scholarly journals Adequacy of sample size in a qualitative case study and the dilemma of data saturation: A narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-187
Author(s):  
Felix Chukwuma Aguboshim
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Probability Sample ◽  
Data Saturation

The consensus of many researchers on data saturation is that data saturation is a key driver for determining the adequacy of sample size in a qualitative case study. Despite these global consensuses, some researchers described data saturation as complex because the decision to stop data collection is solely dictated by the judgment and experience of researchers. Other researchers claimed that guidelines for determining non-probability sample sizes, used as an indication of data saturation are virtually non-existent, problematic, or controversial. Others claimed that data saturation hitched to sample size is practically weak, because data are never truly saturated, as there are always new data to be discovered. This narrative study highlights the dilemma of data saturation and strategies to adequately determine sample size in a qualitative case study. A narrative review of prior research that focused on the vast works of literature that revealed significant information on data saturation and strategies to adequately determine sample size was adopted. Peer-reviewed articles within the last five years from electronic databases, using some keywords such as “qualitative case study”, “sample size in a qualitative case study”, “data saturation”, etc., were also extracted. Results show that data saturation is very helpful especially at the conceptual stage, but its concept and standard is elusive, because it lacks practical guidance for estimating sample size for a robust research prior to data collection. Findings from this study may encourage researcher on better guidelines for determining non-probability sample sizes.

Do Larger Sample Sizes Increase the Reliability of Traffic Incident Duration Models? A Case Study of East Tennessee Incidents

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199206
Author(s):  
Zihe Zhang ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Xiaobing Li ◽  
Asad J. Khattak
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Duration Models ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Incident Duration

Incident duration models are often developed to assist incident management and traveler information dissemination. With recent advances in data collection and management, enormous achieved incident data are now available for incident model development. However, a large volume of data may present challenges to practitioners, such as data processing and computation. Besides, data that span multiple years may have inconsistency issues because of the data collection environments and procedures. A practical question may arise in the incident modeling community—Is that much data really necessary (“all-in”) to build models? If not, then how many data are necessary? To answer these questions, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the data sample sizes and the reliability of incident duration analysis models. This study proposed and demonstrated a sample size determination framework through a case study using data of over 47,000 incidents. This study estimated handfuls of hazard-based duration models with varying sample sizes. The relationships between sample size and model performance, along with estimate outcomes (i.e., coefficients and significance levels), were examined and visualized. The results showed that the variation of estimated coefficients decreases as the sample size increases, and becomes stabilized when the sample size reaches a critical threshold value. This critical threshold value may be the recommended sample size. The case study suggested a sample size of 6,500 to be enough for a reliable incident duration model. The critical value may vary significantly with different data and model specifications. More implications are discussed in the paper.

scholarly journals Manajemen Pengembangan Tenaga Pendidik di SMA Primaganda Bulurejo Diwek Jombang

FIKROTUNA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
MOCH. SYA’RONI HASAN
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Extension Study ◽  
Data Collection Methods ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Collection Methods

This study describe the implementation of Management developmenteducators at SMA Primaganda, Bulurejo Diwek, Jombang. The approach in thisstudy is a qualitative case study type. used data collection methods as well as therole of observation, interview and documentation. This study used a qualitativedescriptive approach. To check the validity of the data used extension study,perseverance observation, and triangulation. The analysis comes up with theconclusion that: (1). Development Planning educators: announcement held at thebeginning of the new academic year, the drafting team was formed educatorsdevelopment commission held hearings, the commission meeting is a forum forreviewing, memproduct and developed the concept of the development of educatorswho have been prepared. (2). The development of educators with activities ofinteraction with educators through formal and informal activities. Formalactivities in the development of educators, for example through mentoringactivities (tutorials), informally can be done through informal conversations in theroom as educators, yard madrassas and other places that are not resmi. (3).Problems encountered and solutions in the implementation of management effortspengembanagan educators (teachers) at SMA Primaganda include issues of timeand also there are many teachers who have not been able to use electronic means ofcomputer, the solution given is the clock supplied to the teacher to be able to learnwho helped by tutors.AbstrakPenelitian ini mendiskripsikan tentang pelaksanaan manajemenpengembangan pendidik (educators) di SMA Primagama, Bulurejo Diwek,Jombang. Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan tipepenelitian studi kasus. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalampenelitian ini adalah observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Penelitian inimenggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Untuk mengecek validitasdata, peneliti menggunakan studi ekstensi, observasi ketekunan, dantriangulasi. Berdasarkan analisis data, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa:(1). Perencanaan pengembangan pendidik: pengumuman diadakan padaawal tahun ajaran baru, tim perumus membentuk komisi pengembanganpendidik untuk melakukan rapat komisi, sidang komisi adalah forumuntuk mengkaji, menghasilkan dan mengembangkan konseppengembangan pendidik yang telah disiapkan. (2). Pengembanganpendidik dilakukan dengan kegiatan interaksi melalui kegiatan formal daninformal. kegiatan formal dalam pengembangan pendidik, misalnyamelalui kegiatan mentoring (tutorial), untuk kegiatan informal dilakukanmelalui percakapan informal di ruang guru, halaman madrasah dantempat-tempat lain yang tidak resmi. (3). Problematika dalam pelaksanaanmanajemen pengembanagan pendidik (guru) di SMA Primagandamencakup masalah waktu dan juga banyaknya guru yang belum mampumenggunakan media komputer dalam pembelajaran. Solusi dariproblematika tersebut adalah memberikan waktu kepada guru untukmempelajari media komputer yang dibantu oleh tutor.

