Indicator Made from Countryside Flower Petals

Present research introduces on the natural indicator (Acid-Base). For this samples were collected from countryside flower petals. These are pink Madhabilata flower, violet Dahlia flower, yellowish red Miralibis Jalapa, light pink Nerium Oleander. With the help of pH meter colour changes were observed using Soxhlet extractor. Cold extract of the flower petals are prepared. For this study we use UV/Visible Spectrophotometer to determine the maximum wave length. The decreasing order of intercept from the above spectroscopic plots that pink Madhabilata> violet Dahlia>redish yellow Miralibis Jalapa> light pink Nerium Oleander. Natural indicators show prominent colour changes in acidic and basic solutions. So, it is easily replaceable to the synthetic indicator which is toxic in nature. These natural indicators are easily available, cheap, environment friendly and also nature friendly.

An overview: Importance of lignin and different analytical approaches to de-lignify it from plants

In this short review, it is going to discuss the chemical structure of lignin. Hence the chemical structure of lignin is phenolic high crossed linking polymer so this type of polymers has high rigidity and not so easy to decay. Thus Lignin is insoluble in most organic solvent and water but slightly soluble in basic solutions. Mono-lignols are monomers to form crosslink polymer (lignin) and there are three main types (paracoumaryl. coniferyl and sinapyl) of these monomers. Lignin’s separation process is called delignification which is the procedure of extraction lignin from botanical source. Several analytical methods have been reviewed of delignification process and the most two common approaches are kraft pulping process by utilizing alkaline solution and organosolv pulping process by utilizing organic solvents.

On the legitimacy of restoring the institution of an annuity right in rem on real estate

The article presents the basic solutions to be applied in the so-called annuity real rights. These are limited real rights (iura in rem), which permit obtaining certain revenues from real property on a regular basis. Their essential purpose is to secure specified periodical benefits, primarily those of a pecuniary nature. These rights show some similarities, on the one hand, to pledge-type rights (especially mortgage) and, on the other hand, to easements. Currently, no annuity real charges of any kind have been regulated under the Polish civil law (since the entry of the Civil Code into force in 1965), as they were perceived, albeit incorrectly, as a reminiscence of the epoch of feudalism. However, they are still popular in other European civil law legislations, for example in the German, Swiss, Austrian, Spanish, Czech, Estonian, Slovenian or Croatian laws. The prototype for this category of rights is the real burden (German: Reallast). This paper presents various solutions for the latter institution as well as related institutions, such as the Swiss “annuity letter” (German: Gült, French: lettre de rente) and the German annuity land charge (German: Rentengrundschuld). Different concepts for the legal nature of the annuity rights have been presented, in particular the German real burden, which formed the basis for proposals of solutions in the work of the Polish Civil Law Codification Committee at the beginning of the 21st century. The potential usefulness of the real burden rights indicated in this article confirms the legitimacy of introducing this type of legal institution into the Polish law.

RISK MANAGEMENT IN MAQISTRAL GAS AND OIL PIPELINE SYSTEMS WITH POTENTIAL COST CONSTRAINTS

The problem of managing technical and technological risks in main gas and oil pipeline systems, subject to the possibility of limited funds allocated for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of accidents, is considered in the form of a semi-Markov decision-making model for a controlled Markov process in continuous time with the criterion of the maximum average discounted income. To find the optimal nonrandomized Markov stationary strategy, a procedure is proposed based on reducing the formulated fuzzy problem to an equivalent Boolean programming problem with deterministic constraints. To solve the resulting system of inequality constraints, an algorithm has been developed for finding basic solutions for an arbitrary number of accidents and measures to eliminate them. The numerical implementation of the proposed approach is implemented for the real problem of risk management in the main gas pipeline with unclear cost constraints. Keywords: semi-Markov decision-making process, Markov stationary strategy, feasibility optimization, basic solutions to inequalities.

