scholarly journals To the problem of the "German question" in the Russian Empire prehistory: an emotional analysis of the colonization situation of the first half of the XIXth century

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-35
Author(s):  
N. V. Venger
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Subsequent Period ◽  
German Question ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Colonization Period ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Germans

The author presents an emotional analysis of the colonization situation of the first half of the XIXth century and shows the connection between interethnic contacts of the colonization period with the development of so-called “German question” in the Russian Empire. Special attention is paid to the processes of interaction between Slavic (the Ukrainean, Russian) and German-speaking (the Mennonites, the colonist) colonization groups. Under conditions of colonization, inter-ethnic autostereotypes were formed. These ideas about the “others” were kept and saved in the field of collective unconscious and social memory, but under conditions of a conformist (strictly regulated) society, the autostereotypes were neutral and and did not show aggression. . The mobilization of the Russian nation was carried out according to the antagonistic scenario, which caused the formation of the “German question” as one of the theoretical nationalist concepts in the Empire. The ideologists of nationalism used autostereotypes to form anti-German sentiments. The resentment of masses was formed on the basis of negative experience of contacts. The resentment is a a sense of hostility, when the logic recedes, and the chaos of emotions prevails. It was used by supporters of nationalism to rally society around the titular ethnic group, to form emotional communities and to solve problems of eliminating competition with the most stable and successful ethnic groups, including Russian Germans. In the subsequent period, resentment was a psychological motivator of the lower classes group aggressive behavior in the inter-ethnic conflicts.

scholarly journals «После признания и торжества национального начала многие общечеловеческие вопросы разрешаются»: европейский опыт и российский национальный проект в работах А. Д. Градовского.

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-43
Author(s):  
Наталья Викторовна Венгер
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Freedom Of Conscience ◽  
National Project ◽  
European Experience ◽  
German Question ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Germans ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of the article is to study the researches by A. Gradovsky, dedicated to the problem of nationalism as a phenomenon that manifested itself in the 19th century Western Europe. The author studies how the scholar correlated the above-named phenomena with the situation in the Russian Empire. N. Venger has found out the place of Gradovsky in the context of the general polemic about the Russian national project. Being rather a scholar, teacher and observer than a politician and publicist, Gradovsky reflected the European experience through the prism of the Russian Empire`s history. His Eurocentricity was important due to the fact that the dominant conservative ideology had rejected the western pattern of development for a long time. Most of Gradovsky's articles on national issues were created in the 1870s – at the beginning of 1880s. The scholar was never able to propose a global national project for the Russian Empire. However, projecting European phenomena onto the Russian Empire`s future development, Gradovsky paid attention to the most painful points of the society, which impede the progress of the national project`s formation and required reforms. The author created his own concept of ethnicity and nation, discussed the issue of the language unification and state religion role as well as advocated freedom of conscience. The topics of serfdom remnants overcoming, the elimination of estates, the emancipation of the peasantry were of great importance for the scholar. Gradovsky also touched on the problem of choosing Russia`s national idea, which he associated with Slavism. Supporting decisive actions in Polish uprising suppressing, Gradovsky insisted on keeping a dialogue with the Poles. While solving the German question, he demanded to avoid Russian xenophobia regarding the Russian Germans. It was not clear what the scholar thought about the possibility to create a national state from the totally heterogeneous Russian empire.

Due Process in Wartime? Secret Imperial Russian Police Files on the Forced Relocation of Russian Germans during World War I

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-611
Author(s):  
Cynthia M. Vakareliyska
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Germans From Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Germans ◽  
The Military

In 1762 and 1763, manifestos were issued by Catherine II, and later were extended further by her son Paul I, inviting foreign artisans and others to settle in far-flung rural areas of the Russian Empire in order to help strengthen the economy. Under a policy somewhat similar to the later US Homestead Act, under the manifestos German and other foreign-national settlers and their descendants were offered Russian citizenship, land ownership after three years, religious tolerance (including, in the case of Germans, German clergy and German-language churches), and exemption from the military draft—although by the end of the nineteenth century the last of these had been rescinded. The call was not restricted to Germans, but Germans comprised the largest group to take advantage of it, settling for the most part in Ukraine, Bessarabia, and the mid-Volga region. Those who participated in the migration, known as the Auswanderung, and their descendants are often referred to in English as “Russian Germans” or “Germans from Russia” (rossiiskie nemtsy). A second wave of German immigration occurred in 1894, when some Germans who had settled in Prussia moved across the border into Russia. By 1897, there were over 2 million German immigrants and descendants in the Russian Empire.

