scholarly journals To the Delineation of “Depersonalization Allied” Phenomena: J. Reil’s and E. von Feuchtersleben’s Concepts of “General Feeling” (Coenaesthesis)

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Pyatnitskiy
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
General Feeling ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Muscular Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

The origin of the term and notion of “coenaesthesis” of German-speaking medical school was analyzed. Whereas in Germany the term “Coenaesthesis” was presumably fi rst used by J. Reil’s pupil Ch.F. Huebner (1794) in his written in Latin dissertation and the concept that considered the changes in “general feeling” as a ground for some psychiatric disorders was elaborated by J. Reil (1799, 1805), in Russia the similar ideas were expressed by A.F. Solnzev (1825) in his also written in Latin dissertation as D.D. Fedotov and V.G. Ostroglazov indicate. It may be assumed that the Scotch doctor A. Crichton (Alexander Kreiton in Russian transcription) contributed to the propagation of the concept of “Coenaesthesis” from Germany to Russia, due to his account of German concept of “General feeling” in his “Inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement” (1798) and succeeding fi fteen years work in Russia. In German-speaking psychiatry the Reil’s concept of “Coenaesthesis” was farther developed by Austrian doctor and psychiatrist E. von Feuchtersleben (1845), who underlined its meaning not only in hypochondrial but also in hysterical disorders and actively used the term “Coenaesthesis” along with the German term “general feeling”; the concept of general feeling is also refl ected in the famous W. Griesinger’s “Pathology and therapy of mental diseases”. In connection with the following separation from general feeling the muscular, temperature and pressure feelings its notion got narrowed as also the circle of mental disorders that was considered as determined by the different changes in general feeling. That is noticeable in German-speaking psychiatry in the concepts of R. von Kraft-Ebing and E. Kraepelin; while H. Schuele did not use the notion of general feeling at all. In Russia A.F. Solnzev’s concept of Coenaesthesis was for a long time forgotten, but in France in the second half of the XIXth century psychologist and philosopher Th. Ribot opened “cenesthesie” anew. In anglo-saxon psychiatry the disorders of general feeling were never considered as a special psychopathological syndrome (with the exception of its presentation by A. Crichton).

Solidification Time Estimation and Simulation - In Case of HPDC

2010 ◽  
Vol 649 ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabor Leranth
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cast Parts

Since cast parts are used by the mankind -and the casting method should be one of the oldest metal forming technologies- the foundrymen struggle with various kind of difficulties. The most elementary ones are thermal problems during pouring. The basic condition, filling the mould before the metal solidifies to get the whole required shape, underlies primarily the thinnest wall within the casting and the thermal conditions. The empiric, experience-based knowledge was for a long time the single clue at the practical work with castings. Chvorinov, in German-speaking publications also written as Chworinoff, summarized and through his theoretical as well as experimental work complemented the knowledge of his time concerning the estimation of solidification development in sand-casted steel parts. His theory –expressed with the certainly best known formula in this speciality- was later expanded, modified and adapted to new scientific informations, although in a different way regarding the German-speaking respectively Anglo-Saxon technical literature. Nowadays, in time of more correct predictions supported through modern tools, estimation formulas are still very useful, acting as a preliminary stage of the design and development. Numerical simulation, in effect the efficient instrument for the subsequent steps of the processing, can also help to make the basic approximations more accurate, but it has his own possible traps as well.

On the Curability of Mental Diseases by “Shock” Treatment

1941 ◽  
Vol 87 (369) ◽  
pp. 529-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Freudenberg
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Shock Treatment ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The World

The treatment of mental disorders by drastic methods coming as a “shock” to the patient was applied early in history all over the world (1). The severity of the procedure usually varies with the degree of civilization achieved. The earliest method was occipital branding. Water cures followed later: “The frantic person was placed with his back to the water without being permitted to know what was going to be done. He was knocked backwards into the water by a violent blow on the chest, when he was tumbled about in a most unmerciful manner until fatigue had subdued the rage.” Anglo-Saxon priests used a form of treatment described in Bald's Leechbook: “In case a man be a lunatic take the skin of a mereswine (porpoise), work it into a whip, swing the man herewith, soon he will be well. Amen.” (1).