Qualitative Comparative Analysis: meer behorend bij de kwalitatieve dan de kwantitatieve benadering

KWALON ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Pattyn ◽  
Lasse Gerrits ◽  
Stefan Verweij
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Research Tradition ◽  
Case Study Data

Qualitative Comparative Analysis: more associated with the qualitative research tradition than with the quantitative approach Qualitative Comparative Analysis: more associated with the qualitative research tradition than with the quantitative approach Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is an approach that enables systematically comparing qualitative case study data. The fact that QCA borrows certain elements from quantitative methods (such as the use of Boolean algebra and the quantification of conditions and outcomes) may raise questions about the qualitative character of QCA. Based on a discussion of four criteria relating to causal analysis, we argue that QCA belongs to the qualitative research tradition. Where QCA borrows characteristics from the quantitative approach, this is only for the sake of a qualitative objective: to better understand the conditions underlying a particular outcome or phenomenon.

Sample size for qualitative research

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Roland Boddy
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Saturation ◽  
Theoretical Saturation

Purpose Qualitative researchers have been criticised for not justifying sample size decisions in their research. This short paper addresses the issue of which sample sizes are appropriate and valid within different approaches to qualitative research. Design/methodology/approach The sparse literature on sample sizes in qualitative research is reviewed and discussed. This examination is informed by the personal experience of the author in terms of assessing, as an editor, reviewer comments as they relate to sample size in qualitative research. Also, the discussion is informed by the author’s own experience of undertaking commercial and academic qualitative research over the last 31 years. Findings In qualitative research, the determination of sample size is contextual and partially dependent upon the scientific paradigm under which investigation is taking place. For example, qualitative research which is oriented towards positivism, will require larger samples than in-depth qualitative research does, so that a representative picture of the whole population under review can be gained. Nonetheless, the paper also concludes that sample sizes involving one single case can be highly informative and meaningful as demonstrated in examples from management and medical research. Unique examples of research using a single sample or case but involving new areas or findings that are potentially highly relevant, can be worthy of publication. Theoretical saturation can also be useful as a guide in designing qualitative research, with practical research illustrating that samples of 12 may be cases where data saturation occurs among a relatively homogeneous population. Practical implications Sample sizes as low as one can be justified. Researchers and reviewers may find the discussion in this paper to be a useful guide to determining and critiquing sample size in qualitative research. Originality/value Sample size in qualitative research is always mentioned by reviewers of qualitative papers but discussion tends to be simplistic and relatively uninformed. The current paper draws attention to how sample sizes, at both ends of the size continuum, can be justified by researchers. This will also aid reviewers in their making of comments about the appropriateness of sample sizes in qualitative research.

Managing paradoxes, dilemmas, and change

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens Pauluzzo ◽  
Marta Guarda ◽  
Laura De Pretto ◽  
Tony Fang
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporation ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Yin Yang ◽  
Case Study Data

Purpose Drawing on Fang’s (2012) Yin Yang theory of culture while taking up the roadmap proposed by Li (2016) for applying the epistemological system of Yin Yang balancing to complex issues in management research, in general, and to paradoxical issues, in particular, the purpose of this paper is to explore how organizations and individuals in the West can balance cultural paradoxes and manage culture dilemmas through the lens of Yin Yang wisdom. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a qualitative case study. Data are gathered through interviews, documents, and field observations in four subsidiaries of an Italian insurance multinational corporation and were analyzed according to the three parameters, i.e., situation, context, and time (Fang, 2012). Findings The findings show how the integration and learning from seemingly opposite cultures and sets of values lead the organization and individuals to balancing cultural paradox and managing cultural dilemma effectively. With regard to situation, the authors find that both organizations and customers choose the most relevant value(s) to take advantage of specific events or circumstances, and that different value orientations can coexist. As for context, the authors show that organizations can adapt their values either through suppression and/or promotion, which can foster individuals to find new balancing within the paradox. In terms of time, the authors show that the process of learning from other cultures over time can play a role in the shift of people’s and organizations’ choices of attitudes and value orientations. Originality/value The paper suggests the relevance and usefulness of adopting Yin Yang wisdom to uncover the dynamic process of cultural learning in Western scenarios.