FOUNDER OF BESLAN CITY – BESLAN TULATOV

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.Т. Марзоев
Keyword(s):  
Land Ownership ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Privileged Class ◽  
North Ossetia

The process of integration of the Caucasian peoples into a single Russian judicial-administrative and socio-economic system of statehood was one of the most relevant in the Russian Empire in the first half and middle of the XIXth century. For its implementation, the government of the state was undertaking both administrative, socio-cultural and economic measures. An importantcomponent of this process was the sphere of economical and rational land use. Mountain feudal lords were endowed with land ownership on the foothill plain. In the first half of the XIXth century, many Ossetian feudal lords with their relatives and subservient peasants began to move from the mountains to the flat lands allocated to them by the Russian administration in the Caucasus. The formation of one of the large Ossetian villages on the plain is associated with the name of the Tagaur Aldar, Lieutenant Beslan-Hadji Surkhaovich Tulatov (17931864).This study examines the pedigree of Beslan Tulatov, who came from the privileged class of the Tagaur Society of North Ossetia - the Tagaur Aldar. His fate is inextricably linked with the Russian army. For his courage, zeal and participation in various kinds of expeditions, he was awarded several orders and medals, and in 1834 promoted to ensign, which gave him the rights of a hereditary nobleman. The data on the service and merits to the Russian government of other representatives of this branch of the Tulatovs family is also given. Particular attention is paid to marriages concluded by the Tulatovs with the Ossetian and Kabardian aristocracy.The materials of the article significantly supplement the history of North Ossetia in the first half of the XIXth century, and also contribute to deeper and more updated study of the genealogy of the privileged stratum of the Tagaur Society of North Ossetia of the Tagaur Aldars.

scholarly journals The Prison System of the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the XIXth Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
Timur S. Slivin ◽  
◽  
Aleksey A. Fasolya ◽  
Vladimir M. Litvishkov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

scholarly journals Policy of the Russian Empire Towards the Native Peoples’ Languages in Central and Northern Europe (19 – Early 20th Centuries)

2017 ◽  
pp. 125-146
Author(s):  
Olga Kazakevych
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
National Movements ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article delivers the linguistic policy of the Russian empire towards the native peoples of Central and Northern Europe during the 19th – early 20th cc. It surveys the Russian policy towards the Polish, Lithuanian, Belorussian, Ukrainian, Romanian, Latvian, Estonian and Finnish languages in the broad historical context. The author compares the Russian imperial linguistic policy with those pursued by other states of the period, including the United Kingdom, France and Habsburg monarchy. It is stated that the main specific feature of the Russian linguistic policy was its selectivity. For example, while the Ukrainian and, to some extent, Romanian languages were subjected to severe restrictions, the Finnish enjoyed relative freedom. Depending on political situation, activity of local national movements, potential for ethnic conflicts etc., the imperial policy of russification could be either slowed down or intensified in some regions. However, its main goal – the expansion of the Russian language as a component of the dominant ideological doctrine “Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality” remained unchangeable. To achieve this goal, the imperial authorities took different measures to reduce the social prestige of the native population’s languages, drove them out from the administrative and educational spheres, marginalized publishing activities etc. Thus, this restrictive policy achieved effect only in the short-term perspective.

scholarly journals Review of Ihor Nemchynov’s monograph “Малининъ/Malinin: Reconstruction of the “Lost Biography” of Kyiv Professor” – Vinnytsia: Baranovska T. P., 2019, 194 p.

Idei ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 125-127
Author(s):  
Наталія Мозгова
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

Ihor Nemchynov's monograph is the first attempt to bring back, after more than a hundred years of absolute oblivion, the name of professor Vasyl Mykolayovych Malinin (1849-1927), author of literary treatise on Elder Philophey, to the wide public and scientific community. To me, as a researcher of such a unique cultural and educational center of Kyiv of the XIX century. as the Kyiv Theological Academy (KTA), it is especially pleasing to note that the work of the author stands out for a careful, caring and respectful attitude both to the study of the professor's personal life and to the reconstruction of the wide panorama of socio-political and cultural-educational processes that took place in the middle of the XIXth century both in the territory of the Russian Empire in general and in Kyiv in particular.

scholarly journals LEGISLATION CONCERNING FOREIGNERS IN THE RUSSIAN EM-PIRE IN XVIIIth - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIXth CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Галина Алексеевна Кокорина
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Catholic Priests ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