Stability of immobilized biosorbent and its influence on biosorption of copper

Biomass immobilization in a polymeric matrix may improve biosorption capacity and facilitate the separation of biomass from metal-bearing solutions. Many polymers are studied as immobilizing agents for biosorption including biopolymers such as sodium alginate. In the article swelling behaviour of gel and dry beads has been studied in aqueous solutions with different acid-base character. Swelling of gel or dry calcium alginate beads was found in all acidic and basic solutions except of the gel beads in strong acidic solutions, which exhibited the tendency to shrink. Dry beads in diluted acidic solutions had the greatest stability because they exhibited minimum swelling. Dry and gel beads were completely dissolved in concentrated solutions of sodium and potassium hydroxides. The potential use of immobilized algal biomass in Ca-alginate beads for removal of copper ions from aqueous solution was also investigated. The results of the kinetic studies showed that the sorption of copper ions on gel immobilized beads are the most suitable.

Study of the Interaction of an Iron Phthalocyanine Complex over Surface Modified Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were prepared by a modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The synthesized carbon materials were treated with acidic and basic solutions in order to introduce certain surface functional groups, mainly containing oxygen (OCNT) or amine (ACNT) species. These modified CNTs (OCNT and ACNT) as well as the originally prepared CNT were reacted with a non-ionic Fe complex, Iron (II) Phthalocyanine, and three composites were obtained. The amount of metal complex introduced in each case and the interaction between the complex and the CNT materials were studied with the aid of various characterization techniques such as TGA, XRD, and XPS. The results obtained in these experiments all indicated that the interaction between the complex and the CNT was greatly affected by the functionalization of the latter.

How does the pH of a solvent influence the solubility of turmeric in it?

Turmeric is a culinary spice used in many meals particularly in traditional Indian cuisine. Turmeric has a bright orange colour that is due to the presence of curcumin within it. Because of it’s bright colour, it is important to be able to easily remove turmeric stains from clothing. In my research I attempted to find the ideal conditions for removing turmeric stains and found that no investigation had been made into the impact the pH of the cleaning agent on its effectiveness. In this investigation the solubility of turmeric in 5 different solutions was found using colorimetry. Colorimetry is a scientific technique that is used to determine the concentration of coloured solutions by the application of the Beer-Lambert law. This method allowed the solubility of turmeric to be determined, in a range of different solvents with good accuracy and precision. The experimental results showed that turmeric was more soluble in solutions with higher pH levels as the solubility in 0.2M sodium hydroxide was 17.6mg/mL and in pure ethanol was 10.1mg/mL, while the solubility in hydrochloric acid was only 0.034mg/mL. Ultimately, this investigation shows that turmeric is more soluble in basic solutions and hence basic solvents are more effective removers of turmeric stains. A claim which was shown to be true by washing turmeric stained clothes with the solvents and comparing the cleaned clothes. This investigation also shows that turmeric could be used as a pH indicator as it has a different colour in different pH solutions.

Atoms vs. Ions: Intermediates in Reversible Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

We present a critical analysis of the mechanism of reversible hydrogen evolution reaction based on thermodynamics of hydrogen processes considering atomic and ionic species as intermediates. Clear distinction between molecular hydrogen evolution/oxidation (H$_2$ER and H$_2$OR) and atomic hydrogen evolution/oxidation (HER and HOR) reactions is made. It is suggested that the main reaction describing reversible H$_2$ER and H$_2$OR in acidic and basic solutions is: $\ce{H3O^+} + 2e^- \xrightleftharpoons{\mathrm{({H}_{2}^{+}})_{ad}} \ce{H2} + \ce{OH^-}$, which proceeds via the formation of hydrogen molecular ion as intermediate and its potential is $E^{0}$ = 0.414~V (at the standard Hydrogen electrode SHE scale). We analyse experimentally reported data with models which provide \emph{quantitative} match (R.J.Kriek et al., Electrochem. Sci. Adv. e2100041 (2021)). The experimentally observed slope of $\lg(Current)$ vs. $Potential$ equal to $\approx 30$~mV/dec corroborates the presented model of H$_2$ER/H$_2$ER based on \ce{H2$^+$} as intermediate.