Intramural Sportsmanship Rating Systems: A Case Study on Participant Knowledge and Perceived Effectiveness

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Carr ◽  
Lauren A. MacGillivray ◽  
Julie Wallace Carr ◽  
Larry L. Ham
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
Rating Systems ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Intramural Sports ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Team Captains

This qualitative case study explored the manner by which team captains and intramural players were educated about the Sportsmanship Rating System (SRS) used by their intramural sports program and their perceptions about the SRS. While some form of an SRS is widely used by NIRSA members (Stier et al., 2008), virtually no research has been conducted as to its effectiveness. The site was a medium sized, public, four year institution in the mid-Atlantic region. A total of 31 participants took part in the study. Data collection took place over a six-week time period and included a) observation, b) document analysis, c) interviews, and d) focus groups. The findings revealed that an SRS is mostly ineffective in positively modifying sportsmanship behavior unless the intramural participants are properly educated about the SRS and understand its scoring criteria.

scholarly journals Green Accounting and Malang Hospitality Industry: A Inevitability

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-208
Author(s):  
Annisa Rizkaninghadi Imansari ◽  
Roekhudin Roekhudin ◽  
Yeney Widya Prihaningtias
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Green Accounting ◽  
The Future ◽  
Case Study Data ◽  
Research Show

Abstract: This research aims to study the implementation of green accounting on the hospitality industry in Malang based on internal and external perspectives. This type of research is a multi-case study. Data collection was conducted in 2018 through interviews with internal parties of Harris Hotel (five stars), The Balava Hotel (four stars), and ubud Hotel and Cottages (three stars); guests and people around the hotels and environmental Services in Malang; observation and documentation. The results of this research show that three, four, and five stars hotels in Malang have implemented green accounting very well. All of those hotels also spent some expenses on the environment to reduce the risk of pollution and environmental damage. From the external perspective, no one is feeling disadvantaged from the activities of hotel operational. In the future, the hotels are expected to improve their awareness on the environment. Keywords: Green Accounting, Environmental CostAkuntansi Hijau dan Industri Perhotelan: Sebuah KeniscayaanAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan akuntansi hijau pada industri perhotelan di Kota Malang dari perspektif internal dan eksternal. Jenis penelitian ini adalah multi studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada tahun 2018, melalui wawancara dari pihak internal Hotel Harris (bintang lima), The Balava Hotel (bintang empat), dan Ubud Hotel & Cottages (bintang tiga); tamu dan masyarakat sekitar dari ketiga hotel, pihak Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Malang; observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hotel bintang tiga, empat dan lima di Kota Malang telah menerapkan beberapa aktivitas akuntansi hijau. Ketiga hotel juga telah mengeluarkan beberapa biaya lingkungan dalam rangka mengurangi risiko pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan. Dari sisi eksternal, tidak ada pihak yang merasa dirugikan dari aktivitas operasional hotel, ke depannya diharapkan hotel dapat lebih peka terhadap lingkungan. Kata Kunci: Akuntansi Hijau, Biaya Lingkungan

scholarly journals Manipulatif Tantrum: Strategi untuk Mewujudkan Keinginan Anak

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Resti Yulia ◽  
Dadan Suryana ◽  
Safrizal Safrizal
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Data Collection Procedure ◽  
Collection Methods

This study aims to describe the motives for tantrum behavior in child X in Jorong X, Solok Regency. This study uses a qualitative case study model. The case study model was chosen because this study focused on individual cases, namely the case of tantrum children. The location of this research was conducted in Jorong X in Solok Regency. The research informants were selected by purposive sampling technique with the consideration that the subject was chosen according to the research objectives. Based on this technique, five informants were obtained. The data collection procedure was carried out in three ways, namely open interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation. The data obtained from the collection techniques were analyzed by referring to the Miles and Huberman model which consists of four steps, namely data collection, coding, and sorting of data which are summarized in data reduction, data display, and concluding. Furthermore, guaranteeing the validity of the research data was carried out by using the triangulation technique, namely by combining three data collection methods. The results showed that tantrum behavior characterized by self-harm is a way for child X to make his wishes come true. The emergence of this behavior is supported by the response of parents who are more directing to a permissive pattern to always grant children's requests.

scholarly journals THE ELEMENTS OF PACKAGING THAT FORM A BRAND PERSONALITY. A CASE STUDY ON AROMA PREMIUM SEKOTENG PRODUCTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Timotius FCW Sutrisno
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Brand Personality ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Modern Distribution ◽  
Traditional Market

A trend to a heatlhier lifestyle triggers a shift in consumer’s behavior to consume healthy foods and to avoids any preservatives. Several companies in Indonesia began to contribute to this trend including UD Maju Jaya who also contributing onto this trend by producing products called premium sekoteng AROMA. The problem occured when the company experienced a sales decline as 93,4% in traditional market distribution channel and 39,4% in modern distribution channel because the product itself did not show the element of a packaging that could attract consumers to purchase since a brand personality from a packaging itself should form a bond on consumer’s thoughts and feelings unto the brand. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of packaging elements through brand personality on premium sekoteng AROMA. This study uses a quantitative approach. In this study, data collection was done by distributing questionnaires using a purposive sampling technique with the conditions as the population must be B2B consumers who had purchased and consumed premium sekoteng AROMA. The results showed that functionality packaging and packaging saleability significantly have a tendency to influence brand personality

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