Рассматривается положение иностранцев, находящихся на территории Российской империи. Проанализированы законодательные акты, связанные с приездом и условиями проживания иностранных подданных. Появившиеся, еще при Петре I, права и привилегии для иностранных специалистов, в дальнейшем, позволили им стать привилегированной ячейкой российского общества. Продолжательницей Петра I в деле развития правового положения иностранцев стала императрица Екатерина II. Рассмотрена политика веротерпимости, проводимая монархами, которая сочеталась и с тенденцией ограничения влияния католических священников на православное население. К концу XVIII в. в законодательстве сложились общие правила для иностранцев в отношении въезда, выезда, юрисдикции, владения имуществом и отправления религии. The position of foreigners in the territory of the Russian Empire is considered. Legislative acts related to the arrival and living conditions of foreign nationals are analyzed. The rights and privileges for foreign specialists, which appeared under Peter I, allowed them to become a privileged cell of Russian society. The successor of Peter I in the development of the legal status of foreigners was the Empress Catherine II. The article considers the policy of religious tolerance pursued by monarchs, which was combined with the tendency to limit the influence of Catholic priests on the Orthodox population. By the end of the eighteenth century, legislation had established General rules for foreigners with regard to entry, exit, jurisdiction, possession of property and the exercise of religion.

scholarly journals Холерная пандемия 1830–1831 гг. в Российской империи по воспоминаниям и письмам, газетным заметкам, текстам административных указов и другим личным и официальным источникам

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-288
Author(s):  
Leonid Vladimirovich Vyskochkov ◽  
Alla Aleksandrovna Shelayeva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Official Sources

The pandemic between 1830 and 1831 in the Russian Empire on the basis of memoires and letters, press notices, executive ordinances, and other individual and official sources In the XIXth century, there appeared a new disease, probably hitherto unknown to Europeans, infections cholera, called after the place in Asia where it was endemic. In the introductory part of this article, a brief history of the pandemic of this illness is sketched out, from the time of its appearance in 1816 to modern times. The areas it affected then are shown and the number of its victims. The second pandemic is dealt with in most detail; this was when it first affected a significant part of the Russian Empire. The article demonstrates the route by which cholera spread, beginning from Orenburg, where from the first months of 1829 to February 1830, 3,590 persons fell ill and 865 died. The state authorities tried to gather all information on the nature of the disease, its symptoms, course, and, above all, on prior protection and cure. The basic means of prevention were cordons sanitaires, isolation of homes, quarantining of the sick, and fumigating (disinfecting) rooms. The spread of the unknown disease that killed many was accompanied by fear and sometimes panic among the population. This was expressed in mass disturbances and cholera-related revolts. They took place in Sebastopol, Moscow, and Tambov. There the mob physically assaulted officials, doctors, and soldiers. The struggle against the cholera pandemic and society’s reaction to it are shown via the prism both of decision makers and in the eyes of ordinary people, particularly of those directly affected by the disease. The article contains several interesting quotations from memoir writing; the Tsar’s reaction and that of his family to the disease are shown, and also the effects of the unequal struggle.

scholarly journals N. N. Konshin’s Trading Activities in Persia in the Second Half of the 1880s

2021 ◽  
pp. 791-802
Author(s):  
Gadilya G. Kornoukhova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Terra Incognita ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

The article assesses trading activities of the Russian entrepreneur Nikolay Konshin in the late 19th century Persia, which was an important economic partner of the Russian Empire, as the contemporary Islamic Republic of Iran remains for the Russian Federation. Geopolitical turn of Russia from the West to the East makes studying Russia’s trading relations with Eastern states, and Iran in particular, more significant. The novelty of this work is in its addressing not a story of success, but the negative experience of Nikolay Konshin’s foreign trade company founded in 1884 in the capital of Persia, Tehran. The author identifies reasons that led to company’s closure in 1890 and forced Nikolay Konshin to ultimately quit the Persian market. In 1889 he organized an exhibition of Russian industrial products as a measure designed to support the company's trading activities. It was supposed to familiarize the Persian population with the range of Russian light industry products, previously unknown at the Persian market, and to secure orders from local merchants for Nikolay Konshin's firm. However, the expectations failed to materialize and the company did not receive the necessary impetus for its development. The author identifies causes of the exhibition’s failure, assesses Nikolay Konshin’s efforts in exploring opportunities of the Tehran market development, and clarifies their significance for the development of the Russian trade in Persia. The study is based on the documents stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire; namely, Nikolay Konshin’s petition to the Minister of Finance Ivan Vyshnegradsky and a number of consular reports addressed to the head of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ivan Zinoviev. They offer explanations for failure of both Nikolay Konshin’s company and his exhibition. The analysis of entrepreneurial activities of a particular Russian company has made it possible to identify general features and characteristic peculiarities of the Persian market. The factors that hindered the advance of Russian trade in Tehran under tough European competition are also identified. Despite the failure of Nikolay Konshin's trade business, Russian entrepreneurs highly appreciated his activities in establishment of the Russian economic presence in Persia. The author concurs with such appraisal; Nikolay Konshin was instrumental in laying the groundwork for future penetration of the Russian trade capital onto the Tehran market, which had hitherto remained terra incognita for the Russian business community.

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