Mental Diseases in Peking Between 1933 and 1943

1960 ◽  
Vol 106 (442) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang-Wei Chu ◽  
Mei-Chen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Mental Diseases

This report is based on a survey of 1,716 Chinese patients admitted to the Peking Municipal Psychopathic Hospital during the years 1933–1943. It is mainly concerned with a statistical presentation of the relative frequency of the various mental disorders and with certain other data which may be of interest to psychiatrists and other members of the medical profession.

Targeting xanthine oxidase by natural products as a therapeutic approach for mental disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miquel Martorell ◽  
Xavier Lucas ◽  
Pedro Alarcón-Zapata ◽  
Xavier Capó ◽  
Maria Magdalena Quetglas-Llabrés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Oxidative Reaction ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Application ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Dietary Flavonoids

: Mental disorders comprise diverse human pathologies including depression, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia that affect millions of people around the world. The causes of mental disorders are unclear but growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and the purine/adenosine system play a key role in their development and progression. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a flavoprotein enzyme essential for the catalysis of the oxidative hydroxylation of purines -hypoxanthine and xanthine- to generate uric acid. As a consequence of the oxidative reaction of XO, reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are produced and, further, contribute to the pathogenesis of mental disorders. Altered XO activity has been associated with free radical-mediated neurotoxicity inducing cell damage and inflammation. Diverse studies reported a direct association between an increased activity of XO and diverse mental diseases including depression or schizophrenia. Small-molecule inhibitors, such as the well-known allopurinol, and dietary flavonoids, can modulate the XO activity and subsequent ROS production. In the present work, we review the available literature on XO inhibition by small molecules and their potential therapeutic application in mental disorders. In addition, we discuss the chemistry and molecular mechanism of XO inhibitors, as well as the use of structure-based and computational methods to design specific inhibitors with the capability of modulating XO activity.

Сellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Proinflammatory Monocytes Participation in the Pathogenesis of Mental Disorders. Part 3

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
E. F. Vasilyeva ◽  
O. S. Brusov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: at present, the important role of the monocyte-macrophage link of immunity in the pathogenesis of mental diseases has been determined. In the first and second parts of our review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of activation of monocytes/macrophages, which secreting proinflammatory CD16 receptors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors to them, in the development of systemic immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of somatic diseases and mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and depression were analyzed. The association of high levels of proinflammatory activity of monocytes/macrophages in patients with mental disorders with somatic comorbidity, including immune system diseases, is shown. It is known that proinflammatory monocytes of peripheral blood, as a result of violation of the integrity of the hematoencephalic barrier can migrate to the central nervous system and activate the resident brain cells — microglia, causing its activation. Activation of microglia can lead to the development of neuroinammation and neurodegenerative processes in the brain and, as a result, to cognitive disorders. The aim of review: to analyze the results of the main scientific studies concerning the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms of peripheral blood monocytes interaction with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Material and methods: keywords “mental disorders, AD, proinflammatory monocytes, microglia, neuroinflammation, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, platelets, microvesicles” were used to search for articles of domestic and foreign authors published over the past 30 years in the databases PubMed, eLibrary, Science Direct and EMBASE. Conclusion: this review analyzes the results of studies which show that monocytes/macrophages and microglia have similar gene expression profiles in schizophrenia, BAD, depression, and AD and also perform similar functions: phagocytosis and inflammatory responses. Monocytes recruited to the central nervous system stimulate the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), chemokines, for example, MCP-1 (Monocyte chemotactic protein-1) by microglial cells. This promotes the recruitment of microglial cells to the sites of neuronal damage, and also enhances the formation of the brain protein beta-amyloid (Aβ). The results of modern studies are presented, indicating that platelets are involved in systemic inflammatory reactions, where they interact with monocytes to form monocyte-platelet aggregates (MTA), which induce the activation of monocytes with a pro inflammatory phenotype. In the last decade, it has been established that activated platelets and other cells of the immune system, including monocytes, detached microvesicles (MV) from the membrane. It has been shown that MV are involved as messengers in the transport of biologically active lipids, cytokines, complement, and other molecules that can cause exacerbation of systemic inflammatory reactions. The presented review allows us to expand our knowledge about the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction of monocytes/macrophages with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in the pathogenesis of mental diseases and in AD, and also helps in the search for specific biomarkers of the clinical severity of mental disorder in patients and the prospects for their response to treatment.

scholarly journals Early Treatment of Mental Disorders

1918 ◽  
Vol 64 (265) ◽  
pp. 210-213 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Shell Shock ◽  
Royal Institution