Targeting xanthine oxidase by natural products as a therapeutic approach for mental disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miquel Martorell ◽  
Xavier Lucas ◽  
Pedro Alarcón-Zapata ◽  
Xavier Capó ◽  
Maria Magdalena Quetglas-Llabrés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Oxidative Reaction ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Application ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Dietary Flavonoids

: Mental disorders comprise diverse human pathologies including depression, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia that affect millions of people around the world. The causes of mental disorders are unclear but growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and the purine/adenosine system play a key role in their development and progression. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a flavoprotein enzyme essential for the catalysis of the oxidative hydroxylation of purines -hypoxanthine and xanthine- to generate uric acid. As a consequence of the oxidative reaction of XO, reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are produced and, further, contribute to the pathogenesis of mental disorders. Altered XO activity has been associated with free radical-mediated neurotoxicity inducing cell damage and inflammation. Diverse studies reported a direct association between an increased activity of XO and diverse mental diseases including depression or schizophrenia. Small-molecule inhibitors, such as the well-known allopurinol, and dietary flavonoids, can modulate the XO activity and subsequent ROS production. In the present work, we review the available literature on XO inhibition by small molecules and their potential therapeutic application in mental disorders. In addition, we discuss the chemistry and molecular mechanism of XO inhibitors, as well as the use of structure-based and computational methods to design specific inhibitors with the capability of modulating XO activity.

Mental Diseases in Peking Between 1933 and 1943

1960 ◽  
Vol 106 (442) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang-Wei Chu ◽  
Mei-Chen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Mental Diseases

This report is based on a survey of 1,716 Chinese patients admitted to the Peking Municipal Psychopathic Hospital during the years 1933–1943. It is mainly concerned with a statistical presentation of the relative frequency of the various mental disorders and with certain other data which may be of interest to psychiatrists and other members of the medical profession.

scholarly journals St Bruno of Querfurt: the Missionary Vocation

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Darius Baronas
Keyword(s):  
Community Life ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Noteworthy Feature

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the picture of the missionary as it appears in the writings of St Bruno of Querfurt (d.1009). Scholars have noted for a long time that St Bruno saw a very close link between the missionary calling and martyrdom. From his writings it becomes quite clear that he personally had a desire to suffer martyrdom. Such a desire, however, did not have much in common with a precipitous drive to become a martyr. He saw it, rather, as a crown awaiting the missionary at the end of a long road of self-mortification and self-renunciation. He put forward for himself and for his ascetic readers a three-stage course of perfection: community life (coenobium) for beginners, a life in seclusion (eremus) for the advanced, and the mission to the pagans for the most perfect. Such a course of ascetic life was characteristic of Irish and Anglo-Saxon monks (in the sixth-eighth centuries) whose pilgrimages tended to evolve into missionary trips among the pagans. In the context of medieval missionaries St Bruno stood out as he personally pondered over this issue in a methodological fashion. In the eyes of the saint, preparation for missionary activities should lead to rational martyrdom (rationale martyrium) in which one could hardly fail to notice the original notion of martyrdom as a witness to the Faith. Another noteworthy feature of St Bruno’s thoughts may be his insistence on having a papal licence to conduct evangelization, which was not asked for usually in his days. Thus, he may be viewed not only as a devotee of St Peter and his successors, but also as an advocate of papal missions, which tended to be most promising to newly converted rulers and their subjects.

scholarly journals E. HUSSERLIO FENOMENOLOGINIS PROJEKTAS IRPSICHOTERAPIJOS PROBLEMOS

Problemos ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Briedis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Phenomenological Philosophy ◽  
Critical Comparison ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The One ◽  
Mental Care ◽  
Instinctual Drive

