahmad ◽  
Tania Mirza ◽  
Syed Ghulam Musharraf ◽  
Zubair Anwar ◽  
Muhammad Ali Sheraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Solution ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Ring Cleavage ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Side Chain Cleavage ◽  
Chain Cleavage

Carboxymethylflavin (CMF) undergoes photolysis in acid solution to form lumichrome (LC) and in alkaline solution, LC and lumiflavin (LF) by side-chain cleavage and β-keto acid and a dioxoquinoxalaine (DQ) compound by isoalloxazine ring cleavage.

The wormlike micelles formed using an ionic liquid surfactant and polar organic solvents at low temperature without additives and their lubricant properties

Soft Matter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijiao Cao ◽  
Wenlin Xu ◽  
Xia Guo
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Wormlike Micelles ◽  
Polar Organic Solvents ◽  
Ionic Liquid Surfactant ◽  
Nonpolar Organic

Wormlike micelles (or reverse wormlike micelles) are flexible cylindrical chains that are normally formed in water (or a nonpolar organic solvent) at 25.0 °C or above; the formation of wormlike micelles at lower temperatures is rare.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document