The question of how best to secure early treatment for sufferers from mental derangement has long engaged the attention of the medical profession. It will not therefore, we premise, be out of place to scrutinise some of the more recent pronouncements on this subject. and we could not probably find a more appropriate text for discussion in this connection than the little volume on Shell-Shock by Profs. Elliot-Smith and Pear, a second edition of which has lately appeared, the first having been rapidly exhausted. We welcome this fact as showing that more or less general interest in this most vital and important subject is being aroused, and we hope the demand will continue, although, as will be seen, we have perused its contents with somewhat mingled feelings, especially when taken in connection with an address delivered, since the publication of the book, by Prof. Elliot-Smith at the Royal Institution for Public Health.

scholarly journals O5E.1 Data on acknowledgment and costs of work-related mental diseases in france

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A49.1-A49
Author(s):  
Gérard Lasfargues ◽  
Pascal Jacquetin ◽  
Nathalie Vongmany ◽  
Claire Chauvet ◽  
Quentin Durand-Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Occupational Diseases ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Work Injuries ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Retail Business ◽  
Mental Diseases

ObjectiveTo report data concerning the reality of work-related mental diseases (WRMD) in France, their acknowledgment as occupational diseases and some socio-economic data.MethodsData were collected from the French National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) and from the database of the French national occupational surveillance and prevention network (rnv3p). Rnv3p collects data from French Occupational Disease Centers to identify and describe risks and/or emerging work-related diseases.ResultsData from NHIF indicate that the number of requests for acknowledgment of WRMD has increased significantly from 2012 to 2017 (200 to 1500). About 50% are acknowledged and compensated as occupational diseases. Within these affections, the share of depressions is the majority. Durations of work stoppages (more than 400 days on average) were much longer than for other occupational diseases.Mental disorders related to psychosocial risk factors may also be compensated as work injuries. In 2016, NHIF compensated over 10 000 mental disorders as work injuries, mostly caused by external events or inadequate working conditions. The proportion of people with permanent disability was 4.6%. Finally, the management of WRMD acknowledged will have represented € 230 million for the Work Injuries-Occupational Diseases branch of the NHIF.Rnv3p data are globally consistent with NHIF concerning compensated occupational mental diseases, highlighting the increase of WRMD in some sectors such as public administration, health and social action, retail business and education. Over 18000 WRMD (33% men, 67% women; mean age=46.0±8.9) were recorded in the database between 2010 and 2016, and 1833 cases of burnout situations currently non acknowledged as occupational diseases by the NHIF. Rnv3p data also illustrate the importance of under-reporting of WRMD as occupational diseases.ConclusionThen, RNV3P provides important data to assist in the acknowledgment of WRMD and to carry out preventive actions in the sectors and enterprises most concerned.

scholarly journals Features of mental disorders and their correction in patients with cardiac pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-225
Author(s):  
A G Zhidyaevskj ◽  
V D Mendelevich ◽  
G S Galyautdinov ◽  
K R Ibragimova ◽  
E B Zakirova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiac Diseases ◽  
Cardiac Pathology ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathology ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Somatization Disorders

In everyday practice, the doctor rarely encounters only one specific disease, more often a patient with comorbid pathology comes to him. Such a group of concomitant diseases are mental disorders. Their prevalence in cardiology practice reaches 80%. Mood affective, anxiety and somatization disorders, as well as cognitive impairment are observed most often. The review looked at mental disorders that occur in cardiac diseases with the highest number of deaths, such as coronary heart disease, including myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias, arterial hypertension and cerebrovascular diseases. Including attention is paid to the senile asthenia syndrome, which is accompanied by cognitive impairment, loss of previous vital interests and depression. The review highlights the questions of regular and adequate psychopharmacotherapy of cardiovascular diseases, which leads to a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of their exacerbations, which reduces the number of doctors who come to see for somatogenic symptoms, and also allows to improve the prognosis of the underlying disease and significantly reduce mortality. It was observed that the doctor should take into account the fact that modern cardiological preparations have effects that can cause side effects in the form of mental disorders when choosing a therapy. Understanding the processes of formation and occurrence of mental diseases in a patient with cardiovascular pathology, as well as methods for their correction, can increase the effectiveness of the therapy and improve the prognosis of the underlying disease.

scholarly journals Health Care Management Models for the Evolution of Hospitalization in Acute Inpatient Psychiatry Units: Comparative Quantitative Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susel Góngora Alonso ◽  
Beatriz Sainz-De-Abajo ◽  
Isabel De la Torre-Díez ◽  
Manuel Franco-Martin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Hospital Management ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Inpatient Psychiatry ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Hospital Days ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Mental health disorders are a problem that affects patients, their families, and the professionals who treat them. Hospital admissions play an important role in caring for people with these diseases due to their effect on quality of life and the high associated costs. In Spain, at the Healthcare Complex of Zamora, a new disease management model is being implemented, consisting of not admitting patients with mental diseases to the hospital. Instead, they are supervised in sheltered apartments or centers for patients with these types of disorders. OBJECTIVE The main goal of this research is to evaluate the evolution of hospital days of stay of patients with mental disorders in different hospitals in a region of Spain, to analyze the impact of the new hospital management model. METHODS For the development of this study, a database of patients with mental disorders was used, taking into account the acute inpatient psychiatry unit of 11 hospitals in a region of Spain. SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 23.0 (IBM Corp), was used to calculate statistical values related to hospital days of stay of patients. The data included are from the periods of 2005-2011 and 2012-2015. RESULTS After analyzing the results, regarding the days of stay in the different health care complexes for the period between 2005 and 2015, we observed that since 2012 at the Healthcare Complex of Zamora, the total number of days of stay were reduced by 64.69%. This trend is due to the implementation of a new hospital management model in this health complex. CONCLUSIONS With the application of a new hospital management model at the Healthcare Complex of Zamora, the number of days of stay of patients with mental diseases as well as the associated hospital costs were considerably reduced.