Nors fenomenologinė filosofija jau kurį laiką daro įtaką psichoterapeutų darbo metodams, galima teigti, kad pastarieji naudojasi egzistencialistinėmis fenomenologijos traktuotėmis, o štai pirminis, dar Edmundo Husserlio inicijuotas projektas išleidžiamas iš akių. Straipsnyje kaip tik ir užsibrėžiama grįžti prie pastarojo fenomenologijos supratimo, nagrinėjant metodologines psichologijos problemas bei nužymint galimas psichoterapijos perspektyvas. Pirmoje dalyje aptariamos metodologinės ir tipologinės psichoterapijos problemos. Teigiama, kad empirinė psichoterapija neteikia galimybių iš esmės užčiuopti ego struktūros – tikrosios žmogiškojo patyrimo ir atitinkamai psichinių konfliktų erdvės. Sykiu pateikiama fenomenologinė žinojimo traktuotė, psichologinio bet transcendentalinio ego perskyra bei kitos pamatinės, psichoterapijos uždavinius reformuluojančios fenomenologijos temos. Antroje dalyje kaip viena iš galimų fenomenologijos ir psichologijos koreliacijos perspektyvų pateikiama kritinė lyginamoji Sigmundo Freudo sąmonės ir pasąmonės bei „atitinkama“ Husserlio impresinės (produktyvios) ir reproduktyvios sąmonės teorijų analizė, nepamirštant, kad Freudo psichoanalizės jokiu būdu negalima tapatinti su psichoterapija apskritai. Parodoma, kad Husserlio žodynas leidžia naujai konstruktyviai perskaityti Freudo pastabas apie instinktyvaus skatulio teorijos dėsningumus bei represavimo mechanizmą. Trečioje dalyje glaustai suformuluojamos bendros fenomenologinės hermeneutikos rekomendacijos psichoterapeutams. Straipsnyje jokiu būdu neteigiama, kad fenomenologija gali ar turi pakeisti psichoterapiją, tačiau numatoma, kad kaip ir kiekviena teorinė-praktinė disciplina, psichoterapija gali ir turi atrasti fenomenologiją kaip savo atspirties ir plėtotės tašką.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: fenomenologija, psichoterapija, psichologinis ir transcendentalinis ego, instinktyvus skatulys, psichiniai sutrikimai, reproduktyvi sąmonė.E. Husserl’s Phenomenological Project and the Problems Concerning PsychotherapyMindaugas Briedis SummaryThough phenomenological philosophy has influenced practitioners of psychotherapy for a long time, it is also true, that it was precisely existentialist approach to phenomenology that was exploited, while the whole initial project of phenomenology initiated by E. Husserl was almost forgotten. In this article I beckon to re-enter this initial understanding of phenomenology, considering methodological problems of psychology and laying down possible perspectives for psychotherapy.First part of the article deals with the methodological problems of psychotherapy while raising the thesis that empirical psychotherapy in principle cannot grasp the ego-structure, misses the true depth of the human experience, which in turn is the real sphere of mental disorders. Hand in hand goes the phenomenological critique of the scientific approach and other phenomenological issues relevant to the reformulation of the goals of psychotherapy.Second part of the article is dedicated to the one of many possible perspectives stemming from the correlation between phenomenology and psychotherapy, i.e. critical comparison of S. Freud’s consciousness and unconsciousness and “corresponding” theory of impressional (productive) and reproductive consciousness presented by Husserl. It is indicated that Husserl’s approach enables new and constructive reading of Freud’s theory of instinctual drive while keeping in mind, that Freud’s psychoanalysis cannot be identified with psychotherapy in general. However, the final part of the article suggests some methodological advices for mental care practice from the perspective of phenomenological hermeneutics.Keywords: phenomenology, psychotherapy, psychological and transcendental ego, instinctive drive, mental disorders, reproductive consciousness.

scholarly journals To the problem of the "German question" in the Russian Empire prehistory: an emotional analysis of the colonization situation of the first half of the XIXth century

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-35
Author(s):  
N. V. Venger
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Subsequent Period ◽  
German Question ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Colonization Period ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Germans

The author presents an emotional analysis of the colonization situation of the first half of the XIXth century and shows the connection between interethnic contacts of the colonization period with the development of so-called “German question” in the Russian Empire. Special attention is paid to the processes of interaction between Slavic (the Ukrainean, Russian) and German-speaking (the Mennonites, the colonist) colonization groups. Under conditions of colonization, inter-ethnic autostereotypes were formed. These ideas about the “others” were kept and saved in the field of collective unconscious and social memory, but under conditions of a conformist (strictly regulated) society, the autostereotypes were neutral and and did not show aggression. . The mobilization of the Russian nation was carried out according to the antagonistic scenario, which caused the formation of the “German question” as one of the theoretical nationalist concepts in the Empire. The ideologists of nationalism used autostereotypes to form anti-German sentiments. The resentment of masses was formed on the basis of negative experience of contacts. The resentment is a a sense of hostility, when the logic recedes, and the chaos of emotions prevails. It was used by supporters of nationalism to rally society around the titular ethnic group, to form emotional communities and to solve problems of eliminating competition with the most stable and successful ethnic groups, including Russian Germans. In the subsequent period, resentment was a psychological motivator of the lower classes group aggressive behavior in the inter-ethnic conflicts.

scholarly journals The Role of Metamorphosis in Anglo- Saxon Ballads, Albanian Ballads and Frontier Warrior Songs

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Danela Bala Kraja
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ending Process

This article aims to point out the role of metamorphosis in Anglo- Saxon ballads, Albanian ballads and frontier warrior songs. The Anglo- Saxon ballads and Albanian frontier warrior songs and ballads came into existence a long time ago and they had a certain number of influences which as a result had their great impact on their creation, development and circumstances when and where they were composed. They were created as a consequence of some special historical, cultural and social development. It has to be emphasized that those influences were of different character and size such as human, non-human or divine ones and the compositions of songs or ballads were inspired and conditioned by a lot of circumstances. Metamorphosis is used to express that never- ending process and of course it is transforming. The changes are either positive or negative and consequently people may perceive different good or bad feelings. It is related to the magic world and the unrealistic one and sometimes it is a beautiful feeling when a human being transforms into a rose and showing a form of life continuation after death but in many cases it transforms into a non-desirable object or animal. It is a quick transformation from one thing to another and it may have either positive or negative effects on the audience.

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