scholarly journals Strengthening the Ability of General Hospital Neurology Departments to Treat Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Mental Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
Wei Zhu ◽  
Weidong Pan
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Integrative Medicine ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Mental Health Centers

Due to the “stigma” of neuropsychological and psychogenic disorders in China, patients with psychological and affective disorders mostly prefer to go to general hospitals or integrative medicine hospitals, while the majority of patients with mental disorders in the department of internal medicine are treated in the department of neurology. At present, there are few physicians with the ability to diagnose and treat neuropsychiatric diseases properly in the neurological department of general hospitals in China, and the diagnosis and treatment experience of mental diseases is insufficient. At the same time, the diagnosis and treatment of comorbid patients with internal diseases and mental disorders are more complicated. The psychology departments in general hospitals or mental health centers also have a limited ability to diagnose and treat comorbid diseases relating to internal medicine and mental disorders together. Therefore, this article reviews the current status of diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric and mental disorders in general hospitals or integrative medicine hospitals.

scholarly journals A Whole-Brain and Cross-Diagnostic Perspective on Functional Brain Network Dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 547-561
Author(s):  
Marjolein Spronk ◽  
Brian P Keane ◽  
Takuya Ito ◽  
Kaustubh Kulkarni ◽  
Jie Lisa Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Graph Distance ◽  
Network Organization ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Functional Brain Network ◽  
Mental Diseases

Abstract A wide variety of mental disorders have been associated with resting-state functional network alterations, which are thought to contribute to the cognitive changes underlying mental illness. These observations appear to support theories postulating large-scale disruptions of brain systems in mental illness. However, existing approaches isolate differences in network organization without putting those differences in a broad, whole-brain perspective. Using a graph distance approach—connectome-wide similarity—we found that whole-brain resting-state functional network organization is highly similar across groups of individuals with and without a variety of mental diseases. This similarity was observed across autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Nonetheless, subtle differences in network graph distance were predictive of diagnosis, suggesting that while functional connectomes differ little across health and disease, those differences are informative. These results suggest a need to reevaluate neurocognitive theories of mental illness, with a role for subtle functional brain network changes in the production of an array of mental diseases. Such small network alterations suggest the possibility that small, well-targeted alterations to brain network organization may provide meaningful improvements for a variety of mental disorders.

Laboratory Aids to Diagnosis in Mental Diseases

1925 ◽  
Vol 71 (293) ◽  
pp. 192-218
Author(s):  
P. K. McCowan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Diagnostic Specificity ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many

For some time past there has been an increasing use of laboratory methods in the diagnosis of mental disorders. The following aims at offering further proof of the undoubted value of this method of approach in such cases. There seems, however, to be a growing tendency, not devoid of danger, to ascribe diagnostic specificity to one or other of the many tests in use for such examinations. Although it is undoubtedly true that an exhaustive analysis of a spinal fluid may in many cases lead to a correct diagnosis of the clinical condition of the patient from whom the specimen has been taken, it only requires a study of the literature to show that none of the reactions or group of reactions obtained from the spinal fluid can be regarded as pathognomonic of any disease of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals EPA guidance on the role and responsibilities of psychiatrists

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bhugra ◽  
A. Ventriglio ◽  
M.R. Kuzman ◽  
G. Ikkos ◽  
M.H.-M. Hermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Guidance Document ◽  
Doctor Who ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Literature Searches

AbstractPsychiatry is that branch of the medical profession, which deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and management of mental disorders or mental illness, emotional and behavioural disturbances. Thus, a psychiatrist is a trained doctor who has received further training in the field of diagnosing and managing mental illnesses, mental disorders and emotional and behavioural disturbances. This EPA Guidance document was developed following consultation and literature searches as well as grey literature and was approved by the EPA Guidance Committee. The role and responsibilities of the psychiatrist include planning and delivering high quality services within the resources available and to advocate for the patients and the services. The European Psychiatric Association seeks to rise to the challenge of articulating these roles and responsibilities. This EPA Guidance is directed towards psychiatrists and the medical profession as a whole, towards other members of the multidisciplinary teams as well as to employers and other stakeholders such as policy makers and patients and their families.

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